Chemistry Terms To Know

If rules contradict, the rule with the lower number prevails.

3) Free elements: ON = zero 4) Monoatomic ions: ON = charge 5) Hydrogen combined with nonmetals: ON = +1(combined with metals ON = -1) 6) Fluorine: ON = -1 7) Oxygen: ON = -2 8) halogens: ON = -1

Convert a volume of 3.5 m3 to cubic centimeters.

3500000 Use a systematic approach to solve the problem. 1. Read the problem carefully: This is a volume conversion problem. Note that the units are cubic lengths. 2. Identify the given information: The given volume is 3.5 m³. 3. Identify what is being asked for: The question is asking for the volume in cubic centimeters (cm³). 4. Identify intermediate steps: Use the equivalent measure 100 cm=1 m to write a conversion factor 100 cm1 m. Since the units are cubed, the conversion factor needs to be cubed as well: (100 cm/m)³. 5. Find the answer: Multiply. 3.5 m³×(100 cm1 m)³=3,500,000 cm³ 6. Check answer reasonableness: Centimeters are smaller than meters, so it makes sense that the number of cubic centimeters is larger than the number of cubic meters.

If the accepted value for a measurement is 60.3 mL, which of the following set of measurements is precise but not accurate? 56.7 mL, 87.3 mL, 28.9 mL 60.2 mL, 60.3 mL, 60.1 mL 76.5 mL, 76.4 mL, 76.3 mL all of the above

76.5 mL, 76.4 mL, 76.3 mL The choices that are near each other but that are not close to the true value will be the set that can be considered precise but inaccurate.

The SI base unit of time is the second (s). Small and large time intervals can be expressed with the appropriate prefixes; for example, 3 microseconds = 0.000003 s = 3×10⁻⁶ s and 5 megaseconds = 5,000,000 s = 5×10⁶ s

Alternatively, hours, days, and years can be used.

Al

Aluminum

Ar

Argon

Ba

Barium

Br

Boron

Ca

Calcium

C

Carbon

Cl

Chlorine

Cr

Chromium

Co

Cobalt

Cu

Copper

F

Fluorine

Au

Gold

He

Helium

H

Hydrogen

Oxidation number (ON) Rules

In all cases: 1) The sum of the oxidation number = charge (∑ON = charge) 2) All atoms of the same type have the same oxidation number in that compound.

i

Iodine

Fe

Iron

Pb

Lead

Li

Lithium

Mg

Magnesium

Mn

Manganese

Which of the following is an example of an extensive property of a substance?

Mass, volume, and length are extensive properties because they depend on the amount of a substance present in a sample. Temperature is an intensive property because it does not depend on the amount of substance. For example, imagine you have 1g of boiling water and 1kg of boiling water in identical containers. 1g of boiling water has the same temperature as 1kg of boiling water, but 1g of boiling water has less mass, less volume, and less depth (if we consider depth to be a length).

Hg

Mercury

Groups on the Periodic Table

Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Transition metals Noble gases Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Halogens

Ne

Neon

Ni

Nickel

N

Nitrogen

O

Oxygen

P

Phosphorus

Pt

Platinum

K

Potassium

1) SI prefix multipliers and symbols

Prefixes- Giga(G) to nanon (n) Units for mass, length, volume, time, temperature, quantity of substance, energy

Sc

Scandium

Si

Silicon

Ag

Silver

Na

Sodium

S

Sulfur

Temperature is an intensive property. The base or fundamental SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K). The IUPAC convention is to use kelvin (all lowercase) for the word, K (uppercase) for the unit symbol, and neither the word "degree" nor the degree symbol (∘).

The degree Celsius (∘C) is also allowed in the SI system, with both the word "degree" and the degree symbol used for Celsius measurements. Celsius degrees are the same magnitude as those of kelvin, but the two scales place their zeros in different places. Water freezes at 273.15 K (0∘C) and boils at 373.15 K (100∘C) by definition, and normal human body temperature is approximately 310 K (37∘C). In the kelvin scale, 0 K is absolute zero: the point at which all motion stops, a temperature which can never be reached exactly (nor can a negative kelvin temperature be reached). To convert between degrees Celsius and kelvin, simply add 273.15 to the Celsius temperature or subtract 273.15 from the kelvin temperature. While Celsius is commonly used in science, kelvin is actually the base SI unit of temperature. The Kelvin scale is used most often because it is an absolute temperature scale. Celsius is also used, while Fahrenheit is rarely used in the field of chemistry.

