Chemistry and Urinalysis/Body Fluids

what is the average urine volume for a normal adult in one day? A. 1000-1300 B.900-1200 C.1200-1500 D.1500-1900

1200-1500ml/day

At blood pH 7.40, what is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid? a) 15:1 b) 20:1 c) 35:1 d) 30:1

20:1 Normal ratio bicarbonate/carbonic acid

What should be added to the cytocentrifuge chamber when preparing slides on serous fluid to aid in adhesion of cells to the slide and preserve cellular morphology? A. Hyaluronidase B. 22% Albumin C. 10% Acetoacetic acid D. Sterile saline

22% Albumin

What is the lower reference limit for progressive motility of spermatozoa when performing a semen analysis? A. 12% B. 22% C. 32% D. 40%

32%

the normal range of urine pH is? A. 4.5 to 8.0 B. 5.0 to 6.0 C. 5.5 to 6.6 D. 7.35 to 7.45

4.5 to 8.0

The recommended storage temperature for the preservation of activity for MOST enzymes is: a) 0°C b) 4°C c) 25°C d) 37°C

4°C Refrigerated temperature, those close to 4°C, are recommended for the preservation of most enzyme activity in a patient sample. Repeated freezing and thawing should be avoided as this may denature the enzyme and inactivate its functions.

The reference range for the pH of arterial blood measured at 37°C is? a) 7.28 - 7.34 b) 7.33 - 7.37 c) 7.35 - 7.45 d) 7.45 - 7.50

7.35-7.45

Blood has a normal pH of: 6.0 5.4 7.4 7.0

7.4 is pH Normal. Anything <7.35 is considered acidosis; >7.45 is alkalosis.

A CSF glucose value is 62 mg/dL. What would you estimate the serum glucose to be? A. 65 mg/dL B. 93 mg/dL C. 120 mg/dL D. 180 mg/dL

93 mg/dL ( CSF glucose is estimated to be about 2/3 of the serum glucose level in mg/dL. Therefore 62 mg/dL = 2/3 x serum glucose, serum glucose= 62 mg/dL x 3/2, serum glucose= 93 mg/dL

Two examples of cations in the body are: Chloride and Potassium Potassium and Sodium Sodium and Chloride Bicarbonate and Chloride

Cations: Sodium and Potassium

90% of the copper present in the blood is bound to? a) Transferrin b) Ceruloplasmin c) Albumin d) Cryoglobulin

Ceruloplasmin

A urine specimen is collected in a dark container, stored in the dark, has a pH of 7.5, and has an aliquot sample wrapped in foil. what is it most likely being sent for? A. aldosterone B. porphyrins C. catecholamine's D. metanephrines

Porphyrins ( they are unstable when exposed to light)

what is the specific gravity of normal urine? A. 1.200-1.300 B. 1.005-1.009 C. 2.000-2.500 D. 1.002-1.030

1.002-1.030

Uric acid is the final breakdown product of what two purines? a) Adenine and thymine b) Thymine and cytosine c) Adenine and guanine d) Guanine and thymine

Adenine and guanine Cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines which are mostly broken down into ammonia, carbon dioxide and water, but not into uric acid.

Which analyte should be increased in the presence of muscular dystrophy? a) Uric acid b) Aldolase c) Amylase d) Troponin

Aldolase Increased serum aldolase levels are associated with muscular dystrophy. Increased serum amylase levels are associated with pancreatitis. Increased serum uric acid levels are associated with gout. Increased serum troponin levels are associated with acute myocardial infarction.

Detection of which of the following substances is most useful to monitor the course of a patient with testicular cancer? a) Alpha-fetoprotein b) Carcinoembryonic antigen c) Prolactin d) Testosterone

Alpha-fetoprotein, Most testicular tumors are germ cell tumors which are characterized by elevated serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Measurement of serum AFP is used in the diagnosis, therapy and follow-up of testicular cancer. The carcinoembryonic antigen is a marker for colon cancer. The serum levels of testosterone and prolactin are NOT increased in testicular cancer.

What crystals appear in acidic urine?

Ampicillin, amorphous urate, aspirin, bilirubin, calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, cholesterol, triple phosphate

Identify possible causes of a false negative dipstick test for blood.

