chapters 10 & 11

According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality

Neuroticism is low in self-satisfied individuals

Which of the following defines conformity

a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reason. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

central route to persuasion

the big five factors of personality are neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and

conscientiousness

According to Freud, the ego

deals with the demands of reality

Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer. She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Welma is unconsciously engaging in

denial

Self-report personality tests

directly ask people whether specific items describe their personality traits.

Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait?

extraversion

the ________ is the observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do

false consensus effect

You conclude that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently working on a tight deadline project and is spending 100 hours per week at work. You are demonstrating the

fundamental attribution error

One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups

give people anonymity

Katies, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at college, Katies is likely to become more liberal as a result of

group polarization

in the context of sociocultural factors predicting prosocial behavior, Eagly and Crowley (1986) noted that men are more likely than women to

help in situation in which a perceived danger is present

Cookie Monster, one of the characters on the children's TV show Sesame Street, has an intense urge to consume cookies, even when doing so is irrational and maladaptive. Eating cookies gives Cookie Monster a great source of pleasure and satisfaction. Freud would say that his behavior reflects the fact that Cookie Monster is ruled by his

id

Kathy is a member of the VNoltAll group in college. She usually follows her group unconditionally because she want to be right, and she believes that the other members of her group are likely to know something that she does not. In this scenario, Kathy's behavior best exemplifies

information social influence

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions

internal and external causes

Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she is a selfish and unhappy person, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make commitment right now. Jack is making a(n) _____ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) _____.

internal attribution; external attribution

In the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, the central route

is more persuasive when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention

According to the Freudian structures of personality, which of the following statements is true of the superego?

it does not consider reality

In the context of persuasion strategies, the door-in-the-face technique involves

making the biggest request at the beginning followed by the smaller request

Conor, a high schooler, enrolls in a new school. He tries to participate in the same actives as the other students of his class do. He does not enjoy most of these activities, but his sole intention is to impress them so that they start liking him. In this scenario, Conor's behavior best exemplifies

normative social influence

Six-month-old Ian loves to such on anything he can get his hands on. The fact that Ian receives pleasure and comfort by exploring the world with his mouth suggests that he is in the _______ stage of psychosexual development

oral

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains the bystander effect?

people tend to look to others for cues about how to behave

________ is an unjustified negatives attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group

prejudice

A(n) ______ presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it - to launch their own meaning onto the stimulus

projective test

projective tests are most closely aligned with which theoretical approach to personality

psychodynamic

behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as

relational aggression

Matteo was bitten by a dog when he was 2 years old. As he grew up, he developed an intense fear of dogs. However, he did not remember when and why he started being afraid of dogs. According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which defense mechanism is Matteo exhibiting in this scenario?

repression

in the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by

selecting an impartial leader

Which of the following is an important element of Carl Roger's humanistic theory?

self-concept

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called

self-fulfilling prophecy

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

self-fulfilling prophecy

The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others is known as

social comparison

A __________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variation from one individual to another

stereotype

Jeff has been extremely aggressive since childhood. He pursues a career in boxing, which provides a socially acceptable channel to express his aggression. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

sublimation

According to Freud, the _________ is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior

superego

Which of the following is true of the structures of personality as described by Sigmund Freud?

the ego acts as a mediator between the conflicting demands of the id and the superego, as well as the real world

Which of the following is a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives on personality?

the enduring patterns that make up personality are largely unavailable to an individuals conscious awarness

When Claudia gets on A on her psychology exam, she believes that it is because she is intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on the exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions for her poor performance. Claudia's behavior is an example of

the self-serving bias

Which of the following is true of the Rorschach inkblot test?

the test does not meet certain criteria of reliability and validity

which of the following is true of the trait theories of personalities

they stress that personalities consists of broach, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses