Chapter 9 psychology
Nadine has a newborn baby boy. The first time her husband turned on the television, the baby drew up his legs and arched his back in response to the sudden noise. In this scenario, the baby exhibited the__________.
Moro-reflex
Mariana is a 14-year-old girl dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents are unhappy and forbid her from meeting him. She fights with them regularly because she believes that she loves him. She even threatens to run away with him. This scenario best represents Mariana's__________.
personal-fable
According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the__________.
postconventional-level
According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventional level base their moral judgments on__________.
the-consequences-of-behavior
The__________is a part of the limbic system involved in discriminating emotions, including fear.
Amygdala
Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, anddoes not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n) _____ style of parenting.
Authoritarian
Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Ophelia is most likely experiencing the__________of middle adulthood.
Climacteric
A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.
False
During middle adulthood, people are at their height of sensory sharpness, strength, reaction time, and cardiovascular fitness.
False
The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby.
False
__________is mental flexibility as shown in learning rapidly to solve new kinds of problems.
Fluid-intelligence
_________ is a process in which an organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify.
Imprinting
__________is a process in which an organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify.
Imprinting
__________is the beginning of menstruation.
Menarche
The__________is a membrane within the uterus that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child.
Placenta
__________is the period of physical development during which sexual reproduction first becomes possible.
Puberty
__________are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.
Reflexes
_________ is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch.
Rooting
Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development in children?
They are dependent on their primary caregivers.
Which of the following is true of children specifically in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
They show the capacity for adult logic involving tangible objects.
According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, the preoperational stage is characterized by the use of words and symbols to represent objects and relationships among them.
True
A(n)__________is a fertilized egg cell.
Zygote
A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When they visit the zoo for the first time, the child sees a hamster and calls it a rabbit because of its similar physical features. According to Piaget, which cognitive process within the child will best correct the child's misunderstanding?
accommodation
Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?
age of possibilities
_________ means responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures.
assimilation
Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, and does not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n)__________style of parenting.
authoritarian
According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, a(n)__________is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.
critical-period
Kyra is a historymajor and talks to her grandfather regularly. She calls him her human dictionary because he can give her the meaning of almost every word that she asks him. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _____.
crystallized intelligence
According to Erik Erikson, _________ is a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for.
ego identity
A pregnant woman goes for an ultrasound in the second month of her pregnancy and hearsthe heartbeat of her baby for the first time. She is told that at this stage of her pregnancy the head of the baby willstart changing shape, and its facial features willstart becomingeasier to identify. The _____ of prenatal development is depicted in thisscenario.
embryonic stage
A pregnant woman goes for an ultrasound in the second month of her pregnancy and hears the heartbeat of her baby for the first time. She is told that at this stage of her pregnancy the head of the baby will start changing shape, and its facial features will start becoming easier to identify. The__________of prenatal development is depicted in this scenario.
embryonic-stage
Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Theirolder daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Now their younger daughter has finished high school and is moving to a different country for her undergraduate studies. After the younger daughter leaves, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario best illustrates the _____.
empty-nest syndrome
Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Their older daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Now their younger daughter has finished high school and is moving to a different country for her undergraduate studies. After the younger daughter leaves, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario best illustrates the__________.
empty-nest-syndrome
The placenta:
exchanges nutrients from mother to embryo.
A pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of her baby. She is able to see the fingers and toes of the baby. She also tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. Which stage of prenatal development is best depicted in the scenario?
fetal stage
In the context of the perceptual development of infants,__________is the amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus.
fixation-time
The _________ is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
formal operational stage
The _________ is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not become implanted in the uterine wall.
germinal stage
The__________is the first stage of prenatal development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not become implanted in the uterine wall.
germinal-stage
According to Arnett, which of the following is a feature of the stage of emerging adulthood?
identity exploration
According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of child development is dominated by:
learning to coordinate perception of the self and of the environment with motor activity.
According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the _________.
postconventional level
_________ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.
reflexes
Erikson's term for lack of clarity in one's life roles is__________.
role diffusion
13-year-old Judy is poor at math. Her teacher, Ms. Kobes, helps her out by providing her with a list of tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient at the subject. According to Vygotsky, Ms. Kobes is using__________to help the child.
scaffolding
A__________is a pattern of action or a "mental structure" involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge.
schema
According to Ainsworth, securely attached children:
seek interaction with their mothers upon reunion.
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the:
sex organs start to differentiate.
According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:
the ability to hypothesize
A(n) _________ is a fertilized egg cell.
zygote
According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventional level base their moral judgments on _____.
the consequences of behavior
A _________ is a pattern of action or a "mental structure" involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge.
Schema
__________are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.
Uninvolved-parents
Kyra is a history major and talks to her grandfather regularly. She calls him her human dictionary because he can give her the meaning of almost every word that she asks him. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying__________.
crystallized-intelligence
The__________is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
formal-operational-stage
Tom is a high school senior who is very clear that he wants to study medicine. He spendshis summer volunteering at hospitals and studies very hard for all his tests. He subscribes to medical journals so that he does not miss out on developments in the medical field. Tom is determined to study at Harvard Medical School and is sure he will get in. According to Erickson's theory of psychosocial development, Tom is demonstrating _____.
Ego identity
Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating _____.
Generativity
__________is the turning of an infant's head toward a touch
Rooting
A(n) _________ is a sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus.
amniotic sac
The _________ is a part of the limbic system involved in discriminating emotions, including fear.
amygdala
According to Ainsworth, infants who show _________ are least distressed by their mother's departure.
avoidant attachment
According to Ainsworth, infants who show__________are least distressed by their mother's departure.
avoidant-attachment
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concreate operational stage refers to:
children being able to center on two dimensions of a problem at once.
Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Ophelia is most likely experiencing the__________of middle adulthood.
climacteric
A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's _____.
fixation time
In the context of the perceptual development of infants, _________ is the amount of time spent looking at a visual stimulus.
fixation time
A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's__________.
fixation-time
Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating__________.
generativity
Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school anymore because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which concept of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is best depicted in this scenario?
imaginary audience
A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places an object in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son begins to look for the object. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?
object permanence
The_____ is a membrane within the uterus that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and her developing child.
placenta
Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same citywhile her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties of the _____.
sandwich generation
Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same city while her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties of the__________.
sandwich-generation