Ascorbic acid, High SG, High nitrite

In the Jendrassik-Grof method for the determination of serum bilirubin concentration, quantitation is obtained by measuring the green color? a) Azobilirubin b) Bilirubin glucuronide c) Urobilin d) Urobilinogen

Azobilirubin, In the Jendrassik-Grof method for bilirubin measurement, the addition of caffeine plus diazotized sulfanilic acid and the serum produces azobilirubin. Ascorbic acid, alkaline tartrate and dilute HCl are added to the reaction mixture. The blue-green azobilirubin is measured. Bilirubin glucuronide, urobilin and urobilinogen are intermediaries in bilirubin metabolism. They are NOT measured by this method.

All of the following are currently used to diagnose acute coronary syndrome and/or acute myocardial infarction. EXCEPT? a) CK-MB b) Tnl c) TnT d) BNP

BNP The BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) and the NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide) are currently used to differentiate heart failure from lung disease. The isoenzymes of creatine kinase are CK-MM, CK-BB, AND CK-MB. The MB isoenzyme is currently used to diagnose acute coronary syndrome and/or acute myocardial infarction. Troponin is a complex of three proteins; troponin I (TnI), troponin T (TnT), and troponin C (TnC). TnI and TnT are currently used to diagnose acute coronary syndrome and/or acute myocardial infarction.

A 3 year old girl was brought to the ER with a temp. of 103 degrees F, lethargy, and cervical rigidity. Three tubes of cloudy CSF were delivered to the lab and preliminary test results showed: WBC 4,500, differential 88% neutrophils and 12% lymphs, glucose 15mg/dL, protein 140 mg/dL, gram stain no organisms observed. From these results what preliminary diagnosis should the physician consider? A. brain tumor B. viral meningitis C. subdural hematoma D. bacterial meningitis

Bacterial meningitis (because WBC count along with strong % of neutrophils)

The majority of CO2 in the blood is present in the form of: Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Carbon Bicarbonate Bicarbonate

Bicarbonate- also known as HCO3, is alkaline.

All of the following are sources of serum alkaline phosphatase EXCEPT? a) Liver b) Placenta c) Intestine d) Brain

Brain The source of elevated alkaline phosphatase can be identified by electrophoresis of tissue specific at alkaline pH. Liver, bone, intestine and placenta are the most commonly identified isoenzymes.

Which of the flowing is true of C-reactive protein (CRP) when being used to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease? a) CRP levels are high in cardiovascular disease b) CRP levels are not affected by cardiovascular disease. c) CRP levels are low in cardiovascular disease. d) CRP has little clinical utility for assessing cardiovascular disease.

CRP levels are high in cardiovascular disease CRP is a sensitive marker for detection and monitoring progression of inflammation and tissue damage. However, CRP lacks specificity. Risk factors that contribute to arteriosclerosis (smoking, hypertension, plaque-causing lipoproteins, and hyperglycemia) activate cells involved in the inflammatory process and contribute to the formation of plaque along the arterial walls. Because of this CRP levels are increased during cardiovascular disease.

Before unconjugated bilirubin can react with Ehrlich diazo reagent, which of the following must be added? a) Acetone b) Ether c) Distilled water d) Caffeine

Caffeine

Coulometry is often used to measure? a) Chloride in sweat b) The pH in saliva c) Bicarbonate in urine d) Ammonia in plasma

Chloride in sweat, coulometry is still used for chloride determinations in body fluids, such as sweat. However, chloride ion-selective electrodes (ISE) are commonly used today.

Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of? a) Cholesterol b) Total protein c) Chylomicrons d) Albumin

Chylomicrons, Elevated levels of chylomicrons in serum or plasma will result in a turbid specimen. The large size of the chylomicron will reflect the light, causing a turbid appearance.

The exocrine functions of the kidneys include A. Regulation of hormone production B. Elimination of metabolic waste products C. Maintenance of blood pressure D. Production of red blood cells

Elimination of metabolic waste products

During pregnancy, the form of estrogen measured in urine is mostly? a) Estradiol b) Estriol c) Estrone d) Pregnanediol

Estriol, During pregnancy, the largest fraction of estrogen in urine is estriol.

