CHEM Chapter 1 Smartbooks

Solve for a temperature in degrees Celsius given a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

(T°F−32)1.8

Select all the options that correctly display the relationship between 1 milligram and 1 gram.

-1g / 10^3mg-10^-3g /1 mg

Select all the statements that correctly describe a chemical formula.

-A chemical formula uses subscript numbers to show the relative proportions of the elements in the compound. -A chemical formula that does not contain subscript numbers consists of a one-to-one ratio of the elements that are present. -A chemical formula describes the composition of a compound using the symbols for the elements that make up the compound.

Select all the options that correctly describe chemical properties.

-A chemical property of a substance can be defined by what chemical changes it can undergo. -A chemical property can be defined by the composition of the substance.

Select all the statements that correctly describe a compound.

-A compound is a type of pure substance and has properties different from those of its component elements. -A compound is described by a chemical formula that includes the symbols for the elements that make up the compound. -A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements combined in definite proportions.

Select all the statements that correctly describe a homogeneous mixture.

-A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition throughout. -Any microscopically small portion of a homogeneous mixture would have the same composition as any other portion. -Homogeneous mixtures may or may not have a color. For example, sports drinks are homogeneous mixtures and come in a variety of colors. -Recall that a pure substance cannot be separated into components by physical means, whereas a mixture (homogeneous or heterogeneous) could be separated into components by physical means.

Select all the options that represent qualitative observations.

-A metal is shiny in appearance. -Liquid water takes on the shape of its container. -The color of a sample is red. -A solid sample feels smooth to the touch. **nothing with numbers, that is quantitative

Select all the statements that correctly describe a pure substance.

-A pure substance cannot be separated into components by physical means. -A pure substance has the same composition throughout. *Some types of matter are pure substances, and some types of matter are mixtures. This depends on whether the chemical composition of the matter is the same (pure substance) or different (mixture) throughout.

Select all the statements that correctly describe elements.

-Elements can be converted into more complex substances through a chemical reaction with other substances. -An element is a type of pure substance. -An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Select all the statements that correctly describe temperature.

-Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin are all examples of temperature scales. -Temperature can be measured using a thermometer. -Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. -The degree increments between the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales are not equal. -Room temperature is typically described as 77 degrees Fahrenheit, 25 degrees Celsius, or 298 kelvins.

-Main-Group Elements -Transition Elements -Inner-transition Elements

-Group 1, 2, and 13-18 -Groups 3-13 -Lanthanides and Actinides

Which of the following statements concerning density are correct?

-If the mass and density of a pure substance are known, the volume can be calculated for that substance. -In general gases have very low densities because gas particles spread out and occupy large volumes. -A solid object with a greater density than a liquid substance will sink in the liquid.

Select all the statements that correctly describe matter.

-Matter can include both large objects and small objects. -Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Select all the options that represent general properties of metals.

-Metals are shiny. -Metals conduct heat. -Metals conduct electricity.

Select all the options that represent chemical properties.

-Reactivity with water -Flammability

Select all the statements that correctly describe a physical state.

-Solids, liquids, and gases are examples of physical states of matter. -The physical state of a substance depends on the identity of the substance and the external conditions applied. *The physical state of a substance depends on the identity of the substance and the external conditions applied. Although some substances may be in the liquid state at room temperature, others may be solids or gases. *In a solid particles are fixed in place, in a liquid particles are free to move about, and in a gas particles are widely separated and move independently of one another.

Select all the statements that correctly describe facts about elements.

-Some elements have been synthesized by scientists. -Some elements are isolated from natural sources on Earth. -Elements are building blocks of matter.

Select all the statements that correctly describe the classification of elements.

-Some elements have properties somewhere between metals and nonmetals. -Elements are generally classified as metals or nonmetals. The difference between a metal and an nonmetal is based on appearance and properties.

Select all the statements that correctly describe molecules.

-Some molecules are formed by the combination of atoms of only one element. -Molecules are made up of two or more atoms bound together in a discrete arrangement. -The whole number ratio of each atom present in a molecule need not be an equal ratio.

Select all the options that correctly describe how energy is involved in chemical reactions.

-The conversion of energy from one type to another will occur in the process of a chemical reaction. -Some spontaneous chemical reactions release energy. *Chemical energy is potential energy arising from the positions of the atoms and molecules in the compounds. *A compound releases its potential energy when it undergoes a spontaneous chemical reaction that forms substances with less potential energy.

