Chapter Four || The Empire in Transition

Seven Years' War

Called the French and Indian War in the American colonies, the Seven Years' War was a global conflict between England and France ultimately won by England in 1763.

Under the provisions of the Tea Act of 1773, ______.

Britain's East India Company could directly export its product to the colonies without paying the same taxes as colonial merchants.

Sugar Act

British act of 1764 designed to stop sugar smuggling in the colonies by lowering taxes on molasses but enforcing their payment and forcing compliance with trade laws.

Virtual Representation

British political theory holding that members of Parliament represented all British subjects, not just those from the specific region that had elected them.

What key issue most drove the new British policies in the colonies after the French and Indian War?

British war debt

The Mutiny Act of 1765 required ______.

Colonists to help provision and maintain the British army stationed in America

French and Indian War

Colonists' name given to the Seven Years' War in the colonies that strained the relationship of England to its colonies and marked the decline of relationships between Native Americans and Europeans.

After the Iroquois granted trading alliances to the British, the French responded by ______.

Constructing new fortresses in the Ohio Valley

The First Continental Congress wanted to stop all trade with Great Britain by ______.

Creating a series of boycotts

People of European ancestry born in the Americas are known as ______.

Creoles

The day-to-day administration of colonial affairs by England's government in the 1700s tended to be ______.

Decentralized

Which U.S. city was part of the enormous claims established by the French in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Detroit, Michigan

Boston Tea Party

Dramatic attempt by Boston leaders to show colonial contempt for the Tea Act; they dumped British tea into Boston harbor and triggered similar acts of resistance in colonial cities.

First Continental Congress

Early gathering of colonial delegates in 1774 that called for the repeal of all oppressive laws of Parliament since 1763.

Townshend Duties

External taxes passed by England's Charles Townshend that taxed goods imported to the colonies; hated by the colonists, the taxes were later repealed after a colonial boycott of English goods

Committees of Correspondence

First called for by Samuel Adams, the committees formed in Boston and other parts of the colonies to share information about British abuses of power.

The midnight rides of Paul Revere and William Dawes were significant because they ______.

Gave Americans at Lexington and Concord warning of the British forces' approach

In the aftermath of King George's War, the Iroquois Confederacy ______ the British.

Granted trading concessions to

Sons of Liberty

Groups of male colonists who organized against England's enforcement of the Stamp Act and who terrorized British officials.

Stamp Act

Hated act passed by Prime Minister Grenville of England that required an official stamp on all paper documents in the colonies and united the colonies against England.

The House of Burgesses rejected the most extreme proposals introduced by Patrick __________ , a passionate critic of British policies.

Henry

Boston Massacre

Inflammatory description of a deadly clash between a mob and British soldiers on March 5, 1770, that became a symbol of British oppression for many colonists.

Benjamin Franklin

Inventor, author, diplomat, and one of the most famous people of the 1700s; served as a colonial agent in England during the early part of the conflict between the colonies and England.

George III

King of England in 1760 who wanted to reassert the crown's authority; he was mentally unstable for most of his reign.

William Pitt

Leading English secretary of state and prime minister who ran England's war effort during the Seven Years' War.

On April 18, 1775, British General Thomas Gage sent a detachment of soldiers to ______.

Lexington and Concord

Lord North assumed that Americans would support the Tea Act because it ______

Lowered the price of tea

In 1754, a group of delegates from Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, and New England met in Albany. Their original intent was to ______.

Negotiate a treaty with the Iroquois

How did the colonial assemblies of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century compare to the House of Commons in the British Parliament?

Neither were particularly democratic.

Iroquois Confederacy

Organization of five Native American nations that traded regularly with the French and English in the early colonial period, but their relationships with the colonists deteriorated during the mid to late 1700s.

Daughters of Liberty

Organization of women in the colonies that led the boycott against the Tea Act.

True or False; British victory in the Seven Years' War confirmed its commercial supremacy and cemented its control over portions of North America

True

Patrick Henry

Virginia politician who lead the fight against the Stamp Act and declared supporters of Parliament taxes were enemies of the colonies.

Suspicions about democracy and the masses in both Britain and the colonies were most reflected in ______.

Voting requirements

In 1763, England was able to turn its attention to its American colonies because it ______.

Was experiencing peace for the first time in decades

By the 1750s and 1760s, the English government viewed taxation as a ______.

Way to relieve the country's debts

Why was it necessary for the British to issue the Proclamation of 1763?

White settlers were moving into Native American lands.

