Chapter 9: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

which of the following statements are correct regarding esophageal disorders? - esophageal varices can be asymptomatic until they rupture - Hiatal hernia occurs when the esophagus protrudes down into the upper part of the stomach - esophageal cancer never metastasizes - GERD , hiatal hernia, and esophagitis can all cause heartburn - GERD stands for gastroesophageal regurgitation disorder

- Esophageal varices can be asymptomatic until they rupture. - GERD, hiatal hernia, and esophagitis can all cause heartburn

which of the following are functions of the liver? - bile synthesis and secretion - storage of glucose as glycogen - detoxification of alcohol and drugs - production and secretion of insulin - synthesis of plasma proteins - mechanical digestion of food

- bile synthesis and secretion -storage of glucose as glycogen - detoxification of alcohol and drugs - synthesis of plasma proteins

select the correct statements about health professionals involved in gastrointestinal diagnosis and treatment. - gastroenterologists treat disorders of the stomach and intestines - dentists and periodontists are practitioners who diagnose and treat the same conditions - the role that dietitians and nutritionists have in common is promoting healthy eating habits - proctologists treat lower GI problems

- gastroenterologists treat disorders of the stomach and intestines - the role that dietitians and nutritionists have in common is promoting healthy eating habits - proctologists treat lower GI problems

select the statements that are correct regarding protein digestion. - proteins are broken down into single units called amino acids - the enzymes that perform most of the final digestion of protein are secreted by the stomach - proteins are absorbed when they are 10-20% digested - some of the enzymes that digest protein are secreted by the pancreas - amino acids absorbed from the digestive tract can be used to build new tissues

-proteins are broken down into single units called amino acids - some of the enzymes that digest protein are secreted by the pancreas - amino acids absorbed from the digestive tract can be used to build new tissues

match each liver disorder with its description. 1. Hepatitis A 2. Hepatitis B 3. Hepatitis C 4. Hepatitis D 5. Hepatitis E 6. Cirrhosis - chronic, irreversible disease that replaces normal liver tissue with hard, fibrous scar tissue; most commonly caused by alcoholism - similar to Hepatitis A; more common in underdeveloped countries - can occur with Hepatitis B, making the infection worse - virus transmitted by exposure to infected body fluids (blood, semen, and saliva) or sharing contaminated needles - virus transmitted by contaminated food - most commonly occurring bloodborne virus in the USA; transmitted through contaminated needles

1. Hepatitis A: virus transmitted by contaminated food 2. Hepatitis B: virus transmitted by exposure to infected body fluids (blood, semen, and saliva) or sharing contaminated needles 3. Hepatitis C: most commonly occurring bloodborne virus in the USA; transmitted through contaminated needles 4. Hepatitis D: can occur with Hepatitis B, making the infection worse 5. Hepatitis E: similar to Hepatitis A; more common in underdeveloped countries 6. Cirrhosis: chronic, irreversible disease that replaces normal liver tissue with hard, fibrous scar tissue; most commonly caused by alcoholism

match the gastrointestinal drug with its description. 1. antidiarrheal 2. antiemetic 3. antihistamine 4. laxative 5. cannabinoid - agents that prevent vomiting - a group of chemical compounds, some of which increase appetite and other treat nausea and vomiting - drug that can be used to treat allergic symptoms or prevent vomiting - drug that prevents abnormally frequent and loose stools - an oral agent that promotes the expulsion of feces

1. antidiarrheal:Drug that prevents abnormally frequent and loose stools 2. antiemetic:Agent that prevents vomiting. 3. antihistamine: drug that can be used to treat allergic symptoms or prevent vomiting 4. laxative: an oral agent that promotes the expulsion of feces 5. Cannabinoid: A group of chemical compounds, some of which increase appetite and others treat nausea and vomiting.

match the disorder of the oral cavity with its description 1. canker sore 2. cold sore 3. thrush 4. stomatitis - also called fever blister; caused by herpes simplex 1 virus - mouth ulcer - general term for any infection of the mouth - fungal infection with candida albicans

1. canker sore: mouth ulcer 2. cold sore: also called fever blister; caused by herpes simplex 1 virus 3. thrush: fungal infection with candida albicans 4. stomatitis: general term for any infection of the mouth

match the disorder of the oral cavity with its description. 1. dental plaque 2. dental caries 3. pyorrhea 4. gingivitis 5. periodontitis - infection of the gums - collection of microorganisms on the teeth - tooth decay and cavity formation - gum pulls away from the teeth, forming pockets that become infected - infection of gums with pus-like discharge

