Check your understanding 1

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including a. hepatic cancer. b. Hodgkin's lymphoma. c. pancreatic cancer. d. Burkitt lymphoma.

d. Burkitt lymphoma.

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except a. resistance. b. alarm. c. exhaustion. d. allostasis.

d. allostasis.

Proto-oncogenes a. result from severe mutational events. b. are the same as oncogenes. c. lead to abnormal tumor-suppressor genes. d. are normal cellular genes that promote growth.

d. are normal cellular genes that promote growth.

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is a. potassium. b. insulin. c. tumor necrosis factor. d. calcium.

d. calcium.

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular a. proliferation. b. atrophy. c. mutation. d. death.

d. death.

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by a. glucagon. b. cortisol. c. ACTH. d. norepinephrine.

d. norepinephrine. Response Feedback: Norepinephrine is secreted in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress by the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex. Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas. ACTH is secreted by the pituitary gland.

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except a. diaphoresis. b. increased peripheral resistance. c. tachycardia. d. pupil constriction.

d. pupil constriction.

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage. a. prodromal b. latent c. convalescence d. sequela

b. latent

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. a. caseous b. liquefactive c. fat d. coagulative

b. liquefactive

Somatic death refers to death a. of a body organ. b. of the entire organism. c. secondary to brain damage. d. of nerve cells.

b. of the entire organism.

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except a. crystallization of cellular components. b. ischemic injury from vasoconstriction. c. decreased blood viscosity. d. peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation.

c. decreased blood viscosity.

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is a. P53. b. DCC. c. Rb. d. APC.

a. P53.

Your patient eats "lots of fat," leads a "stressful" life, and has smoked "about two packs a day for the last 40 years." Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is a. cigarette smoking. b. urban pollutants. c. high-fat diet. d. stressful lifestyle.

a. cigarette smoking.

Of the statements below, the accurate statement regarding nutrition and cellular health is a. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types. b. the body can generally produce elements essential for nutritional balance. c. a normal BMI indicates nutritional health. d. obese individuals are generally nutritionally healthy.

a. deficient cellular uptake by one cell type may contribute to excess nutrient delivery to other cell types.

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed a. hypertrophy. b. metaplasia c. atrophy. d. inflammation.

a. hypertrophy.

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except a. necrosis. b. atrophy. c. hyperplasia. d. metaplasia.

a. necrosis.

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene a. occurs at an earlier age. b. is more common than non-inherited breast cancer. c. is more responsive to treatment. d. is more likely to be unilateral.

a. occurs at an earlier age.

Allostasis is best defined as a. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being. b. the process by which the body heals following disease. c. steady-state. d. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism.

a. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.

Metaplasia is a. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. b. the disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements. c. an irreversible cellular adaptation. d. the transformation of a cell type to malignancy.

a. the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive. a. True b. False

b. False

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? a. Cortisol b. Insulin c. Epinephrine d. Norepinephrine

b. Insulin

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following? a. It is biochemical testing of tumor cells to determine the genetic basis of the tumor. b. It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread. c. It is a histologic examination of tissues to determine the degree of tumor differentiation. d. It is based on exploratory surgery.

b. It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

The nurse is swabbing a patient's throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. a. False b. True

b. True

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic a. False b. True

b. True

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is a. diseased function. b. decreased functional reserve. c. senility. d. programmed senescence.

b. decreased functional reserve. Response Feedback: All body systems show age-related changes that can be generally described as a decrease in functional reserve; aging leads to inability to adapt to (internal and external) environmental changes. Not all effects of aging are considered disease; some are considered a normal part of aging. Programmed senescence is currently only a theory of aging that states cells have a preprogrammed number of cell divisions before they will die. Senility is an outdated term used to describe the cognitive changes associated with dementia; dementia is a disease and is not a normal part of aging.

A disease that is native to a particular region is called a. pandemic. b. endemic. c. ethnographic. d. epidemic.

b. endemic.

Coagulative necrosis is caused by a. dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. b. interrupted blood supply. c. trauma or pancreatitis. d. lung tissue damage.

b. interrupted blood supply. Response Feedback: Coagulative necrosis results from interrupted blood supply leading to ischemic cell injury. Liquefactive necrosis results from dissolving of dead cells and cyst formation. Fat necrosis is caused by trauma or pancreatitis. Caseous necrosis is caused by lung tissue damage such as that caused by tuberculosis.

Reperfusion injury to cells a. results in very little cellular damage. b. involves formation of free radicals. c. occurs following nutritional injury. d. results from calcium deficiency in cells.

b. involves formation of free radicals.

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will a. stimulate immune cells to fight the cancer. b. kill rapidly dividing cells. c. selectively kill tumor cells. d. have minimal side effects.

b. kill rapidly dividing cells.

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of a. disease treatment. b. secondary prevention. c. primary prevention. d. tertiary prevention.

b. secondary prevention.

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as a. latent. b. subclinical. c. prodromal. d. convalescence.

b. subclinical.

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the a. membrane. b. ribosomes. c. DNA. d. RNA.

c. DNA.

All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except a. norepinephrine. b. cortisol. c. aldosterone. d. epinephrine.

c. aldosterone.

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is a. anaplasia. b. metaplasia. c. dysplasia. d. hyperplasia.

c. dysplasia.

The effects of excessive cortisol production include a. hypoglycemia. b. inflammatory reactions. c. immune suppression. d. anorexia.

c. immune suppression.

The effect of stress on the immune system a. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies. b. most often involves enhancement of the immune system. c. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system. d. is unknown.

c. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of a. disease treatment. b. secondary prevention. c. primary prevention. d. tertiary prevention.

c. primary prevention.

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is a. genetic susceptibility. b. a sore throat. c. streptococcal infection. d. pharyngitis.

c. streptococcal infection.

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of a. secondary prevention. b. disease treatment. c. tertiary prevention. d. primary prevention.

c. tertiary prevention.

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of a. pain medications. b. angiogenesis. c. tumor necrosis factor. d. loss of ATP production.

c. tumor necrosis factor.