Chemistry: Unit 1 Test

significant figures...

- are an indicator of the certainty in measurements - communicate the level of precision in measurements - in a measurement are all measured digits, and one estimated digit

how many liters in a cubic meter

1,000

centi

1/100

milli

1/1000

kilo

1000

which branch of the chemical industry usually requires advanced degrees?

R&D

theory

a generalized model that explains how something happens and is used to explain observations

deductive reasoning

a prediction made or conclusion drawn from insight gains from an established principle or law

inverse relationship

a relationship between two variables in which the product remains constant when one variable increases the other decreases in proportion so that the product in unchanged xy = k y = k/x

law

a statement that explains what something does under similar circumstances and is broadly agreed upon by the science community

two things a theory should be able to do

a. explain the data that relates to the specific problem b. lead to correct predictions, some of which produce new evidence/experiments

a scientific law...

a. is generally accepted as true b. has never been found to be in error c. has no known contradictions d. does not always have to be verified by a mathematical equation

when is a hypothesis made?

after gathering initial data and defining the research

hypothesis

an initial proposed explanation for a phenomenon

when conducting an experiment, a scientist should...

attempt to control the conditions

meter

base unit of distance

kilogram

base unit of mass

liter

base unit of volume

always read a graduated cylinder from the ________ of the meniscus

bottom

what does inductive reasoning require?

creative thinking

scientific predictions based on laws are formulated using:

deductive reasoning

quantitative

description based on numbers, mathematics, or measurements

what are the primary responsibilities of a chemical engineer involved in R&D?

discover new products and processes

the mass of 1 gram

equals the mass of 1 mL of water at 4 (C)

true/false? All scientists observing the same event will record identical descriptions.

false

true/false? environmental engineers are often involved in the safety of the workers and consumers

false

true/false? there is only one preparation path which will lead to a career in chemistry

false

true/false? Computers are capable of inductive reasoning.

false; computers use algorithms to arrive at conclusions, and inductive reasoning is the product of creative thinking

qualitative

generalized descriptions based on senses

subjective

ideas resulting from personal feelings, emotions, or bias

forming a hypothesis is accomplished through _________ reasoning

inductive

extensive literature searches to supply the management with updated data

information chemist

presupposition

initial idea which is believed to be true

the direct link between customers and the company

marketing

chemical engineers who specialize in negotiating for large purchases and instructing customers in use of the products are _________

marketing personnel

density

mass per unit of volume of a substance

primary unit of length in the metric system

meter

SI system

metric system of units

a theory which repeatedly fails to confirm the expected predictions after research is...

probably incorrect/unreliable

Which career area in chemistry applies new discoveries to practical applications useful for consumers?

product development

developing a pilot test production facility is the responsibility of ________

product development

the career area of chemistry which is involved in the manufacturing of products is ________

production

main purpose of patent attorneys

protect rights to new products and processes

objective

real reasoning based on facts

to ensure accurate recall of the experimental data, at the minimum one should at least ...

record the data in writing

precision

related to the uncertainty of a measurement

what does R&D mean

research and development

the functions of corporate management

set objectives administration department directors

a published hypothesis...

should be tested by the scientific community

occupies a volume

solids, liquids, and gases

people who operate and maintain sophisticated chemical equipment

technicians

time

that which flows onward uniformly

accuracy

the correctness of a measurement

length

the measure of the distance from one point to another

mass

the quantity of matter a body possesses

volume

the space occupied by a quantity of matter

a hypothesis which appears to be verified by multiple experiments may become a ________

theory

a graph should include:

title name of experimenter label on each axis

interpolate

to insert between neighboring points or estimate by taking an average of known values

true/false? Conclusions related to historical events are limited to evaluating the existing evidence.

true

true/false? Hypotheses about historical singular events are not testable by the scientific method because they are not repeatable.

true

true/false? Your data and observations will only be as good as your care in measuring.

true

true/false? if solving for the slope of the best fit line it is a good choice to choose points on the line

true

true/false? people in the chemical industry supply man-made chemicals essential to human needs and desires

true

the size of the chosen symbols on a graph may be used to indicate...

uncertainty of the data

scientific notation

used to keep track of very small and very large numbers during mathematical equations

direct relationship

when two variable change in the same direction, one remaining larger than the other by the same factor y = kx k = y/x