True or false, nucleated blood cells will always have the same appearance on a cytocentrifuged smear as they do on a peripheral blood smear?

False ( cytocentrifugation removes the liquid portion of the fluid as the cells are deposited on the slide. This may introduce artifact, which can stretch the cytoplasm and distort nuclear shapes as compared to the same cells in the peripheral blood)

Blood received in the laboratory for blood gas analysis must meet which of the following requirements? a) On ice, thin fibrin strands ONLY, NO air bubbles b) On ice, NO clots, fewer than 4 air bubbles c) On ice, NO clots, NO air bubbles d) Room temperature, NO clots, NO air bubbles

On ice, NO clots, NO air bubbles, Preanalytical interferences with blood gases

Tetany is caused by: Hypermagnesemia Hypertetnasemia Hypomagnesemia Hypotetnasemia

False: causes false elevation.

ACTH controls which step of steroid hormone production? a) First step (cholesterol to cholesterol esters) b) First step (cholesterol esters to cholesterol) c) Second step (cholesterol to pregnenolone) d) Third step (cholesterol esters to pregnenolone)

First step (cholesterol esters to cholesterol) ACTH controls the first step of steroid hormone production, causing cholesterol esters to convert to cholesterol before subsequent formation of other steroid hormone.

The following urine test results were obtained from a 6 month old African American infant who experiences vomiting and diarrhea after milk ingestion and has failed to gain weight. pH 5.0, protein negative, glucose negative, ketones negative, blood negative, bilirubin negative, nitrite negative, urobilinogen 0.1 Eu/dL, clinitest 2+. These results are clinically significant in which of the following disorders? A. diabetes mellitus B. lactose intolerance C. galactosemia D. cystic fibrosis

Galactosemia (a disorder that affects how the body processes a simple sugar called galactose. It is primarily part of a larger sugar called lactose, which is found in all dairy products and many baby formulas)

To detect barbiturate abuse when analyzing urine specimens, immunoassay is the method of choice for screening. The method of choice for confirmation is? a) Nephelometry b) Thin-layer chromatography c) Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry d) Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, In practice, a positive screening result for barbiturates obtained by immunoassay is confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the urine specimen.

Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in blood is usually determined by means of which of the following electrodes? a) Silver b) Glass c) Platinum d) Platinum-lactate

Glass, The pH electrode, a glass electrode, contains a specially designed thin piece of glass as a membrane. The glass membrane is made of silicon dioxide, added oxides and various metals. The membrane is selectively sensitive to hydrogen ions.

Nitrates in urine are reduced to nitrites by A. gram positive bacteria B. acid fast bacteria C. gram negative bacteria D. yeasts

Gram negative bacteria

What casts can be found in the urine of a healthy individual after strenuous exercise?

Hyaline and granular casts

What role does lipase play in the body? a) Transferring amino acid groups between compounds b) Catalyzing the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate c) Hydrolyzes fat esters to produce water d) Hydrolyzes fat esters to produce alcohol and fatty acids.

Hydrolyzes fat esters to produce alcohol and fatty acids. Lipase hydrolyzes fat esters to produce alcohol and fatty acids. Transaminases (ALT/AST) transfer amino acid groups while multiple enzymes catalyze the catabolic pathways of glucose to pyruvate (such as hexokinase). We don't hydrolyze fats into water, but alter them to make them water soluble.

A low CSF glucose level is associated with all the following EXCEPT: a) Hyperglycemia b) Fungal meningitis c) Amebic meningitis d) Trichinosis meningitis

Hyperglycemia In hyperglycemia you would except a normal or elevated CSF glucose level. A decreased (low) CSF glucose level, can be found in cases of acute bacterial, fungal. Amebic, and trichinosis meningitis, as all these organisms consume the glucose in CSF

The correct term for high sodium is: Hyperkalemia Hypersaltemia Hypernatremia Hypertension

Hypernatremia

Hyperkalemia is the term used for: High Calcium High Potassium Low Kalcemia High Kalcemia

Hypomagnesemia

Low levels of Na+ causes what condition: Hyponatremia Hypokalemia Hyposaltemia Hypotension