Ti

Titanium

U

Uranium

V

Vanadium

Zn

Zinc

1) all compounds containing the following ions are soluble in water:

a) cations: groups 1 ions, ammonium b) anions: nitrate, acetate, and perchlorate

2) compounds containing the following ions are usually soluble, common exceptions are noted:

a) group 17 ions (halides): unless the cation is: Ag⁺, Cu⁺, Hg₂⁺ or Pb²⁺ b)sulfate ion: unless the cation is: Ba⁺, Ca²⁺, Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺ or Sr²

A measurement is _____ if it yields results that are close to the accepted value. valid accurate precise none of the above

accurate A measurement is accurate if it yields results that are close to the accepted value.

CH₃CO₂⁻

acetate

C₂H₃O₂⁻

acetate

NH₄⁺

ammonium

When adding numbers, the sum will have: as many decimal places as the number with fewest decimal places as many decimal places as the number with more decimal places as many significant figures as the number with fewest significant figures as many significant figures as the number with more significant figures

as many decimal places as the number with fewest decimal places. The rules state that for addition and subtraction we round to the same number of decimal places as the value with the fewest number of decimal places. This is how we adequately propagate the uncertainty of the most uncertain value through the operation.

HCO₃⁻

bicarbonate

HSO₄⁻

bisulfate

HSO₃⁻

bisulfite

CO₃²⁻

carbonate

ClO₃⁻

chlorate

ClO₂⁻

chlorite

CrO₄²⁻

chromate

CN⁻

cyanide

Which is an intensive property? mass shape length density

density No matter how much of a substance is present, it will have the same density. The other characteristics will change according to the quantity.

Cr₂O₇²⁻

dichromate

Covalent prefixes (for binary molecular and hydrates)

hemi=1/2 mono=1 di=2 tri-3 tetra=4 penta=5 hexa=6 hepta=7 octa=8 nona=9 deca=10

HBr(aq)

hydrobromic acid

HCl(aq)

hydrochloric acid

HI(aq)

hydroiodic acid

OH⁻

hydroxide

Temperature is a(n):

intensive property Intensive properties are material properties that are independent of the amount of material. Temperature represents and average of internal energy over a sample, and does not change with the amount of material, so it is an intensive property. Temperature is an intensive property because it does not depend on the size or amount of material in a system.

In some cases, volume can be found by cubing which of the following quantities? mass length time none of the above

length Volume can be considered length times width times height, or a length in each of three spatial dimensions.

Hg₂²⁺

mercury(I)

Basic organic prefixes and suffixes

meth=1 eth=2 prop=3 but=4 pent=5 hex=6

NO₃⁻

nitrate

HNO₃(aq)

nitric acid

NO₂⁻

nitrite

ClO₄⁻

perchlorate

HClO₄(aq)

perchloric acid

MnO₄⁻

permanganate

PO₄³⁻

phosphate

A set of measurements that yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner are said to be: accurate precise both accurate and precise none of the above

precise Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner; however, this does not imply that the measurements are accurate. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or accepted value.

The number of significant figures in a value is a display of the _________ of a measurement. precision accuracy both precision and accuracy none of the above

precision Accuracy is a measure of how close a measurement is to a true or accepted value, whereas precision is a measure of how well consecutive measures of the same quantity agree with one another. The number of significant figures in a value will provide information regarding the precision of the value. For example, 15.000mL is a more precise value than 15mL. Significant figures alone will not provide evidence to suggest that a measured value is close to the true or accepted value.

SO₄²⁻

sulfate

SO₃²⁻

sulfite

H₂SO₄(aq)

sulfuric acid

SCN⁻

thiocyanate

Neutron

¹/₀n

Proton

¹/₁p

Gamma

ɣ or ⁰/₀ɣ

Beta

β or β⁻ or ⁰/₋₁β

Electron

⁰/₋₁e

Alpha

⍺ or ⁴/₂⍺ or ⁴/₂He