Chapter Eighteen: Classification

Format for binomial nomenclature

- Always in italics - First name is Genus (capitalize) - Second name is Species (lowercase)

How many species are there currently?

2 million

How may domains are there? What are they?

3; Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What type of scientist was Carl Linnaeus?

A botanist

Why can genes be considered derived characters?

A derived character refers to a particular character that is shared by members of a particular population. Genes are considered to be derived characters because THEY ARE TRANSFER FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION FROM PARENTS TO THEIR OFFSPRING. Genes mutate over time and shared genes contain differences that can be treated as derived characters

Cladistics

A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa.

Heterotrophs

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.

Back then, people grouped organisms by _________ or _________ traits, structures that appear similar but come from independent origins

Analogous ; homoloplastic

Which group has no cells and is mobile?

Animalia

What fundamental traits did Linnaeus use to separate plants from animals?

Animals were mobile organisms that used food for energy. Plants were green, photosynthetic organisms that used energy from the sun.

Plantae are heterotrophs or autotrophs?

Autotrophs

Why did scientists place bacteria in their own kingdom, the Monera?

Bacteria lack the nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts found in other forms of life. And they are all prokaryotes

Domain Bacteria vs Domain Archaea

Bacteria- cell walls HAVE peptidoglycan, Archaea- cell walls DONT have peptidoglycan (and they also live in extreme conditions)

Protista are heterotrophs or autotrophs?

Both

What's in the cell walls of Plantae?

Cellulose

Plantae have organelles called ________

Chloroplasts

binomial nomenclature

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Why is it confusing to refer to organisms by common names?

Common names vary among languages and even among regions within a single country. Furthermore, different species can share a single common name.

Eukarya

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals

Bacteria

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan; corresponds to eubacteria

Archaea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan ; corresponds to Archaebacteria

Heterotrophs (Fungi) use digestive _________ that break down food

Enzymes

What did they split Monera into?

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) is often called the _________

Father of Modern Taxonomy

Which group feeds on dead or decaying organic matter?

Fungi

What is the correct way to write scientific names in the binomial nomenclature system?

Genus is always first and species is always second. The genus name's first letter is capitalized and the species name is lowercase. Everything is italicized

Most members of Animalia develop _______ ________ during embryonic development

Germ layers

Biologists classify all organisms to ______

Group them in logical ways

How did Linnaeus get his last name?

He named himself because he wasn't rich enough to have a surname and the college he went to asked for his surname, so he just can up with one

What are the goals of binomial nomenclature and systematics?

In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name. The goal of systematics is to organize living things into groups that have biological meaning.

How are DNA sequences used in classification?

In general, the more derived genetic characters two species share, the more recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.

How did Darwin's theory of evolution change the way biologists thought about classification categories?

Instead of basing classification by similarities and differences, they based it on evolutionary relationships. Taxa were arranged by how closely related they are

What was Linnaeus' personal motto?

"God created, Linnaeus organized"

Which group is a "catchall" group of eukaryotes?

"Protista"

How does Linnaeus's system of classification help establish the unity of life?

It shows how all organisms have something in common. The system classifies organisms based on overall similarities and differences to one another. Organisms in the same kingdom may have many differences, but they still have common traits with one another.

Kingdom

Largest and most inclusive group in Linnaean classification

What language was most understood by European scientists? (1700s)

Latin

What was the method Linnaeus adopted to categorize specimens based on?

Morphology

Almost all members of Animalia can _____ except sponges

Move

Are members of Animalia multi or single celled

Multicellular

What types of organisms were placed into the kingdom Fungi?

Mushrooms, yeast, molds

Did Linnaeus know about evolution?

No

Linnaeus original system had only how many kingdoms? Which ones?

Only 2; Animalia and Plantae

Autotrophs

Organisms that are able to make their own food

How did Linnaeus group species into larger taxa?

Over time, Linnaeus's original classification system expanded to include seven hierarchical taxa: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.

Node

Place where ancestral lineage splits on a Cladogram (also called a fork)

Protista can be _____ -like (algae), _______ -like (amoebas), and _______ -like (slime molds)

Plant, animal, fungus

In 1950s, 3 more kingdoms were added:

Plantae, Animalia, Monera, Protista, Fungi

Why is the kingdom Protista not valid under evolutionary classification? (And is therefore in quotations)

Protista contains groups that share closest common ancestors with other groups, rather than with each other.

Linnaeus's system involves how many "taxonomic" categories?

Seven (Biggest: Kingdom Smallest: Species)

Are protista single-celled or multicellular?

Single celled (but algae are multi)

Why do we need a universal naming system?

So that we can all understand no matter where we are

Linnaeus published his classifications in a catalogue called ________

Systema Naturae

REFER TO THE TABLE IN THE FILL IN THE BLANK NOTES

THE TABLE ABOUT THE DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a lineage

What is the goal of evolutionary classification?

The goal of phylogenetic systematics, or evolutionary classification, is to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent, rather than overall similarities and differences.

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified and giving them a universal name

What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified?

The six-kingdom system of classification includes the kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

What does the tree of life show?

The tree of life shows current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains of life.

What did genomic analysis reveal about the two prokaryotic groups?

They were more different from each other and from eukaryotes than previously thought

Early names for organisms (1700s) were _________ _______

Very long

What do we use now for classification that Linnaeus didn't?

We know more about evolution, we have more advanced technology, and we use genetics

What types of organisms were first placed in the kingdom Protista?

all microorganisms

Organisms in the same group are more _________ ______ to each other than those in other groups

biologically similar

Fungi have what in their cell walls?

chitin

Characteristics shared by members of a Clade and only by members of that clade are called ________

derived characters

Cladogram

diagram depicting patters of shared characteristics among species

Protista

eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae a kingdom of mostly one-celled eukaryotic organisms that are different from plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi

Clade

evolutionary branch of a cladogram that includes a single ancestor and all its descendants

A clade includes a common ancestor and all its descendants, living or ____.

extinct

Genus

group of closely related species; the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature

Taxon

group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

monophyletic group

group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor

In recent times, biologists have analyzed _____ to compare relationships and led them to adding a level higher than a Kingdom (a Domain)

ribosomal RNA subunits

Systematics

study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Monera

the kingdom that included two different kinds of bacteria but was split up in the 1990s

Morphology

the study of form and structure

Derived character

trait that appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members

Are members of Animalia heterotrophs or autotrophs?

heterotrophs

Modern scientists try to group organisms based on__________

how closely members of those groups are related to each other

Phylum

in classification, a group of closely related classes

Order

in classification, a group of closely related families

Class

in classification, a group of closely related orders

Family

in classification, group of similar genera

Domain Eukarya

includes Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia (eukaryotes)

Domain

larger, more inclusive taxonomic category than a kingdom