Hyponatremia

A patient has the following thyroid profile: Total T4: Decreased Free T4: Decreased Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody: Positive TSH: Decreased This Patient most probably has? a) Hyperthyroidism b) Hypothyroidism c) A normal thyroid d) Grave's disease

Hypothyroidism, Increased TSH, decrease free T4 and total T4, positive microsomal Ab consistent with primary hypothyroidism

From the groups of analytes below, which set would MOST likely be Increased in a type 1 diabetic patient in crisis? a) Insulin and blood glucose b) Insulin and ketone bodies c) Ketone bodies and blood glucose d) Ketone bodies and blood pH

Ketone bodies and blood glucose A type 1 diabetic with an elevated blood glucose and lack of insulin production in a crisis can become ketoic and go into a ketoacidosis comma. Excess ketone bodies are produced along with increased blood glucose. The acidosis results in a decreased pH

Which of the following tests on amniotic fluid would be included when assessing fetal lung maturity? A. Alpha fetoprotein B. L/S ratio C. bilirubin D. fetal hemoglobin

L/S ratio

The study of drug disposition in the body - how and when drugs enter the circulation, how long they stay there, and how long they stay there, and how they are eliminated is called? a) Drug half-life b) Therapeutic window c) Pharmacokinetics d) Pharmacogenomics (Pharmacogenetics)

Pharmacokinetics Therapeutic window - the range between a drug's effective dose and its toxic does. Drug half-life - The amount of time it takes for a drug's concentration in the body to decrease by 50%. Pharmacogenomics (Pharmacogenetics) - the study of how variations in the human genome affect a given individual's response to medications.

Excess HCO3- is the cause of: Metabolic Alkalosis Metabolic Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Respiratory Acidosis

Metabolic Alkalosis; has a HCO3 of >7.45

The drug procainamide is prescribed to treat cardiac arrhythmia. What biologically active liver metabolite of procainamide is often measured simultaneously? a) Phenobarbital b) Quinidine c) N-acetyl procainamide (NAPA) d) Lidocaine

N-acetyl procainamide (NAPA), NAPA is the active metabolite of procainamide

what type of WBC is most frequently seen in urine sediment with infections of the urinary system? A. Eosinophils B. Lymphocyte C. Monocyte D. Neutrophil

Neutrophil ( they are typically increased in bacterial infections. Eosinophils are typically associated with drug induced interstitial nephritis. lymphocytes and monocytes may be seen in early stages of renal transplant rejection)

Pellagra is associated with deficiency of which of the following vitamins? a) A b) B1 c) Thiamine d) Niacin

Niacin, A deficiency of niacin may be seen with chronic alcoholism and is known as Pellagra.

Casts and _________ go hand and hand in urine sediment.

Protein

On a patient that has a large amount of glucose in their urine, what would be the expected specific gravity taken from a refractometer in comparison to the specific gravity from the dipstick? A. refractometer sg would be lower than diptick sg B. refractometer sg would be higher than dipstick sg C. dipstick sg would be the same as refractometer sg D. unable to determine

Refractometer sg would be higher than dipstick sg. (the reagent strip sg only measures ionic solutes and does not detect organic molecules such as glucose and uria)

A serum sample demonstrates an elevated result when tested with the Jaffe reaction. This indicate? a) Prolonged hypothermia b) Renal function impairment c) Pregnancy d) Arrhythmia

Renal function impairment

A patient suspected of a urinary tract infection has a negative nitrite test but bacteria are present upon microscopic examination. What may have caused this discrepancy? A. the bacteria present are not a nitrate reducer B. the urine specimen may have been tested too soon after collection C. there was a tech error when the test was performed D. the urine was in the bladder for more than 4 hours

The bacteria present are not a nitrate reducer

An excess of pCO2 is known as: Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory Acidosis is excess of pCo2. Normal value of pCO2 is 35-45

Respiratory alkalosis is commonly caused by: Excess of O2 Excess of CO2 Deficit of HCO2 Deficit of pCO2

Respiratory Alkalosis is deficiency in CO2. Normal range of CO2 35-45, basic

Which of the following is most likely to interact with arterial walls, leading to deposition of cholesterol, and initiating or worsening atherosclerosis? a) Large buoyant LDL b) Small dense LDL c) LDL phenotype 'A' d) VLDL

Small dense LDL Small, dense LDL is most likely to interact with arterial walls, leading to deposition of cholesterol, and initiating or worsening atherosclerosis. Small, dense LDL is associated with more than a three-fold increase in the risk of coronary heart disease. Large, buoyant LDL is less atherogenic than small, dense LDL. The LDL phenotype A is normal. It is the so called 'B' pattern that is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis. VLDL transport endogenous (hepatic-derived) lipids to the peripheral tissues during fasting periods for energy utilization and storage and is not associated with atherosclerotic plaques.