What was not among the major decisions made by the First Continental Congress in September 1774?

a resolution that the king recognize the colonies as a single political entity

Although the colonies were reluctant to cooperate in 1754, they had successfully worked together on which matter?

a. A colonial postal service b. Intercolonial trade c. Road construction

The events of March 5, 1770, when a group of British soldiers opened fire on a crowd, are known as the ___(a)___ ___(b)___ .

a. Boston b. Massacre

Which actions were taken by the Grenville administration in an effort to increase its authority in the colonies?

a. Enforce the Mutiny, Sugar, and Currency Acts b. Send British ships to patrol colonial waters in search of smugglers c. Permanently station British troops in the colonies

Which inflammatory measures did Charles Townshend steer through Parliament in 1767?

a. Imposing new taxes on imports b. Disbanding the New York Assembly

In 1773, the British East India Company was

a. On the verge of bankruptcy. b. Sitting on large stocks of tea that it could not sell in England.

Which actions were taken by the First Continental Congress?

a. Recommended preparations be made for defense against British attack b. Endorsed a list of grievances

Which statements about the alliances of Native American groups during the French and Indian War are accurate?

a. The Iroquois remained largely passive throughout the conflict. b. Most native peoples sided with the French c. Most native people saw their alliances as a means for expelling one power or the other from their lands.

Which statements about the Sugar Act of 1764 are correct?

a. The Sugar Act established new courts to try accused smugglers. b. The Sugar Act lowered the duty on molasses and enforced its payment.

In 1763, England found itself desperately in need of revenues because of which of the following?

a. The need to administer new territory in North America b. The cost of many years of fighting

In response to Charles Townshend's attempt to tax and control the flow of goods, Boston merchants helped organize a(n) ________ of all goods that were subject to the tax.

boycott

What was the general nature of the internal rebellions that occurred in the colonies in the 1760s?

farmers against landowners

The spirit of resistance that grew more quickly in Massachusetts than elsewhere can be attributed to the region's elaborately developed ______.

tavern culture

Under the Proclamation of 1763, white settlement west of the ______ was forbidden.

Appalachian Mountains

Proclamation of 1763

Attempt by England to reduce violence between Native Americans and English colonists by legally barring settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

Albany Plan

Benjamin Franklin's 1754 proposal for a "general government" to manage relations between the colonies and Native Americans; rejected by the colonies at the beginning of the French and Indian War.

Fort Necessity

Site of the opening skirmish in the French and Indian War, this stockade in the Ohio Valley was unsuccessfully protected by Militia Colonel George Washington.

The Boston Massacre occurred when Captain Thomas Preston ______.

Stationed troops to protect a building

In Massachusetts, ______ became increasingly important centers of resistance in the 1760s and 1770s.

Taverns

Tea Act

A 1773 act passed by England that gave the British East India Company the right to export tea to the colonies without paying the same taxes that were imposed on colonial merchants; the act enraged American merchants and colonists boycotted tea.

Paxton Boys

A group of Pennsylvania frontiersmen who demanded tax relief and massacred a number of Conestoga.

Who was Ethan Allen?

A land speculator that took up the cause of the Green Mountain farmers

Creole

A person of European or African ancestry born in the Americas; also, a person of mixed European and African ancestry.

Pontiac

Ottawa chief who led a coalition of native nations to war against the British from 1763 to 1766; achieved some gains including pressuring the British to restrain their settlers from the trans-Appalachian west, but eventually was undermined by internal divisions, disease, and the brutal violence of settlers and the British military.

Coercive Acts

Parliament's retaliation against the Boston Tea Party that was meant to coerce Boston colonists by reducing the colony's self-government.

Which executive wielded the most power in England by the mid-eighteenth century?

Prime Minister

George Grenville

Prime Minister to King George III who increased troops and taxes in the colonies after the French and Indian War and made many colonists believe colonial self-rule was under attack.

To dispute English taxes in the Americas, James Otis persuaded his colleagues in the Massachusetts assembly to meet with other colonial delegates. This multicolony group met in 1765 and became known as the ____ Congress.

Stamp Act

Virginia Resolves

Term used for a group of resolutions passed by the Virginia legislature declaring only the colonies' governments had the right to tax colonists.

The first phase of the French and Indian War began when ______.

The French attacked Fort Necessity

The French and Indian War was part of a larger struggle between England and France called:

The Seven Years' War.

Impressment

The act of forcing people to serve in a navy or other military operation; the term is most commonly used in connection with the actions of British fleets against American sailors in the early 1800s

Sovereignty

The authority to govern; popular sovereignty refers to the idea that the source of this authority is the people, who confer authority through elections.