1. dental caries:

match the gastrointestinal professional with their descriptions. 1. dentist 2. periodontists 3. gastroenterologists 4. proctologist 5. dietitian 6. nutritionist - specialists in disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth - physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the stomach and intestines - practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex - professionals who prevent and treat illness by promoting healthy eating - managers of food services who promote healthy eating - physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus

1. dentist: practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex 2. periodontists: specialists in disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth 3. gastroenterologist: physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the stomach and intestines 4. proctologist: physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus 5. dietitian: managers of food services who promote healthy eating 6. nutritionist: professionals who prevent and treat illness by promoting healthy eating

match the disorder of the esophagus with its description: 1. esophagitis 2. GERD 3. hiatal hernia 4. esophageal varices 5. dysphagia - regurgitation of stomach acid into the lower esophagus - swallowing dysfunction - protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm - inflammation of the esophagus - varicose veins of the esophagus

1. esophagitis: inflammation of the esophagus 2. GERD: regurgitation of stomach acid into the lower esophagus 3. hiatal hernia: protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm 4. esophageal varices: varicose veins of the esophagus 5. dysphagia: swallowing disfunction

match the stomach disorder with its description: 1. gastritis 2. vomiting 3. peptic ulcer 4. gastric cancer - inflammation of the stomach lining - malignancy of the stomach - erosion of the stomach and/or duodenal lining caused by H. pylori bacterium - forceful ejection of stomach contents upward

1. gastritis - inflammation of the stomach lining 2. vomiting - forceful ejection of stomach contents upward 3. peptic ulcer -erosion of the stomach and/or duodenal lining caused by H. pylori bacterium 4. gastric cancer - malignancy of the stomach

how many teeth does the average adult have? - 32 - 40 - 20 - 16

32 16 upper 16 lower

the digestive organs that are not part of the alimentary canal are called ______ _____

accessory organs

the tube that leads from the mouth to the anus is the - alimentary canal - accessory organ - esophagus - small intestine

alimentary canal

proteins must be completely broken down into individual ______ _______ in order to be absorbed.

amino acids

______ _______ occur following abscesses in the anal glands and are abnormal passages between the anal canal and the skin outside the anus.

anal fistulas

the ______ and ______ are terms that refer to oral ulcers/sores.

aphthous canker

the most common cause of acute pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant is ________.

appendicitis

the role of the accessory organs of digestion is to - mechanically break down food as it passes through them - assist in digestion by secreting enzymes and other chemical substances - remove water and consolidate waste before it exits the body - chemically break down food as it passes through them

assist in digestion by secreting enzymes and other chemical substances

where is the liver located? - below the ribs on the left, under the diaphragm - behind the stomach on the left side of the body - below the ribs on the right, under the diaphragm - below the ribs on the right, above the diaphragm

below the ribs on the right, under the diaphragm

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is used to diagnose and treat problems of the - biliary ductal system - urinary tract system - hepatic portal system - pancreatitis

biliary ductal system

the hormones insulin and glucagon are secreted into the _______. - pancreatic duct - common bile duct - hepatic duct - blood

blood

the LATIN term for crab is _____ - canker - plaque - thrush - carjes - aphthous

canker

the constriction at the lower end of the esophagus is called the ________ _______

cardiac or esophageal sphincter

Dental ________ are tooth decay and cavity formation.

caries

the term that means pertaining to the cecum is _______. - gastric - duodenal - ileocecal - cecal

cecal

the LATIN term for blind is ______.

cecum

a disorder in which gluten in cereal grains damages the lining of the small intestines is _______ _______.

celiac disease

an autoimmune disorder in which gluten must be avoided is _______ _______

celiac disease

the fatty lymph that is transported from the lymphatic lacteals is called _______.

chyle

a chronic irreversible liver disease in which normal cells are replaced with fibrous scar tissue is _______. - liver cancer - hepatitis A - cirrhosis - hepatitis B

cirrhosis

the structure formed by the union of the hepatic duct and cystic duct is the _______ ______ duct.