All of the following analytes would be significantly increased in a plasma sample as a result of hemolysis, EXCEPT? a) Potassium b) LDH c) Sodium d) AST

Sodium Sodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and largely determines the osmolality of the plasma. Sodium concentration in the ECF is much larger than inside the cells. Higher levels of sodium in the blood could occur with excess water loss or decreased water intake. Potassium, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) are found in much higher concertation in intact RBCs than in serum, so when cells are lysed due to hemolysis, those compounds spill into the plasma and falsely increase the result. Potassium is the major intracellular cation in the body, with a concentration 20 times greater inside the cells than outside. The highest levels of total LDH are seen in pernicious anemia and hemolytic disorders. AST intracellular concentration is approximately 7000 times higher than the extracellular concentration.

Four tubes of CSF on the same patient were received in the lab. It was noted on the report that all four tubes contained visible blood. Which is the best explanation? A. Traumatic tap B. subarachnoid hemorrhage C. Meningitis

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Which of the following test procedures is used to diagnose cystic fibrosis? A. Fecal occult blood B. Sweat chloride test C. throat swab D. breath analysis

Sweat chloride test

Which of the following immunosuppressive drugs below has been associated with thrombus formation in patients with toxic levels? a) Tacrolimus b) Cyclosporine c) Sirolimus d) Mycophenolic acid

Tacrolimus Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive drug that has been shown to cause thrombi formation at levels above therapeutic range. Cyclosporine, sirolimus and mycophenolic acid are all immunosuppressive drugs and can cause thrombocytopenia but are not known to cause thrombi formation.

The measurement of 17-ketosteriods (17-KSs) in urine is performed to assess PRIMARILY which organ? a) Testes b) Adrenal cortex c) Testes and adrenal cortex d) Anterior pituitary

Testes and adrenal cortex 17-ketosteriods are metabolites of testosterone and adrenal steroid hormones. The majority of testosterone is produced in the testes and the adrenal cortex. About 1/3 of total urine 17-KSs in men are metabolites of testosterone with the rest derived from steroids produced by the adrenal glands. In women, just about all of the 17-KSs are derived directly from the steroids produced by the adrenal glands.

A urine specimen was collected at 6 am and remained at room temp until it was received in the lab at 3:30 pm. How may the pH of the specimen be affected by the extended time at room temp if bacteria are present in the specimen? A. The pH may become more acidic B. The pH may become more alkaline C. The pH will become neutral D. The pH will probably not be affected

The pH may become more alkaline

A chemical reaction that is utilized by many different analytical methods involve: a) Fluorometry b) Glucose oxidase c) The reduction of NAD to NADH d) UV spectrophotometry

The reduction of NAD to NADH The reduction of NAD to NADH is the chemical reaction that utilized by many different analytical methods. This method can be used by several different analytical methods because it is not a light producing dependent reaction. Fluorometry is an analytical method that is dependent on analytes that have the ability to fluoresce. Glucose oxidase is an enzymatic glucose oxidase method used to measure the amount of glucose present in a sample. UV spectrophotometry is an analytical method that is dependent on a light producing ability of analytes present in the sample.

Which protein is also known a prealbumin because it migrates before albumin in the customary electrophoresis of serum or plasma proteins? a) Transferrin b) Transthyretin c) Retinol-binding protein d) Fibronectin

Transthyretin Transthyretin is sometimes called thyroxine-binding prealbumin or prealbumin because it migrates ahead of albumin in the customary electrophoresis of serum or plasma proteins. Transthyretin is considered the major transport protein for thyroxine. Transferrin is synthesized in the liver and bands are transports ferric iron. Retinol binding protein has been used in monitoring short-term changes in nutritional status and is considered the major transport protein of vitamin A. Fibronectin is considered the major protein regulating phagocytosis and it is not routinely used as a nutritional marker.

