Chapter Two Ps

Steps of the Scientific Method

(1) identifying questions of interest, (2) formulating an explanation, (3) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation, and (4) communicating the findings.

Which of the following must be included in all informed consent documents?

-Notice that participants can terminate at any time -Basic outlines of the study -Assurance that participation is voluntary Notice of the risks involved

Which of the following is an example of correlational research?

A study in which the researcher looks for a relationship between people's neighborhood demographics and their level of prejudice.

What type of research methodology utilizes census data or previous collections of data?

Archival research

Susan is going to conduct archival research for a study. Which of the following would be a source of her information?

Census data

Experimenter and participant expectations are two types of

Experimental bias

_____ minimizes the risk of harm by telling research participants what to expect before they participate in research.

Informed consent

Why is random so important for determining cause and effect?

It allows the researcher to be more confident that the outcomes are due to the independent variable, not other participant characteristics

What type of research methodology involves watching and documenting people's behavior, without changing the situation?

Naturalistic observation

A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups on the basis of chance is called

Random Assignment to Condition

Which of the following is an example of correlational research?

SAT scores are related to GPA.

which of the following is true of hypotheses?

They can be tested.

Researchers who work with nonhuman animals must follow which of the following guidelines?

They must make all efforts to minimize discomfort, illness, and pain. They must promote the psychological well-being of some species of research animals.

Which of the following describes the change that experimenters deliberately produce in one variable?

Which of the following describes the change that experimenters deliberately produce in one variable?

in psychological research, procedures that subject nonhuman animals to distress are

allowed only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the research is justified by its prospective value.

Research that uses existing data is called

archival research

Theory

are broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest.

theory

are broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest.

hypotheses

are predictions that can be tested

A(n) _____ study is an in-depth investigation of an individual or small group of people.

case

Experiments involve _____ one variable and observing the effect on another variable

changing

In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the

control group

Research that involves determining the association between two variables or two sets of variables is called

correlational research

in an experiment, the ___ variable is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation

dependent

Experimental manipulation is used to

detect relationships between different variables.

The first step in designing an experiment is to

develop one or more hypotheses to test

Researchers rule out the possibility that something other than the experimental manipulation produced the results observed in the experiment by

employing experimental and control groups in an experiment.

Which type of research involves manipulating one variable in order to see how it affects another variable?

experiment

Any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment is referred to as the

experimental group

The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in an experiment is the

experimental manipulation

Naturalistic observation utilizes existing data, such as written records. true or false

false

There is only once acceptable method for conduction scientific research. true or false

false

a theory is a

framework to explain relationships between different facts or principles

n an experiment, which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?

independant

In an experiment, the independent variable is ____, whereas the dependent variable is _____.

manipulated, measured

You are surprised at the outcome of an experiment that comes out very differently than you had anticipated. You should probably _____ the study to see if you get the same result the second time.

replicate

Research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants to increase confidence in prior findings is called

replicated research

survey

research involves having people answer questions about their thoughts, feelings and/or behavior.

Researchers use both experimental and control groups in experiments to

rule out the possibility that something else caused the observed changes

Researchers use both experimental and control groups in experiments to

rule out the possibility that something else caused the observed changes.

If someone is using theories to develop hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses, that person is using the:

scientific method

The process of systematically acquiring knowledge and understanding through the use of theories and testing hypotheses is called theThe process of systematically acquiring knowledge and understanding through the use of theories and testing hypotheses is called the

scientific method

If someone is using theories to develop hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses, that person is using the

scientific method.

In ______ research, a sample of people complete questionnaires about their thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior.

survey

The manipulation implemented by the experimenter is called

the treatment

what is true of hypotheses?

they can be tested

Psychological experimental research compares the responses of one group that receives a _______ (the manipulation implemented by an experimenter) to the responses of another group that does not receive it.

treatment

Research is utilized to

understand the degree to which hypotheses are accurate

Behaviors, events or other characteristics that can change or vary in a study are called

variables

Behaviors, events, or characteristics that can change are referred to as

variables.