Chemistry - Nuclear Chemistry Test Review

What is not a disadvantage to nuclear energy?

It Pollutes the Air

Why is it important that radioactive isotopes used internally for diagnosis or treatment have relatively short half-lives?

It is important that these radioisotopes have short half-lives so that the person is not exposed to harmful radiation for an extended length of time.

This type of nuclear reaction requires a neutron to start

Fission

Which process requires neutron bombardment to begin?

Fisson

This type of nuclear reaction requires very high temperatures to start

Fusion

Which process occurs in the sun and stars?

Fusion

Which reaction is used in modern atomic bombs (hydrogen bombs)

Fusion

Which type of decay has the highest penetrating ability?

Gamma

What is the charge for Gamma(Y)?

0

What is the charge for alpha?

+2

What is the charge for Beta?

-1

Copper acetate containing Cu-64 is used to study brain tumors. This isotope has a half-life of 12.7 hours. If you begin with 0.0025mg, what mass in milligrams remains after two half-lives?

0.0025mg x (.5)2 = 6.3x10-4 milligrams

A radioisotope has a half-life of 20 years. What fraction of the original sample will remain after 40 years?

1/4

A 100 gram sample of a radioisotope has a half-life of 250 years. What mass of it will remain after 750 years?

12.5

Alpha releases ____ protons and _____- neutrons (helium nucleus)

2 protons & 2 neutrons

How far can Beta travel?

2-3 m

Iodine-131 is used to treat and diagnose thyroid cancer. The half-life is 8.04 days. b) If you begin with 2.4g of this radioisotope, what mass will remain after 28.6 days?

2.4g x (.5)5 = 0.075 grams

Phosphorus-32 (half-life = 14.3 days) is used in the treatment of leukemia, among other things. b.) How many half-lives did the sample go through at the end of 28.6 days?

28.6 days/14.3 days = 2 half lives

How far can alpha travel?

3-5 cm

Phosphorus-32 (half-life = 14.3 days) is used in the treatment of leukemia, among other things. a) The isotope undergoes beta particle decay. Write a balanced equation for this process.

32/15p > 0/-1e + 32/16S

If a radioisotope has a half-life of 15 days.... how many half lives will it have gone through after 60 days?

4

Phosphorus-32 (half-life = 14.3 days) is used in the treatment of leukemia, among other things. c.) If you begin with 4.8g of this radioisotope, what mass will remain after 28.6 days?

4.8g x (.5)2 = 1.2 grams

Iodine-131 is used to treat and diagnose thyroid cancer. The half-life is 8.04 days. a) How many half-lives did the sample go through at the end of 40.2 days?

40.2 days/8.04 days = 5 half lives

An isotope has a half-life of 13 hours. How long will it take for 15/16 to decay?

52 Hours

Which type of decay has the most mass causing it to be the slowest and have the least penetrating ability?

Alpha

Which type of nuclear decay causes the mass of the radioisotope to decrease by 4

Alpha

Why is Gamma(Y) dangerous?

Alter DNA and cause Cancer

Which type of nuclear decay cause the atomic number of the radioisotope to INCREASE by 1?

Beta

What is Beta dangerous?

Can alter DNA and cause cancer

How far can Gamma(Y) travel?

Can travel galaxies?

___________ is the time it takes for half a sample of nuclei to decay into more stable nuclei.

Half-life

If you look a typical nuclear equation, is it possible to tell whether or not the reaction produces gamma radiation? Why or why not

It is not possible to tell because the mass number and atomic number are both equal to zero. Therefore, it is not factored into the equation when one is balancing it.

What can't Beta travel through?

Metal or glass

How do nuclear chain reactions occur?

Nuclear chain reactions occur during fission reactions where a nucleus is bombarded with radiation. An extremely unstable nucleus is formed and decays immediately. The radiation released from the decay will collide with other unreacted nuclei causing the process to repeat all over again.

________________ is the spontaneous emission of radiation by an unstable nucleus.

Radioactivity

_________________ used alpha particles in his Gold Foil Experiment.

Rutherford

What can't Gamma(Y) travel through?

Thick layers of concrete, water, and lead.

Write an equation describing the radioactive decay of each of the following radioisotopes. The particle produced is shown in parentheses. (Be sure to include all missing information including symbol, mass number, and atomic number.)

a.) 50Ti (beta) - 50/22Ti > 0/-1e + 50/23V b.) 210Po (alpha) - 210/84Po > 4/2He + 206/82 Pb

If you wanted to block _________ radiation, paper or clothing can be used.

alpha

During _______________, the atomic number will increase by 1 and the mass number will remain unchanged.

beta decay

What cant alpha travel through, and why is it so dangerous?

cannot travel through paper or skin and it's dangerous if ingested and can alter NA and cause caner.

In Nuclear fusion, 2 nulei ________ into a heavy nucleus

combine

Nuclear fission waste is _________ and unsafe to depose of

difficult

In Beta, neutron splits into a proton and an ___________. And also the __________ leaves.

electron, electron

Gamma (Y) has high __________ electromagnetic wave

frequency

The reactions inside the sun is an example of a ___________ reaction.

fusion

Three types of radiation include

gamma, beta, alpha

Fusion reactions release __________ energy than fission reactions

more

Nuclear fission is used in __________ and the atomic bomb

nuclear reactors

In Nuclear fission, a heavy _________ breaks into 2 lighter nuclei

nucleus

a) During radioactive decay, the __________ will emit particles of radiation in order to become more stable.

nucleus

What do isotopes have in common?

same number of protons

Nuclear fusion occurs naturally in the ________ and tech is being developed to use in ___________. Does not create waste.

sun, reactors