Which of the following lipid results would be expected to be MOST falsely elevated on a serum specimen from a non-fasting patient? a) Cholesterol b) Triglyceride c) HDL d) LDL

Triglyceride Triglycerides show marked elevation after an individual eats. So a non-fasting specimen will show a falsely high triglyceride level. Cholesterol does not show much fluctuation after eating. HDL and LDL may be slightly elevated due to a non-fasting sample, but not to the same extent as the triglycerides. This is the reason that patients are told to fast; the laboratory needs a fasting sample to determine a lipid profile or panel which indicates the latter four components.

The majority of thyroxine (T4) is converted into the more biologically active hormone? a) Thyroglobulin b) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) c) Triiodothyronine (T3) d) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Triiodothyronine (T3), T3 is more biologically active, 80% of T4 is converted into T3

What is the name of the colorless end product of bilirubin catabolism? a) Urobilin b) Urobilinogen c) Mesobilirubin d) Mesobilirubinogen

Urobilinogen Urobilinogen is then oxidized by intestinal bacteria to urobilin, the orange-brown pigment found in feces. Mesobilirubin and mesobilirubinogen are intermediates in bilirubin catabolism that are created before urobilinogen is formed.

The urinary excretion product measured as an indicator of epinephrine production is? a) Dopamine b) Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) c) Homovanillic acid d) Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

VMA, VMA is the major metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine. VMA is measured in a 24-hour urine.

What type of specimen is used for testing cyclosporine levels? a) Whole blood b) Serum c) Plasma d) Urine

Whole blood The majority of cyclosporine is sequestered in circulating erythrocytes. As plasma is separated from the cellular component, the temperature of the sample changes reducing the level of cyclosporine, which causes an inappropriate reading of cyclosporine levels. Serum, plasma, and urine are not used for monitoring therapeutic level due to this.

What crystals appear in alkaline urine?

ammonium biurate, amorphous phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, triple phosphate

Detection of a fruity odor in a fresh urine specimen may be indicative of all the following except A. starvation B. malabsorption C. bacterial infection D. diabetes mellitus

bacterial infection

The most important buffer pair in plasma is the? a) Phosphate/Biphosphate pair b) Hemoglobin/Imidazole pair c) Bicarbonate/Carbonic acid pair d) Sulfate/Bisulfate pair

bicarbonate/ carbonic acid pair

the reagent strip for hemoglobin detects __________,__________, and ___________?

free hemoglobin, myoglobin, and intact red blood cells

All of the following tests are part of a routine semen analysis except? A. pH B. motility C. fructose level D. morphology

fructose level

All of the following are true of xanthochromia in CSF except? A. an immature blood brain barrier B. elevated bilirubin in the blood C. increased protein in the CSF D. clear appearance of CSF

clear appearance of CSF

Which of the following is the recommended method for preparing a cerebrospinal fluid sample for a differential count? A. cytocentrifugation B. concentration of cells by traditional centrifuge C. manual smear methods D. use of hemocytometer

cytocentrifugation

A cell count is ordered on a CSF sample that is bloody. Which of the following procedure would improve count accuracy? A. dilute the sample to minimize the number of red blood cells in the squares being counted B. use spinal diluting fluid, a mixture of acetic acid and crystal violet C. use an automated hematology cell counter D. use an electric cell counter

dilute the sample to minimize the number of red blood cells in the squares being counted

what are the two main clinical findings in urine that may indicate Diabetes Mellitus, what would you expect to see in regards to specific gravity and urine volume?

glucose (glycosuria) and ketone bodies (ketonuria), High specific gravity and increased urine volume

