Chapter 9- The Endocrine System

Stimuli, such as changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients that trigger hormone release, are called _______ stimuli.

humoral

Receptors for steroid hormones are found _______.

in the cytoplasm of the cells of target tissues

The hormone that stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus is _______.

oxytocin

The posterior pituitary stores and releases _______.

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What gland is located just superior to the kidneys?

Adrenal

Located laterally on the thyroid, the _______ glands secrete hormones that regulate calcium levels in blood.

parathyroid

Calcium level in the blood is regulated by hormones released from the _______.

parathyroid and thyroid

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, often caused by a tumor, results in ________.

Cushing's syndrome

This gland plays an important role in maintaining the body's day-night cycle.

pineal

The _______ gland is often incorrectly referred to as the "master gland" due to the extent of its effect.

pituitary

Which two hormones play a role in promoting the milk reflex and in stimulating and maintaining breast milk production in a nursing mother's breasts?

prolactin (PRL) and oxytocin

Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that _______.

endocrine glands are ductless and exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts

Which system produces chemical messengers known as hormones?

endocrine system

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulation production of red blood cells by the bone marrow?

erythropoietin

What two groups of steroid hormones are made by female ovaries?

estrogens and progesterone

One of the two hormones made by the pituitary that help regulate reproductive cells is luteinizing hormone. The other hormone is _______.

follicle-stimulating hormone

The hormone that stimulates follicle development by female ovaries and sperm development by male testes is ________.

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which hormone stimulates acid production in the stomach?

gastrin

The secretions from which of these glands differs between males and females?

Gonads

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is the condition known as _______.

goiter

How does the hypothalamus regulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland?

It secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that travel through the blood to the anterior pituitary gland.

Name the gland that is located at the base of the throat, just inferior to the laryngeal prominence ("Adam's apple").

Thyroid

Which gland controls basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Thyroid

The target tissue of prolactin is the female breast.

True

Home pregnancy tests check for a hormone in the female's urine called ________.

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Which hormone, produced by the placenta, stimulates the ovaries to continue producing estrogen and progesterone so that the lining of the uterine is not sloughed off in menses?

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Which hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water from forming urine and as a result, increases blood volume?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which one of the following is NOT a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Two terms that are paired incorrectly are _______.

corticosteroid-adrenal medulla

Which of the following is NOT an effect of testosterone on males?

stimulation of the posterior pituitary

An individual hormone affects only certain tissue cells called its _______ cells.

target

What organ secretes erythropoietin?

the kidney

The body's major metabolic hormone, which is actually two iodine-containing hormones, is called ________.

thyroid hormone

What is the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

Hypothalamus synthesizes the hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

What role does insulin play in maintaining homeostasis?

When blood glucose levels are elevated after a meal, insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells to bring glucose levels back to normal.

The field of _______ studies the organs and chemicals that regulate life processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

endocrinology

Thyroid hormone is derived from a sticky colloidal substance housed in _______ within the thyroid.

follicles

Elderly people are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes due to the decline in _______ production.

insulin

Which of these is linked to the decline in estrogen in menopausal females?

osteoporosis

Which of these is an example of using a humoral stimulus to cause hormone secretion?

An increase in blood glucose stimulates the release of insulin.

Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is FALSE?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase as blood volume decreases.

The islets of _______ are the hormone-producing structures in the pancreas that manufacture insulin and _______.

Langerhans, glucagon

Why don't all body cells respond to a particular hormone?

Only cells that have receptors for the hormone can respond.

Which of these results when hormone secretion is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism?

The concentration of a hormone remains within a narrow normal range.

Label H

The gland that produces insulin and glucagon is indicated by ________.

Failure of the pituitary to stop producing growth hormone (GH) after body growth is completed results in _______.

acromegaly

Hypersecretion of growth hormone could lead to which of the following conditions?

acromegaly

Cortisone and cortisol, important in proper stress responses, are secretions of which endocrine gland(s)?

adrenal

Which of these endocrine glands is located just above a kidney?

adrenal gland

Which specific cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) release insulin in response to high blood glucose levels?

beta cells

The clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones are the _______.

islets of Langerhans

Which hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and helps suppress your appetite?

leptin

The two mechanisms that hormones use to trigger changes in cells depend on whether the hormone is water or _______ soluble.

lipid

The hormone involved in rhythmic activities, such as day/night and seasonal changes, is _______.

melatonin

What is the main mechanism for regulating hormone secretion?

negative feedback

Most hormones of the endocrine system are regulated by a _______.

negative feedback mechanism

The two regulatory systems of the body are the endocrine system and the _______.

nervous system

The placenta plays a primary role in the development of a fetus, but it also secretes a hormone called _______, which makes the pelvic outlet structures more flexible.

relaxin

The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, stimulating a release of aldosterone, is called ________.

renin