Chapter 9: Vitamin Overview and Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Paulette takes a supplement containing 10 μg of vitamin D. This is equivalent to ________ IU of vitamin D.

400

A deficiency of vitamin ________ results in deterioration of epithelial cells.

A

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of cystic fibrosis? A) Foul-smelling feces that contain mucus B) All of the choices are correct. C) Abdominal pain, bloating, and gassiness D) Chronic cough with significant mucus accumulation

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?

Boiling in a saucepan of water

Ten-month old baby Gabe loves to eat pureed sweet potatoes, squash, and carrots. Recently, Gabe's mother noticed that his skin had a yellow color, particulary his cheeks and hands. The yellowing of the skin Gabe has experienced is likely ________.

Carotenemia

Which of the following substances is a fat-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant activity? A) E B) B-12 C) D D) B-6

E

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins. B) Vitamins A, D, E, and K are digested and absorbed with fats in the gastrointestinal tract. C) It is easier for the body to eliminate water-soluble vitamins compared to fat-soluble vitamins. D) Fat-soluble vitamins are generally more toxic than water-soluble vitamins.

Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins.

Which of the following foods is a natural source of Vitamin D?

Fatty fish and fish oils

Which of the following vitamins is most important for red blood cell formation?

Folate

Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D?

Fortified dairy products

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K?

Green leafy vegetables

Which of the following is the best source of beta-carotene?

Grilled sweet potatoes

Barry is a vegan. His diet does not include foods that contain preformed vitamin A, and he does not take any vitamin A supplements. Nevertheless, his body has adequate vitamin A stores. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for Barry's adequate vitamin A status?

He eats plenty of foods that contain beta-carotene.

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?

In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.

The most biologically active form of vitamin D, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D), is made in the ________.

Kidneys

________ are water-soluble vitamins.

Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

________ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bones.

Osteomalacia

Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion?

Parathyroid hormone

________ is the most biologically active form of vitamin A in the body.

Retinol

Which of the following statements is true? A) Skin can form prohormone vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight. B) Vitamin D is necessary for proper collagen formation. C) Pellagra is a vitamin D deficiency disorder in adults. D) Excessive intakes of vitamin D cause rickets in children.

Skin can form prohormone vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight.

To conserve the vitamin content of foods, ________.

Stir-fry instead of boil

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following vitamins is a nutrient of public health concern?

Vitamin D

Vitamins that are involved in bone health include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

Vitamin E

The human body can absorb some of the ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

Vitamin K

________ are fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins K, D, and A

A team of chemists have isolated an organic, water-soluble chemical from a rare kind of mushroom. The researchers determine that the chemical donates electrons to other substances in the environment that are missing electrons. Based on this information, the chemists are likely to have discovered a/an ________.

antioxidant

Excessive vitamin D intakes can result in ________.

deposition of calcium in soft tissues

The human body needs vitamin K to ________.

form active blood clotting factors

In the body, vitamin A helps ________.

maintain epithelial cells

The synthetic form of vitamin K is called ________.

menadione

An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is ________.

night blindness

Jameela is an Iranian woman living in poverty. She is not seen in public places without being covered almost completely in heavy veils. Her usual diet is comprised of legumes, small amounts of yogurt, whole-grain breads and rice, fruits, and a few vegetables. Based on this information, Jameela is most at risk of ________.

osteomalacia

Kesha is lactose intolerant and avoids all dairy foods. She also doesn't like the taste of rice, soy, or almond milk so consumes very little calcium in her diet. As a result of her low calcium intake, ________ will be secreted in response to low blood calcium levels.

parathyroid hormone

Vitamin D helps the body absorb ________.

phosphorus and calcium

Isaac is an 8-year-old child who has African ancestry. He lives in Chicago and does not spend much time outdoors. He does not like to consume dairy foods because he has lactose intolerance. His diet consists primarily of enriched white bread, peanut butter, chicken, pork, apples, bananas, and green vegetables. Based on this information, Isaac has a high risk of ________.

rickets

The ________ is the primary site of vitamin absorption.

small intestine

The liver needs vitamin K to ________.

synthesize prothrombin

In the United States, newborns receive an injection of ________ to prevent ________.

vitamin K; bleeding

Choline is an example of a ________.

vitamin-like substance