Chapter 9
Which of the following are typical of puberty?
- Rapid sexual maturation - Hormonal Changes - Rapid skeletal maturation
Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? (Select all that apply.)
-A child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric. -Children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations.
Which of these examples illustrate the concept of adolescent egocentrism?
-A girl is embarrassed about a small stain on her shirt, because she thinks everyone else will focus on it. -A boy texts while driving because he thinks he's a better driver than most, and therefore won't crash.
Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas? (Select all that apply.)
-A schema organizes information. -Schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills.
According to Piaget, which of the following are examples of assimilation?
-An infant sucks on each new object he encounters -A first-semester college student uses the same study strategies that worked for her in the past
Which of the following are examples of cognitive development? (Choose every correct answer.)
-Being able to speak and understand words -Imagining a future occupation -Problem solving
Which of the following are examples of cognitive processes involved in development?
-Changes in a person's intelligence -Changes in a person's thinking
Development in terms of biological processes involves which of the following changes? (Select all that apply.)
-Changes in motor skills -Maturation -Hormonal changes
Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? (Select all that apply.)
-Eye color -Family history of hair loss
Which of the following is true in regard to ethnic identity development in adolescence?
-For both majority and minority adolescents, developing an identity is an important life theme. -Having a strong ethnic identity can buffer adolescents from the effects of discrimination.
Brad is a 15-year-old who, according to Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, functions at the formal operational stage of development. This means that he uses hypothetical-deductive reasoning. Which of the following are representative of this type of reasoning?
-Generation of hypothesis -Systematic conclusion of the best path to follow.
Which of the following statements are true regarding Erikson's stage of identity vs. identity confusion?
-It occurs between the ages of 10 and 20. -It includes career exploration. -It includes an exploration of roles.
Which of the following examples represent "nurture" influences? (Select all that apply.)
-Peer pressure -Nutrition in early childhood
Which of the following statements are true regarding girls who enter puberty earlier than normal?
-They are more likely to become sexually active. -They are more likely to smoke and use drugs.
A key parental role is to be an effective manager. This managerial role includes
-making contacts -providing guidance -locating information
According to Piaget, the concept of conservation is:
-the knowledge that certain attributes of objects remain the same despite superficial changes. -part of the concrete operational stage.
According to Piaget, during what period is the formal operational stage predominant?
11 to 15 years and beyond
The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth to approximately age
2
During what period is the preoperational stage predominant?
2 to 7 years
The preoperational stage lasts from approximately age 2 to _____ years of age.
7
The preoperational stage lasts from approximately age 2 to ____ years of age.
7
Which of the following is an example of longitudinal research?
A researcher studies the same group of people for 10 years.
Cross-sectional research is best represented by which of the following examples?
A study where elementary students in grades 6, 7, 8, and 9 are surveyed all at one time
Which of the following examples best fits into the socioemotional process component of development?
A young man's new-found aggressiveness in sports
According to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information?
Accommodation
According to Piaget's theory, ________ occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge.
Assimilation
An infant enjoys sucking on his pacifier. When he comes across a stuffed toy, he puts it in his mouth and starts sucking on it. This is an example of ______. After months of experience, the infant learns that the purpose of the stuffed toy is to play with it, not put it in his mouth. This illustrates ______.
Assimilation Accommodation
_____ refers to identifying with two cultures; typically, one minority culture and the majority culture.
Biculturalism
Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence?
Biological inheritance
What type of development is characterized by the improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?
Cognitive
______ effects are differences between individuals that stem not necessarily from their ages but from the historical and social time period.
Cohort
Cole is planning to be a physicist; he is an undergraduate working towards that goal. This illustrates Marcia's concept of ______
Commitment
Which of the following is the definition of development?
Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life.
Which of the following is a limitation of cross-sectional research?
Differences between age groups may be due to different experiences
Which of the following examples best describes "egocentric thought" in Piaget's preoperational stage?
Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother, who is across the room, can see the pictures. Three-year-old Hank believes his father knows what he (Hank) is thinking.
Who are you? This question pertains to which of the following theories?
Marcia's theory of exploration and commitment
Which of the following statements represents what Piaget meant by "operations"?
Mental representations that are reversible
Which statement about the role of parenting in adolescence is most accurate?
One of parents' main roles is to help monitor their kids' behavior.
_____ is the period of physical development, typically occurring during adolescence, during which sexual organs mature.
Puberty
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?
Sensorimotor
According to Piaget, conservation is
The knowledge that certain attributes of objects remain the same despite superficial changes.
Development involves not just growth, but also decline
True
_____ _____ refers to the way that parents must allow adolescents to explore while keeping an eye out for signs of problems.
Vigilant Care
According to Piaget's theory, a schema might be modified into different schemas that ______ to the environment.
accommodate
According to Piaget's schema theory, a toddler might learn to call all four-legged animals "dogs." As time went on, however, the toddler would realize that a cat is not the same as a dog and so would develop a new cat schema. This process is _______
accommodation
An infant who becomes more selective with the objects she places into her mouth is changing he schema through
accommodation
Lixin, a one-and-a-half-year-old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if he removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, he has
accomplished object permanence.