common bile

difficult or infrequent defecation is called

constipation

gastroenteritis can be caused by what? - contaminated food - constipation - viruses - bacteria

contaminated food viruses bacteria

the majority of a tooth is composed of _______ which is covered by an outer layer of _______.

dentine enamel

a qualified professional in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex is a(n) ________

dentist

if you have a toothache, you see a _______ - gastroenterologist - dentist - periodontist

dentist

the practitioners most directly involved in promoting healthy eating are ______ and ______

dietitians nutritionists

The organ system responsible for ingestion of food, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of solid waste is the ______ _______

digestive system

the exocrine secretions of the pancreas are - hormones - vitamins - insulin and glucagon - digestive enzymes

digestive enzymes

which of the following is NOT an imaging technique used to diagnose GI tract disorders? - upper GI barium x-rays - enteroscopy - digital rectal exam - endoscopy

digital rectal exam

beginning at the top, place the regions of the small intestine in order from first to last segment - duodenum - jejunum - ileum

duodenum jejunum ileum

a general symptom for upset stomach with pain, bloating, and nausea is _______. - dyspepsia - vomiting - gastritis - gastric ulcers

dyspepsia

the medical term for indigestion or "upset stomach" is _________.

dyspepsia

the first step in lipid digestion is _______, the breakdown of large fat globules into smaller ones coated with ______ salts

emulsification bile

an instrument used to examine the lumen of a hollow organ is a(n) _______.

endoscope

dyspepsia is characterized by - profuse vomiting - epigastric pain, nausea, and gas - hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass - a burning sensation in the esophagus

epigastric pain, nausea, and gas

the muscular tube that conveys food from the pharynx to the stomach is the - trachea - duodenum - esophagus - pylorus

esophagus

gastroscopy is the use of instrumentation to - examine the oral cavity - examine the stomach - examine the rectum

examine the stomach

if you have excessive gas in the intestines, you are said to be suffering from ______.

flatulence

the medical term for gas that is passed out of the body through the anus is _______. - methane - flatus - sulfur - nitrogen

flatus

a "stomach bug" that causes acute, severe diarrhea and/or vomiting is ________.

gastroenteritis

the medical term for the "stomach flu" is _________

gastroenteritis

an instrument for viewing the inside of the stomach is a(n) _______.

gastroscope

the ________ is the gum tissue surrounding the teeth. When it is infected, this condition is called ________

gingiva gingivitis

surgical excision of gum tissue is _______ - gingivectomy - gingiva - gingivitis

gingivectomy

which of the following is a disorder of the gums? - tarter - dental caries - dental plaque - gingivitis

gingivitis

varicose veins of the anal canal are called _________

hemorrhoids

simple sugars that are absorbed into the capillaries of the intestinal villi are transported to the liver in the - hepatic vein - inferior vena cava - hepatic portal vein - femoral vein

hepatic portal vein

when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm, this is called _______ _______

hiatal hernia

the one-way valve located between the ileum and cecum is the ______ ______.

ileocecal sphincter

the sphincter that regulates passage of material from the ileum to the large intestine is the - cardiac sphincter - rectal valve - pyloric sphincter - ileocecal valve

ileocecal valve

the third segment of the small intestine is the _______. It ends at the _______ valve, which regulates passage of undigested residue into the large intestine.

ileum ileocecal

the selective intake of food into the mouth is called - ingestion - absorption - elimination - secretion

ingestion

the prefix in the terms endoscope and endoscopy means - inside or within - instrument - to view or examine - outside or external

inside or within

the ______ ______ sphincter in the anal area is made of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control

internal anal

what is an intestinal disorder that presents with chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and either diarrhea or constipation (or alternating bouts of both)? - celiac disease - ulcerative colitis - paralytic ileus - irritable bowel syndrome

irritable bowel syndrome

the enzyme that digests lactose is ________

lactase

fatty acids and monoglycerides are taken up by ______ (lymphatic vessels) in the ________ of the small intestines

lacteals villi

the sugar found in dairy products that is hard for some people to digest is _________. - lactase - fructose - maltose - lactose

lactose

if you do not produce sufficient amounts of the enzyme lactase, you may develop ________ _______.

lactose intolerance

the procedure that uses a thin, lighted tube inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall to examine abdominopelvic organs is called ______

laparoscopy

the largest internal organ in the human body is the ________.

