Chapters 6 and 8 Question Set

Which of the following microbes is an example of a photoheterotroph?

cyanobacteria ? protozoans ? purple nonsulfur bacteria

The main components of a virus include all the following EXCEPT:

endoplasmic reticulum

The reaction that breaks down ATP to form ADP and inorganic phosphate is classified as which of the following?

exergonic

Which of the following are enzymes that break down proteins?

proteases

enzymes that break down proteins

proteases

_____ phages can become part of a host chromosome.

temperate

Fatty acids are often degraded using which set of reactions?

β-oxidation ? glycolysis ? the tricarboxylic acid cycle

Which of the following is the host-cell receptor that recognizes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

CD4

(-)ssRNA is transcribed into (+)ssRNA using which of the following?

DNA polymerase encoded by the host cell ? DNA polymerase encoded by the virus ? RNA polymerase encoded by the virus

Which of the following is the scientist responsible for first discovering viruses (specifically, tobacco mosaic virus)?

Dimitri Ivanovski

Oxygen is necessary for an electron transport chain to function.

False

Photoheterotrophs rely on inorganic molecules for their carbon source.

False

The lysogenic life cycle typically results in the death of the host cell.

False

There is a cure for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

False

Match the virus detection method to its proper description:

PCR: using primers to amplify DNA RT-PCR: making cDNA from RNA Hemagglutinin: isolating antibodies from a patient, adding them to a virus, and seeing if the virus can clump erythrocytes EIA: using antibodies to detect viral antigens

Which of the following is not a common electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

PO43-

Which of the following is an example of a dsDNA naked virus?

Papillomavirus

Match the virus family to its clinical features:

Picornaviridae: hepatitis Herpesviridae: cold sores and/or genital warts Parvoviridae: respiratory tract infections Papillomaviridae: penile and/or cervical cancer Poxviridae: skin lesions

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are caused by which of the following?

bacterium ? fungus ? prion

During which stage of the viral life cycle are new viral components created?

biosynthesis

Match each type of fermentation with some of its end products.

butanediol: succinic acid and other products mixed acid: formic acid, lactic acid, and other products propionic acid: acetic acid and other products alcohol: ethanol and CO2 only

Reverse transcriptase is used to generate which nucleic acid from RNA?

cDNA

The term________ refers to chemical reactions that breakdown large molecules.

catabolism

The viral envelope is acquired from the host's:

cell membrane

Which of the following is an organism that obtains its energy from chemical compounds and its carbon from inorganic compounds?

chemoautotroph ? photoautotroph ? photoheterotroph

Which of the following is an organism that obtains its energy from chemical compounds and its carbon from organic compounds?

chemoheterotroph

The Krebs cycle begins with the addition of acetyl CoA to which of the following?

citric acid ? oxaloacetate ? succinate dehydrogenase

Which of the following are organic molecules that help enzymes work correctly?

coenzymes

helical virus

cylindrical or rod shaped

How is kuru transmitted?

eating infected meat through cannibalism

NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are all examples of:

electron carriers

Viruses can be visualized using which method?

electron microscope

Match each reaction with the place that it occurs in eukaryotic cells.

electron transport chain of cell respiration: inner mitochondrial membrane Krebs cycle: mitochondrial matrix light-independent reactions: stroma of chloroplast glycolysis: cytoplasm light reactions of photosynthesis: thylakoid membrane

Which of the following are inorganic molecules that help enzymes work correctly?

holoenzymes ? cofactors ? apoenzymes

Which viral structures allows for attachment of the virus to host cells?

ibosomes ? spikes ? capsomeres

Triglycerides are broken down by which of the following?

lipases

Which effect does tomato planta macho viroids have on the crop?

loss of chlorophyll

The purpose of fermentation is to:

make NAD+

The term ______ refers to all the chemical reactions inside of a cell.

metabolism

Which group comprises all lithotrophs?

microbes

A virus that is composed of only nucleic acid and a protein coat is called a(n):

naked virus

Which unit of length best describes the average size of a virion?

nm

Although there are no current treatments for prion infections, which of the following could be used?

nucleases ? proteases ? sulfa drugs

Chemotrophs obtain their energy from which of the following?

organic and inorganic chemical reactions

Which macromolecule is the main component of a viral capsid?

protein

Which of the following microbes is an example of a chemoheterotroph?

protozoans

In retroviruses, the integrated phage genome is known as which of the following?

provirus

Which of the following is a novel enzyme found in retroviruses?

reverse transcriptase

A retrovirus relies on _______ for replication of the nucleic acid.

reverse transcriptase ? DNA polymerase ? RdRP

In the T4 phage, the ________ connects the head to the tail fibers.

sheath ? capsid

Chicken pox can reemerge as which disease?

shingles

Which of the following is a pathway that breaks down glucose in some microbes?

the Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Which site on an enzyme is where substrates bind?

the active site

Which of the following best defines chemiosmosis?

the movement of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase

How can enteropathogenic O157:H7 E. coli strain be recognized from other E. coli strains?

Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment mannose. ? Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment pyruvate. ? Unlike other E. coli, it cannot ferment sorbitol.

The Baltimore Classification system describes viruses according to which characteristic?

the viral genome

Each pyruvate molecule contains how many carbon atoms?

three

icosahedral

three-dimensional, 20-sided structure with 12 vertices

The purpose of uncoating is:

to release viral contents into the host cell

What is the name for the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another bacterium by a phage?

transduction

Glycolysis produces a net gain of which of the following?

two ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvates

An acellular entity composed of a small circular RNA molecule without a capsid and capable of replicating its genome is known as which of the following?

viroid

When is the pentose phosphate pathway favored over other pathways to break down glucose?

when biosynthesis is not needed ? when the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins is needed

In naming viruses, the family name ends with __________ and the genus name ends with________.

-viridae; -virus

An apoenzyme is the active form of an enzyme.

False

Fermentation is necessary because it provides additional energy compared with glycolysis alone.

False

Most viruses are larger than bacteria.

False

Which of the following is NOT a DNA virus.

Hepatovirus

Cyclic photophosphorylation produces only ATP, but noncyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP and NADH.

True

E. coli can be distinguished from some of its close Gram-negative relatives because it can ferment lactose.

True

If an organism performs aerobic cellular respiration it must have cytochrome oxidase.

True

Influenza is caused by a -SSRNA enveloped virus.

True

Mycobacteriumtuberculosis can degrade cholesterol, making it more virulent.

True

If a molecule is reduced, it:

gains an electron

The net gain from the breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in glycolysis is:

two ATP, two NADH, two pyruvates

Which of the following best describes the subcomponents of pyrophosphate?

two inorganic phosphate molecules

The first step in the lytic life cycle of a virus is:

uncoating ? attachment ? biosynthesis

host range

Most viruses will only be able to infect the cells of one or a few species of organism.

Which of the following molecules is only produced in the Krebs cycle?

NADH ? FADH2

Which statement regarding the introduction of a virus in eggs is true?

Pox can form on the embryo.

The breakdown of lipids is catalyzed by enzymes called lipases.

True

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.

True

Which is the term given to viruses that infect bacteria?

bacteriophage

A bacteriophage infects a host cell and the genome integrates itself into the host chromosome. Sometime later, the phage is excised along with a short piece of DNA adjacent to the insertion point. Both the phage DNA and the host DNA are packaged into the same capsid. The bacteriophage then infects a new cell, delivering both phage and bacterial DNA. Which process is being described in the scenario?

The lysogenic cycle, reactivating as the lytic cycle, followed by specialized transduction.

Which of the following best describes catabolic pathways?

They break down large molecules into smaller components.

(+)ssRNA can be directly used in translation at the ribosome.

True

A molecule that has been reduced has gained an electron.

True

A nonenveloped virus is also known as a naked virus.

True

A virus with +ssRNA has a genome that cannot be immediately translated by host ribosomes.

True

Which of the following is an inhibitor that binds to the active site of an enzyme?

a competitive inhibitor

Which of the following best describes a transition reaction?

a reaction that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA with the release of carbon dioxide

Which of the following microbes uses the alcohol fermentation pathway?

accharomyces ? Escherichia ? Clostridium acetobutylicum

A substrate binds to the ______ of an enzyme.

active site

Which molecule is often called the cell's energy currency?

adenosine triphosphate

Which of the following viruses does not cause latent infections?

adenovirus ? Epstein-Barr virus ? herpes simplex virus

Which of the following tests can be used to detect the presence of a specific virus?

all can be used

Which of the following refers to the term metabolism?

all the reactions in a cell or organism ? all the reactions in a cell that build new molecules only ? all the reactions in a cell that decompose molecules only

The term_______ refers to chemical reactions that build large molecules.

anabolism ? catabolism ? exergonic reactions

At which stage of viral replication is the envelope acquired?

attachment ? assembly ? release

Viral shapes include all the following except:

bacillus ? helical ? complex