Chapters 5&6

If it necessary to question children for legal purposes, which of the following strategies has been shown to increase the accuracy of their recollections? A. Question children as soon as possible after the event B. Allow children an hour or two to calm down before questioning C. Use a formal, official setting for conducting the questioning D. Use general, open-ended questions to enable children to answer freely.

A. Question children as soon as possible after the event

According to Schaie's stages of cognitive development, young adults' focus shifts from the future to the here-and-now as they enter the ____ stage. A. achieving B. reintegrative C. responsible D. acquisitive

A. achieving

Research shows that the progress of cognitive development cannot be understood without considering a child's ____. A. culture B. nature C. limitations D. intuition

A. culture

____ is the process by which material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used. A. retrieval B. recall C. assessment D. application

A. retrieval

____ are stimuli, such as words, images, smells, or sounds, that people use to search and locate information stored in long-term memory. A. retrieval cues B. information chunks C. mnemonics D. memory modules

A. retrieval cues

Vygotsky refers to the assistance or structuring provided by parents, teachers, or skilled peers as ____. A. scaffolding B. nurturing C. modeling D. cooperation

A. scaffolding

Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as the product of ____. A. social interactions B. concrete interventions C. transformational scaffolding D. formal operations

A. social interactions

Compared with whole-language approaches to reading instruction, code-based approaches focus more on _____. A. sounding out letters and words to discover their meaning B. reading out loud to the teacher or the whole class C. reading natural-language stories and other resources in class D. using context to figure out the meaning of a word or sentence

A. sounding out letters and words to discover their meaning

Which of the following is a critical thinking skill? A. weighing alternative solutions to given problems B. using the dictionary to find a meaning of a word C. making context-based guesses D. trusting one's instincts when tackling complex questions

A. weighing alternative solutions to given problems

Vygotsky viewed children as ____ who learn cognitive strategies and other skills from adults and peer mentors. A. blank slates B. apprentices C. junior scientists D. assimilators

B. apprentices

One hallmark of the preoperational stage is ____, thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others. A. symbolic thought B. egocentric thought C. intuitive thought D. concrete thought

B. egocentric thought

In middle childhood, children begin to apply ____ to solve concrete problems. A. formal reasoning B. logical operations C. transformative thought D. mental representation

B. logical operations

Research suggests Piaget may have erred in asserting that preschoolers have little understanding of ____, as shown by their inability to grasp conservation and reversibility. A. transformation B. numbers C. the alphabet D. object permanence

B. numbers

Critics of Piaget believe his timeline for the development of both ____ is too late. A. motor skills and goal-directed behavior B. object permanence and conservation C. information processing and egocentric thought D. symbolic function and simple reflexes

B. object permanence and conservation

The four stages of cognitive development, according to Piaget, are ____. A. primary, assimilation, concrete operational, and egocentric thought B. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational C. sensorimotor, secondary circular, intuitive thought, and formal operational D. simple reflex, preoperational, symbolic functional, and intuitive thought

B. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Critics of Piaget note that his theory of cognitive development overlooks the ____ systems that are present from early infancy. A. memory and conservation B. sensory and perceptual C. motor and permanence D. intuitive and sequencing

B. sensory and perceptual

According to the three-system model, it is in the ____ that thoughtful, deliberate information processing first takes place. A. sensory store B. short-term memory C. long-term memory D. memory span

B. short-term memory

Compared with other approaches, the information processing approach pays more attention to _____. A. interior human processes, such as hopes and aspirations B. the workings of memory, attention, and other mental activities C. drawing a comprehensive picture of child development D. social and cultural factors in development

B. the workings of memory, attention, and other mental activities

Scaffolding involves helping children to ____ appropriately. A. review and correct their work B. think about and frame a task C. work with peers in cooperative groups D. read passages and answer questions

B. think about and frame a task

Which of the following summarizes the key principle of information processing theories of development? A. cognitive development in children is linked to distinct stages B. with age and practice, children's thinking gradually becomes more sophisticated C. the quality of children's thinking changes significantly and suddenly as they develop D. developmental changes in children are more qualitative than quantitative

B. with age and practice, children's thinking gradually becomes more sophisticated

According to Vygotsky, cognitive development occurs when new information is presented by an adult or skilled peer within a child's ____. A. culture of thinking and action B. zone of proximal development C. sphere of scaffolding D. circle of cooperation

B. zone of proximal development

According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost but not fully perform a task independently (but can do withe some assistance), is the child's ____. A. preoperative stage B. zone of proximal development C. transformative stage D. zone of cognitive engagement

B. zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's theory is sometimes criticized for overlooking how basic cognitive processes such as ____ develop. A. intuition and symbolic thought B. concrete thinking and logic C. attention and memory D. reversibility and conservation

C. attention and memory

According to the information processing perspective, older children first resolve preschoolers' difficulty with the Piagetian conservation problem when their improved ____. A. mathematical skills help them to understand that the volume of the two glasses is the same B. critical thinking ability allows them to dismiss false assumptions about tall and short glasses C. attention span permits them to attend simultaneously to the height and width of the glasses D. memory enables them to remember when they first encountered the problem of the two glasses

C. attention span permits them to attend simultaneously to the height and width of the glasses

The knowledge that develops in the preschool years that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects is called ____. A. centration B. intuitive thought C. conservation D. object permanence