Select all the options that correctly describe density.

-The density of a substance changes with changing temperature. -The density of an object is the ratio of its mass to its volume.

Describe the notation used for writing an element symbol. Select all that apply.

-The element symbol consists of one or two letters of the element's name, which can be the English, Latin, or the name in another language. -The first letter of an element symbol is uppercase, and the second letter, if present, is lowercase.

Select all the statements that correctly describe the features of the periodic table.

-The elements in each column of the periodic table share similar properties. -Each column in the periodic table is called a group or family of elements.

Select all the statements that correctly describe mass and/or weight.

-The interaction of mass with gravity creates weight. -Weight can be measured on a scale or balance. *The mass of a given object in any location is always the same, whereas the weight of an object would be different on different planets due to differences in gravity. *Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter.

Select all the options that correctly describe volume.

-Volume is a three-dimensional quantity. -The volume of a cube is equal to length multiplied by width multiplied by height. -Volume is the amount of space a substance occupies.

Select all the options that are examples of physical change(s).

-Water evaporates slowly over time. -A sample is heated and it melts. -A mixture is separated into its components.

Which of the following options are examples of homogeneous mixtures? Select all that apply.

-a red sports drink containing sugar, salt, and food coloring -a well-mixed sample of sugar water

Select all the options that represent forms of energy.

-chemical energy -mechanical energy -heat energy

Select all the options that correctly describe physical properties.

-melting point -volume -taste

A sample of matter that consists of a combination of two or more pure substances is called a(n) ________. This combination may vary in its ___________.

-mixture -composition

Select all the quantities that represent absolute zero, the lowest possible temperature observable in the universe.

0 K -460°F

List the steps concerning the development of scientific knowledge in the order in which they occur. The step that occurs first belongs at the top of the list.

1. Obtain data from observations or experiments 2. Recognize patterns or trends 3. Propose and test hypothesis 4. Propose theory

Solve for the volume of a 1.5 x 106 cm3 object in units of liters.

1.5 v 10^3L 1.5 x 106 cm3 x 1mL1cm31mL1cm3 x 10−3L1mL10-3L1mL = 1.5 x 103 L

Solve for a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit given a temperature in degrees Celsius.

1.8(T°C) + 32

Solve for the mass of 85.4 kg in units of pounds.1 lb = 453.6 g

1.88 x 10^2 lb 85.4 kg x 103g1kg103g1kg x 1lb453.6g1lb453.6g = 1.88 x 102 lb

Match each exponential factor to the correct metric prefix.

10^6 matches mega 10-1 matches deci 10-3 matches milli 10-6 matches micro 10-9 matches nano

Select all options that correctly state a metric conversion.

1kg103g1kg103g 1ng10−9g

The density of solid gold at room temperature is 19.3 g/mL. Given a 45-mg sample of gold, what is the volume in mL?

2.3 x 10^3mL : 45 mg x 10−3g1mg10-3g1mg x 1mL19.3g1mL19.3g = 2.3 x 10-3 mL

Calculate the density in units of g/mL of a 4.5-g cube with an edge length of 5.5 cm.

2.7 x 10-2 g/mL Reason: To find the volume of the cube: (5.5 cm)3 = 1.66 x 102 cm3 1.66 x 102 cm3 x 1mL1cm31mL1cm3 = 1.66 x 102 mL density = massvolumemassvolume 4.5g1.66x102mL4.5g1.66x102mL = 2.7 x 10-2 g/mL

Convert 54°F to units of kelvins.

285 K First convert to units of Celsius and then convert to units of kelvins: T°C = (54−32)1.8(54-32)1.8 = 12°C TK = 12 + 273.15 = 285 K

Select all the equations that represent chemical changes.

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

Solve for the mass of a 3.5 x 105 cg sample in units of kilograms.

3.5 kg 3.5 x 105 cg x 10−2g1cg10-2g1cg x 1kg103g1kg103g = 3.5 kg

List the following temperature values in order of increasing temperature. The coldest temperature belongs at the top of the list.

48 K, 48 F, 48 C

Solve for the volume of 2.5 gallons of juice in units of m3. 1 gallon = 3.785 L

9.5 x 10-3 m3

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture that is not uniform throughout

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture with a uniform composition throughout

Mixture

A physical combination of two or more elements or compounds

Chemical Change

A process in which one or more substances are converted into one or more new substances

Physical Change

A process that changes the physical properties of a substance without changing its chemical identity

Hypothesis

A tentative explanation for the properties or behavior of matter that accounts for a set of observations

An example of matter is correctly described by which of the following statements?