All of the following statements below about synovial fluid are true except? A. arthrocentesis is performed as a means to evaluate arthritis and other joint disorders B. synovial fluid is present in only movable joints C. joint fluid resembles plasma in viscosity D. joint fluid has approx. the same glucose as plasma

joint fluid resembles plasma in viscosity

Myoglobinuria is most likely to be noted in urine samples from patients with which of the following disorders? A. Hemolytic anemia B. lower urinary tract infection C. massive muscle trauma D. paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

massive muscle trauma

On a cytospin preparation form a pleural fluid, 50% of the cells have the following characteristics: uniform, regular arrangement, some cells resemble a "fried egg", multiple nuclei, smooth nuclear outline and homogeneous chromatin, and when present in clumps there are clear spaces between cells. How would these cells be classified? A. atypical cancer cells B. mesothelial cells C. ependymal cells D. tumor cells

mesothelial cells

which of the following cells are lining cells that could been seen in a peritoneal fluid? A. choroidal cells B. mesothelial cells C. ependymal cells D. squamous epithelial cells

mesothelial cells

Bence jones proteinuria can be seen in all of the following cocditions except: A. amyloidosis B. nephrotic syndrome C. multiple myeloma D. macroglobulinemia

nephrotic syndrome

Which of the following is the Henderson -Hasselbach equation? a) pKa = pH + log ([acid]/[salt]) b) pKa = pH + log ([salt]/[acid]) c) pH = pKa + log ([acid]/[salt]) d) pH = pKa + log ([salt]/[acid])

pH = pKa + log ([salt]/[acid]) , Salt = bicarbonate; acid = carbonic acid

What is the best method for examination of synovial crystals? A. phase contrast B. darkfield microscopy C. brightfiled microscopy D. polarized light

polarized light

how should the production of a blue or purple color on the test pad of an ictotest be interpreted? A. pos for bilirubin B. pos for ketones C. neg for bilirubin D. neg for ketones

pos for bilirubin

what test can be used as a confirmatory test for proteinuria? A. Acetest B. benedicts test C. Fehlings test D. sulfosalicylic acid test

sulfosalicylic acid test

Which of the following statements is true for reagent strip procedure? A. prolonged immersion may wash out reagents B. blot the reagent strip with a towel before placing on the tray of the dipstick reader C. all tests require the same reading times D. the expiration date on the reagent container does not matter as long as the controls are acceptable

prolonged immersion may wash out reagents

All of the following are true in regards to performing QC on urine chemical reagent strips except: A. as often as required by the labs procedure B. on each new lot received in the lab C. when a new bottle of reagent strips is opened D. qc is performed only when patient results are questioned bu health care provider

qc is performed only when results are questioned by health care provider

what type of urine specimen provides an overall picture of the patients health?

random specimen

All of the following are functions of cerebrospinal fluid except? A. supply nutrients to nervous system tissue B. regulate body metabolism C. protect spinal cord from injury D. remove waste products from cerebral metabolism

regulate body metabolism

which of the following statements is true regarding the storage and handling of urinalysis chemical reagent strips? A. Make sure all of the pads on the strip have the same color prior to using the strip B. touching the reagent areas of the strip will not interfere with the test results C. remove only enough strips for immediate use D. the bottle of reagent strips can remain uncovered once it has been opened

remove only enough reagent strips for immediate use

which of the following cells when found upon microscopic examination of urine would be most indicative of kidney disease: A. WBC and bacteria B. renal tubular epithelial cells C. squamous epithelial cells D . RBC

renal tubular epithelial cells

An arterial blood specimen submitted for blood gas analysis was obtained at 8:30 am but was NOT received in the laboratory until 11:00 am. The technologist should? a) Perform the test immediately, when it was received in the lab b) Perform the test ONLY if the specimen was submitted in ice water c) Request a venous blood specimen d) Request a new arterial specimen be obtained

request a new arterial specimen be obtained, The use if an incorrect tube type or collection of a specimen at an inappropriate time may also require specimen recollection.

All of the following specimen collection methods should be used if urine cultures are also required except? A. routinely voided B. clean catch C. cauterized D. supra-pubic aspiration

routinely voided

A cloudy yellow- green synovial fluid with 122,000 white blood cells which are predominately neutrophils, and a decreased glucose would be classified as A. non inflammatory B. inflammatory C. septic D. crystal induced

septic

All of the following are characteristics of a cast except A. they are cylindrical bodies B. they are formed in either the distal convoluted tubules of the collecting ducts of the kidneys C. they are formed in the urethra

they are formed in the urethra

A nephron includes all of the following except: A. urethra B. glomerulus C. loop of henle D. proximal convoluted tubule

urethra