_____ which is a part of the brain involved with emotions, matures more rapidly in adolescents than the prefrontal cortex, which gives people the self-control needed to sometimes avoid acting on those emotions.
amygdala
Testosterone is part of the main class of male sex hormones, known as
androgens
According to Piaget, when individuals incorporate new information into an existing schema, this is called Blank______.
assimilation
Three-year-old Shireen encounters a swinging chair that is hung from the ceiling by a hook. Once she is told what it is, she incorporates the new chair into her existing "chair schema." According to Piaget's theory, this is called
assimilation
When a person incorporates a new experience into his or her existing assumptions and ways of doing things, it is called
assimilation
Which of the following is NOT characteristic thought of the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
classifying things into subsets and considering their interrelations
cognitive
cognitive
Dr. Franklin wants to assess the intelligence of one thousand people ages 20, 30, and 40. If he does this as a cross-sectional study, he has some concerns that, because groups in the study born at different times have had different experiences and opportunities, the study may have ______.
cohort effects
According to James Marcia's theory on identity status, ______ involves making a decision about which identity path to follow and making a personal investment in attaining that identity.
commitment
According to Marcia's theory on identity status, ______ involves making a decision about which identity path to follow, and making a personal investment in attaining that identity.
commitment
Being able to classify things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations is a skill that appears during the ______ stage.
concrete operational
From age 7 to 11 years of age children experience the ______ stage.
concrete operational
Piaget's ______ stage lasts from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which time the individual replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in certain situations.
concrete operational
Marissa is a college freshman who is involved in career exploration. According to Erikson's socioemotional theory, she is in the stage of identity vs. identity
confusion
The fact that observed differences between age groups may be due to different experiences is a limitation of _______-________ research.
cross sectional
In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as
cross-sectional.
Which of the following terms refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life?
development
A boy who matures ______ is more likely to have a positive self-concept.
early
A boy who matures ______, relative to his peers, is more likely to have a positive self-concept.
early
Girls who enter puberty _____, relative to their peers, are more likely to engage in drug use and sexual behaviors.
early
Being unable to realize that others cannot always see what one is seeing himself or herself is a hallmark of ______ thought.
egocentric
Adolescent ______ is a state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world only from his or her own point of view.
egocentrism
The main class of female sex hormones are
estrogen
True or false: Hypothetical-deductive reasoning as formulated by Piaget involves an absence of logic and the insistence that the answer is correct. It is typical of the preoperational stage of development.
false
At around 11 to 15 years of age individuals enter Piaget's ______ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Human development includes which of the following?
growth and decline
Amina has decided to go to law school because she comes from a long line of lawyers and her family expects her to go to law school too. According to Marcia's identity status concept, which of the following identity statuses best describes Amina?
identity foreclosure
Marcia proposed the concept of ______ to describe a person's position in the development of identity.
identity status
Androgens are the main class of _____ sex hormones.
male
Processes such as hormonal changes of puberty and menopause, changes in the brain, height, and weight, and motor skill changes reflect the developmental role of biological processes and are referred to as ______
maturation
Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional processes progress in an interwoven way across the lifespan. Biological growth processes are referred to as
maturation.
In developmental psychology, the term _____ refers to a person's environmental and social experiences.
nurture
In developmental psychology, the term ______ refers to a person's environmental and social experiences.
nurture
Ellen has clearly developed ______ ______ because when her sister hides her pacifier under a towel, Ellen moves the towel to find it.
object permanence
When Piaget referred to _____, he meant mental representations that are reversible.
operations
When Piaget referred to ______, he meant mental representations that are reversible.
operations
Adrianne has recently entered menopause. In developmental terms, this is an example of
physical change.
The amygdala, which is a part of the brain involved with emotions, matures more rapidly in adolescents than the ______, which gives people the self-control needed to sometimes avoid acting on those emotions.
prefrontal lobes
Children have a difficult time during the ______ stage in understanding that reversing an action may restore the original conditions from which the action began.
preoperational
The signature physical change in adolescence is ______
puberty
According to Piaget, a(n) ________ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
schema
According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in the ______ stage.
sensorimotor
The ______ stage lasts from birth to about 2 years of age.
sensorimotor
According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating ______ experiences with ______ actions.
sensory physical
Changes in a person's emotions, personality, or relationships with others are involved in ______processes.
socioemotional
Longitudinal research essentially involves ______.
studying the same participants studying participants over time
Object permanence is when a child
understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen.
What are the main class of female sex hormones?
Estrogens
True or false: The concrete operational stage, according to Piaget, occurs from approximately 2 to 7 years.
False
Madeleine is 16 years old. She is able to think somewhat like a scientist, devising plans to solve problems and testing solutions. Which of Piaget's stages is Madeleine most likely in?
Formal operational
What causes the physical changes that occur during adolescence?
Hormone secretion
Identifying in some ways with one's ethnic minority group and in other ways with the majority culture is known as _____
biculturalism
_____ refers to an individual identifying in some ways with their ethnic minority group and in other ways with the majority culture.
biculturalism