C. conservation

The increasing ability as children age to tune into certain stimuli while tuning out of others is the result of the increasing ____ that comes with age. A. ability to plan B. use of the sensory store C. control of attention D. exercise of patience

C. control of attention

According to Vygotsky, ____ establish the institutions that promote development by providing opportunities for cognitive growth. A. volunteers and donors B. schools and churches C. culture and society D. government and civic groups

C. culture and society

Perry found that students entering college tended to engage in ____ thinking, regarding everything as either right or wrong and people as good or bad. A. circular B. transformational C. dualistic D. preconditional

C. dualistic

In general, researchers believe that, compared to memory processing in adults, memory processing in young children is ____. A. more efficient for short-term, but less efficient for long-term, memory. B. reliant on different components of memory C. generally similar D. qualitatively different

C. generally similar

Perry found that as college students were exposed to new ideas and viewpoints, they came to understand that it is possible to hold ____ on an issue. A. acquisitive perspectives B. responsible positions C. multiple perspectives D. informal positions

C. multiple perspectives

____ is reasoning that allows adolescents to use abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples. A. goal-directed thought B. conclusive thought C. propositional thought D. operational thought

C. propositional thought

One clear advantage of the information processing approach over the approaches of Piaget and Vygotsky is its ____. A. focus on the whole being, as opposed to only isolated, limited parts B. ability to take account of social and cultural factors in development C. reliance on precise concepts that can be tested by research D. ability to account for intangible human processes, such as emotions

C. reliance on precise concepts that can be tested by research

Piaget believed the major achievement of the final substage in the sensorimotor stage is ____. A. conservation B. object permanence C. symbolic thought D. centration

C. symbolic thought

When questioning children for legal purposes, the accuracy of their recollections can be improved by ____. A. avoiding direct questions in favor of asking for an open-ended description of events B. reminding the children of the importance of truthfulness and precision C. using a neutral setting, not a courtroom or police office, for questioning D. permitting parents or guardians to be present during the questioning

C. using a neutral setting, not a courtroom or police office, for questioning

Which of the following is a critical thinking skill? A. following directions to a location B. using intuition to provide simple answers to complex questions C. Memorizing spellings of a list of words D. Identifying and questioning assumptions in statements

D. Identifying and questioning assumptions in statements

Antony repeats information that he wants to recall over and over until he can recite it from memory. This is an example of ____. A. the operating efficiency hypothesis B. an increase in the size of working memory C. the use of a memory script D. a memory control strategy

D. a memory control strategy

According to Piaget, ____ is the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking. A. tolerance B. self-awareness C. accommodation D. assimilation

D. assimilation

Without conscious thought, children develop the ability to link together stimuli that occur simultaneously, thereby developing an understanding of concepts. This process is an example of ____. A. storage B. processing C. encoding D. automatization

D. automatization

____ thinking takes into account that issues are not always clear-cut, and makes use of argument, counterargument, and debate. A. counterintuitive B. egocentric C. symbolic D. dialectical

D. dialectical

When questioned repeatedly, children are likely to describe with confidence events and situations that never happened. These descriptions are referred to as ____. A. childhood exaggerations B. creative recollections C. infantile distortions D. false memories

D. false memories

Vygotsky believed that societal expectations about ____ play a role in how children come to understand the world. A. intelligence B. personality C. temperament D. gender

D. gender

In substage 4 of the sensoriomotor period, infants begin to use ____, in which they combine and coordinate several schemes to generate a single act or solve a problem. A. mental representation B. deferred imitation C. accomodation D. goal-directed behavior

D. goal-directed behavior

Vygotsky's theory that children's comprehension of the world flows from their ____ is increasingly well-supported by research. A. continual advance in motor skills B. mental representations and schemes C. concrete operational thinking D. interactions with adults and peers

D. interactions with adults and peers

Arletta used to believe that she could simply look at a group of vocabulary words once and remember them. Now she realized that she has to practice them. This is evidence that Arletta has developed _____ skills. A. classification B. retrieval C. cognitive D. metamemory

D. metamemory

Labouvie-Vief believs cognitive development continues beyond adolescence. Her theory of ____ thought acknowledges that adult problems must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms. A. responsible B. executive C. acquisitive D. postformal

D. postformal

Schaie's final stage of cognitive development, the ____ stage, occurs in late adulthood as people focus on tasks that have personal meaning. A. achieving B. responsible C. acquisitive D. reintegrative

D. reintegrative

Understanding that because 3+5 equals 8, 5+3 also equals 8 is an example of the concept of ____, a characteristic of concrete operational thought. A. abstraction B. transferability C. intuition D. reversibility

D. reversibility

Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of our understanding of the world are mental structures called ____, organized patterns of functioning that adapt and change with mental development. A. operations B. accomodators C. assmiliators D. schemes

D. schemes

Recent memory research among infants, children, and adults show that ____. A. unlike the other groups, only adults' memories are not subject to interference B. infants generally retrieve information from memory more accurately than the other groups C. infants generally retrieve information from memory more quickly than the other groups D. the physical trace of a memory in the brain is relatively permanent across all ages

D. the physical trace of a memory in the brain is relatively permanent across all ages