liver

identify common sites of metastasis of oral cancer. - lungs - lymph nodes - bones - heart - brain

lungs lymph nodes bones

the mouth is the location where - mastication occurs - deglutition occurs - peristalsis occurs - absorption of nutrients occurs

mastication occurs

the external opening of the oral cavity is the _______

mouth

the root in the term oral mean _______

mouth (or- = mouth)

starting at the top, place the structures in the order in which food passes through them. - small intestines - pharynx - esophagus - large intestines - mouth - stomach

mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

a digestive secretion that lubricates and protects the lining of the digestive tract is ________

mucus

which of the following is NOT a class of digestive enzymes? - protease - lipase - amylase - mucus

mucus

the procedure used to detect upper GI bleeding is ________ _______.

nasogastric aspiration

what is a digital rectal exam (DRE)? - A numerical analysis of the GI tract - surgical removal of hemorrhoids - palpation of the rectum and prostate gland with a gloved finger - the use of an endoscope to examine the rectum

palpation of the rectum and prostate gland with a gloved finger

the spongy gland located behind the stomach that has both exocrine and endocrine functions is the ________.

pancreas

tiny projections on the surface of the tongue that contain most of the taste buds are _____

papillae

which three of the following represent the paired salivary glands? - submaxillary - parotid - submandibular - subnasal - sublingual

parotid submandibular sublingual

the waves of smooth muscle contraction that move the bolus of food downward in the esophagus are called ________. - sphincters - deglutition - peristalsis - segmentation

peristalsis

a ruptured appendix can lead to an infection of the abdominal cavity called ______. - peritonitis - ulcerative colitis - diverticulitis - appendicitis

peritonitis

the term celiac means - pertaining to disease - pertaining to the gallbladder - pertaining to pain in the stomach - pertaining to the abdomen

pertaining to the abdomen

the term oral means - pertaining to the ear - pertaining to the pharynx - pertaining to the nose - pertaining to the mouth

pertaining to the mouth

the funnel-shaped region between the mouth and the esophagus is the - larynx - oral cavity - pharynx - tongue

pharynx

which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of digestion? - tongue - pharynx - liver - pancreas

pharynx

Masses of tissue arising from the large intestine's wall that can be benign, precancerous, or cancerous are called _____.

polyps

the ring of smooth muscle that regulates passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum is the _________ ________.

pyloric sphincter

the root in the term inhibitor means _____.

repress

the watery secretion produced by glands that empty into the mouth is ______

saliva

which enzyme in the mouth begins the digestion of starch? - trypsin - pepsin - lingual lipase - salivary amylase

salivary amylase

the most common location for colon and rectal cancers are the ________ colon and ________.

sigmoid rectum

chemical digestion is completed in the _______ ________.

small intestine

the large intestine forms a perimeter around the central mas of the _____ _____ in the abdominal cavity.

small intestine

most protein digestion occurs in the ______. - stomach - small intestines - pancreas - mouth and esophagus

small intestines

Eighty percent of oral cancers are associated with _______ or chewing ______.

smoking tobacco

most dietary carbohydrates consist of ______. -starches - proteins - glucose - lipids

starches

mouth ulcers, or canker sores, are often caused by - stress, illness, or trauma - yeast - herpes simplex type 1 virus - dental carries

stress, illness, or trauma

deglutition is the process of ______. it is accomplished by alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction called _____.

swallowing peristalsis

which of the following is NOT a function of the gallbladder? - storage of bile - synthesis of bile - concentration of bile - secretion of bile

synthesis of bile

the calcified deposits at the margin of the teeth along the gums is ______. - plaque - tarter - caries - pyorrhea

tarter

constipation occurs when fecal movement through the large intestine is - not occuring, and feces starts to decay in the large intestine - too fast, causing too little water to be absorbed - too slow, causing too much water to be absorbed

too slow, causing too much water to be absorbed

the small structure that hangs down from the soft palate and keeps food in the oral cavity until it is ready to be swallowed is the _________

uvula

a narrow, wormlike tube that projects downward from the cecum is the _____. - vermiform appendix - lesser omentum - greater omentum - mesentery

vermiform appendix

finger like projections in the small intestine that contain blood vessels and are covered with absorptive cells are ______.

villi

what nutrient cannot be absorbed without intrinsic factor? - protein - the usable form of iron - calcium - vitamin B12

vitamin B12

saliva is mostly ______. - amylase - mucus - water - lipase

water