chapter review 6

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Sam was a 60 year old man. As a result of picking up a heavy object he fractured the radius and ulna of his right arm. X-rays indicated that he had severe osteoporosis. His blood calcium levels were above normal and the pathologist found cancer cells that produced a hormone-like substance. That substance was most likely

parathyroid hormone.

The covering of the outer surface of bone is the

periosteum

Important functions of the skeletal system include

protection of the brain and soft organs

Which of the following is correctly matched?

short bone - carpal bone

Which type of bone appears porous?

spongy bone

Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to

store adipose tissue.

The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the

strength of the bone.

The longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when

the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue.

The primary mineral in bone is

Calcium

Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?

When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases.

Osteomalacia is

a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.

Haversian systems or osteons

are the basic units in compact bone tissue

What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?

articular cartilage

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of

bone matrix.

What chemical causes a decrease in the blood calcium level

calcitonin

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a

canaliculus.

Chondroblasts produce

cartilage matrix

Osteogenesis imperfecta can be caused by abnormally formed

collagen

Which type of bone is considered dense bone?

compact bone

Spongy bone tissue

contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae.

An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.

diaphysis

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is

endochondral.

What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?

endosteum

What is the site of long bone growth?

epiphyseal plate

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?

epiphyseal plate

What is the end of a long bone?

epiphysis

The spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called

fontanels.

Intramembranous ossification

forms the bones of the roof of the skull.

The most common bone disease is osteoporosis. The most common consequence of this disease is

fractures.

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of

hydroxyapatite crystals.

The primary function of osteoblasts is to

lay down bone matrix

Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to

manufacture blood cells.

What is the area where marrow is located?

medullary cavity

The stem cells of osteoclasts are

monocytes

Appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone

on the surface of the bone.

The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of

osteoblast and osteoclast activity

Which type of bone cells combine hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix?

osteoblasts

Which type of bone cells possess extensive ER and ribosomes?

osteoblasts

Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?

osteoclast

When blood calcium levels are low

osteoclast activity increases

Which type of bone cells are large cells that form from fusion of monocytes?

osteoclasts

Which of the following is correctly matched?

osteoclasts - responsible for reabsorption

The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the

osteocyte.

What are the maintenance cells in bone tissue?

osteocytes

Which type of bone cells lie in lacunae?

osteocytes

Brittle bone disorder is another name for

osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteoclast activity is increased by

parathyroid hormone


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