A textbook is an example of matter because it occupies space and has mass.

Solution

A type of homogeneous mixture that is typically composed of a substance in lesser amount dissolved in a substance in greater amount.

Scientific Method

An approach to asking questions and seeking answers that employs a variety of tools, techniques, and strategies

Quantitative Observation

An observation based on a numerical value.

Qualitative Observation

An observation based on some quality of the matter.

Which of the following correctly describes physical properties?

Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of a substance.

A description of the composition of a substance, using element symbols and subscripts, is known as a ______.

Chemical Formula

A battery is used to make a toy car move.

Chemical energy is changing to mechanical energy.

Which of the following is the correct element symbol for cobalt?

Co

Electricity is used to change water into hydrogen and oxygen gases.

Electrical energy is changing to chemical energy.

Electricity runs through a stove and heats it up.

Electrical energy is changing to heat energy.

Theory

Explains why observations, hypotheses, or laws apply under many different circumstances

PLGA (poly lactic-glycolic acid) is a synthetic biodegradable polymer made from lactic acid and glycolic acid. Both of these starting materials are natural products derived from renewable resources. The synthesis of PLGA would be considered an example of ______.

Green Chemistry Green chemistry emphasizes the use of renewable resources as feedstocks, as well as synthesizing materials that are biodegradable.

A person pedals quickly on a spinning bike to light up a computer screen on the bike.

Mechanical energy is changing to electrical energy.

Mass is a measure of the ______ of matter.

Quantity -Different types of matter can be in the same physical state. -Different types of matter can have similar masses. -Different types of matter can appear in the same form.

Law

The behavior of matter that is so consistent that it appears to have universal validity

Absolute Zero

The lowest possible temperature in the universe

Boiling Point

The temperature at which the liquid form of a substance changes to the gaseous form

Melthing Point

The temperature at which the solid form of a substance changes to the liquid form

True or false: All samples of a given pure substance have the same composition, regardless of their origin.

True: Among the things that define pure substances is that pure substances have definite or fixed compositions.

Solve for a temperature in kelvins given a temperature in degrees Celsius.

T°C+ 273.15

Combinatorial Chemistry

a series of related chemical compounds is systematically prepared and tested for effectiveness

A(n) is the smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of that element. Two or more of these units can be bound together in a discrete arrangement to form a(n) .

atom, molecule or compound

A substance composed of two or more elements combined in definite proportions is called a ______.

compound

gas → liquid

condensation

gas → solid

deposition

Aqueous

dissolved in water

liquid → solid

freezing

Solid

has a fixed shape, has its own volume, has particles that are fixed in place

A beverage that is not uniform throughout such as tea with tea leaves present is an example of a ____________ mixture. A beverage that is uniform throughout such as a sugar dissolved in water is an example of a __________mixture.

heterogeneous, homogeneous

A beverage that is not uniform throughout such as tea with tea leaves present is an example of a mixture. A beverage that is uniform throughout such as a sugar dissolved in water is an example of a mixture.

heterogenous, homogenous

A sample of matter that consists of a combination of two or more pure substances is called a(n) ________ . This combination may vary in its _________.

mixture, composition

A _____ consists of two or more _____ and may vary in composition.

mixture, pure substances

Select all the options that represent units of volume.

qt, L, cm^3

Fill in the missing state symbols following each compound in the following statement. Solid sodium chloride, NaCl( ), can be dissolved in pure liquid water, H2O( ), to make an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, NaCl( ).

s-solid l-liquid aq-aqueous

solid → gas

sublimation

Gas

takes the shape and the volume of its container, has particles that are widely separated and move independently of one another

Liquid

takes the shape of the filled portion of its container, has its own volume, has particles that are randomly arranged and free to move about

Energy

the capacity to do work or to transfer heat

Green Chemistry

the development of chemical processes that prevent pollution and reduce the amount of natural resources used to manufacture various consumer, research, and industrial products

Kinetic Energy

the energy of motion

Potential Energy

the energy possessed by an object because of its position or state

Put the following quantities in order of increasing mass. The smallest mass belongs at the top of the list.

ug, mg, dg, Mg, Gg

liquid → gas

vaporization