Chemistry Final!
standard temperature and pressure
0 deg C and 101.3 kPa or 1 atm
molar volume
22.4 L of any gas measured at STP
one mole
6.02 x 10^23
c
A catalyst is: a. a solid product of a reaction b. one of the reactants in a single-replacement c. not used up in a reaction d. the product of a combustion reaction
calorimeter
A device for measuring heat changes
exothermic process
A heat-dissipating process
law of conservation of energy
Energy in neither created nor destroyed in an ordinary chemical or physical process
c
In a chemical reaction, the mass of the products: a. is less than the mass of the reactants b. is greater than the mass of the reactants c. is equal to the mass of the reactants
c
In a double replacement reaction: a. one of the products is always gas b. one of the products must be an element c. positive ions are exchanged between two compounds d. all of the above
b
In a double replacement reaction: a. the reactants are usually a metal and a nonmetal b. the reactants are generally two ionic compounds in aqueous solution. c. One of the reactants is often water d. energy in the form of heat or light is always produced
c
The SI unit of heat and energy is a. heat capacity b. calorie c. joule d. enthalpy
energy
The capacity for doing work
standard heat of formation
The change in enthalpy for a reaction in which one mole of a compound is formed from its constitutional elements
heat
The energy that is transferred from one body to another because of a temperature difference
heat of reaction
The heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction; equivalent to h, change in enthalpy
calorie
The quanitity of heat that raises the temp of 1g of pure water 1 degree C
heat capacity
The quantity of heat required to change an object's temperature exactly 1 degree C
specific heat
The quantity of heat, in joules or calories, required to raise the temp of 1g of a substance 1 degree C
Hund's rule
When electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters each orbital until all the orbitals contain one electron
skeleton equation
a chemical equation that doesn't indicate relative amounts of reactants and products
activity series of metals
a list of metals in order of decreasing reactivity
product
a new substance formed in a chemical reaction
spectator ion
a particle not directly involved in a chemical reaction
excess reagent
a quantity of a reactant that is more than enough to react with a limiting reagent
decomposition reaction
a reaction in which a single compound is broken down into simpler substances
combustion reaction
a reaction in which oxygen reacts with another substance, often producing heat or light.
single-replacement reaction
a reaction in which the atoms of one element replace the atoms of a second element
reactant
a starting substance in a chemical reaction
coefficient
a whole number that appears before a formula in an equation
Pauli exclusion principle
an atomic orbital may describe, at most, two electrons
balanced equation
an equation in which each side has the same number of atoms of each element
Aufbau Principle
electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first
photons
light quanta
empirical formula
lowest whole-number ratio of the atoms of elements in a compound
exothermic
releasing heat to its surroundings 1. freezing water 2. condensation 3. candle flame
Endothermic
taking in heat from its surroundings 1. melting ice 2. boiling water 3. Baking Bread
quantum
the amount of energy required to move an electron from its present energy level to the next higher one
actual yield
the amount of product formed when a reaction is carried out in a lab.
gram atomic mass
the atomic mass of an element expressed in grams
theoretical yield
the calculated amount of product that might be formed during a reaction
stoichiometry
the calculation of quantities in chemical equations
photoelectric effect
the ejection of electrons by metals when light shines on them
gram molecular mass
the mass of one mole of a molecular compound
gram formula mass
the mass of one mole of an ionic compound
Molar mass
the mass of one mole of any element or compound
quantum mechanical model
the modern description of the electrons in atoms
percent composition
the percent by mass of each element in a compound
percent yield
the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield
Limiting Reagent
the reactant that determines the amount of product that can be formed in a reaction
energy level
the region around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be moving
atomic orbitals
the regions within which electrons have the highest probability of being found
representative particle
the species present in a substance-usually atoms, molecules, or formula units
electron configurations
the ways in which electrons are arranged around the nuclei of atoms
