Chapter 9 questions

What are the primary functions of the neural structure Cortex

A region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions.

What are the three stages of information processing?

1) Stimulus recognition - collecting information from the environment, which is then identified or recognized as a pattern. 2) Response selection - deciding what response to make with the information, including determining the stimulus-response compatibility. 3) Response programming - organizing and initiating an action after a stimulus has been identified and a response has been selected.

Name the primary professional organizations in the areas of motor control, motor learning, and motor development.

American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD)- North American Society for Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA)

Describe the following components of the multistore memory model: Short-term memory

An individual's conscious or working memory. Units of information are collected from either the short-term sensory store or from the long-term memory and stored for short periods of time. The presentation of information and the organization of practice can affect how an individual organizes information in the short-term memory store. Units of information can be remembered more easily if grouped together in some systematic way. The duration of short-term memory is considered 1 to 60 seconds, if the though process of the individual is uninterrupted.

What are the primary functions of the neural structure supplementary motor cortex

Area of the brain that collects and processes information from other areas of the brain and initiates an organized movement.

What are the primary functions of the neural structure Cerebellum?

Area of the brain that serves to coordinate complex voluntary movements, posture, and balance in humans.

Describe the following components of the multistore memory model: Short-term sensory store

Collects information from the environment through the senses. The short-term sensor store has an unlimited capacity for storing information, but has a storage duration that is very short. This signifies that individuals can hold a lot of information from the sense, but for less than 1 second. The short-term sensory store holds information while a decision is made on the importance of the information. This decision is additionally made by selective attention, which requires an individual to actively choose one unit of information to pay attention to at a time.

Describe how crystal intelligence and fluid intelligence interact with aging to influence psychomotor function.

Crystal intelligence is derived largely from education experiences and knowledge. Crystal intelligence is primarily about storing information, and it can increase until an individual reaches about 60 years of age. It is a state of the mind based on education, because it is a measure of well-established pathways in the brain, not the formation of new ones. Fluid intelligence is primarily about reasoning and abstract thought. Learning is considered a mechanism of fluid intelligence. Essentially, fluid intelligence is a measure of the state of the brain because it is a measure of an individual's ability to make new and unique connections. Fluid intelligence starts to decrease when an individual enters the fourth decade of life and continues to decline as the individual ages. The rate at which an individual loses fluid intelligence is related to the amount than an individual uses their fluid intelligence. The more an individual uses his or her mind, the slower the decline in psychomotor function.

Describe the following components of the multistore memory model: Long-term memory

Individuals must move skills to storage in the long-term memory in order to keep them in memory. Information deemed important enough to store permanently is sent from short-term memory to long-term memory, which is believed to have an unlimited storage capacity and storage duration. Even though capacity and duration are seemingly limitless, individuals can forget information that they used to remember. The information is not lost in the memory, but the individual has simply failed to retrieve the information from long-term memory.

List the primary stages of motor development

Motor development includes the study of changes throughout the life span and how motor performance is affected by those changes. - Parental - Infancy - Early childhood and later childhood - Adolescence - Adulthood - Older adulthood

What are the primary functions of the neural structure Basal Ganglia

Structures in the brain area that are responsible for movement organization, scale and amplitude of movement, and perceptual-motor integration

How are summary knowledge of results and fading knowledge of results used to improve motor skill performance?

Summary knowledge of results requires individuals to complete several trials of a single skill or movement without receiving any information about his or her performance. After completion of the trails, knowledge of results about hose trails is provided to the individual. Summary knowledge of results can be strongly detrimental to practice performance compared with when knowledge of results is given immediately after each trail, but it may facilitate better learning of a motor skill. In addition, if an individual is to learn a complex task, more immediate knowledge or results should be given than if the same individual was learning a simple motor skill or movement. As an individual completes a practice session and improves performance of the movement or motor skill, the optimal time between completion of the movement or skill and the delivery of knowledge of results increases. Moreover, the fading knowledge of results process involves a systematic reduction in the amount of knowledge of results given to an individual during a practice session. Fading knowledge of results benefits learning by helping an individual solve the motor skill problem early in practice.

Closed Loop theory

The closed-loop theory of motor control asserts that sensory information necessary to control motor performance is received by the nervous system during the movement. The closed-loop theory of motor control enhances the accuracy of muscle actions, because movements of the body can be controlled and adjusted as they are occurring

Open Loop Theory

The open-loop theory suggests that individuals do not receive feedback from the joints, proprioreceptors, and muscles of the body during movement. The open-loop theory also suggests that body movements are completely preplanned prior to the initiation of the movement. This type of system results in faster movements than the closed-loop system, because the time it takes to provide feedback is eliminated from the process.

Describe the relationship between practice performance and task difficulty.

The relationship between practice performance and task difficulty shows that as the motor task difficulty increases, practice performance of the skill decreases. As the movement skill becomes more challenging, an individual's performance deteriorates.

What is the difference between practice and learning?

Understanding the distinction between practice and learning is critical because an individual's performance during practice is not necessarily an indicator of learning. A practice-learning paradox exists because certain variables affect practice performance and retention performance in an opposite manner. When practicing variations of a movement, instead of practicing the same movement repeatedly, hinders practice performance but enhances learning.

What are the primary functions of the neural structure Premotor cortex

Works to control many of the body's more complex patterns of coordinated muscle activity.