Child Development

goal-directed behavior

"purposeful action" The baby's obvious goal-directedness stems from (1) an enhanced awareness of cause and effect, (2) memory for actions already completed, and (3) understanding of other people's intentions

Babinski reflex

When a newborn's feet are stroked, the toes fan upward.

Paige is trying to find the answer to an exam question by using inductive reasoning. This means that she is using all of the following techniques EXCEPT

application

Damian doesn't get along with his stepfather. Each morning, his teacher overhears Damian complaining about what his stepfather did to him that particular day. These daily hassles:

can have a cumulative effect on Damian.

A sensitive period is one during which:

certain types of development are most likely to occur.

maintain body temperature

cry, shiver, tuck legs, push away blankets

A long-lasting system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations is called a(n) _____.

culture

Americans share certain beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations. Americans, therefore, make up a:

culture.

Bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by means of e-mails, text messages, social media posts, or smartphone videos is called:

cyberbullying.

According to Bronfenbrenner's model, a hospital in the community is an example of which system?

exosystem

Jason and Pierre have grown up together in Paris, France. Jason speaks French and English at home, while Pierre's sole language is French. Their language skills are an example of _____ brain function.

experience-dependent

During Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development, an adolescent who is confused about which of many possible roles to adopt is said to be:

experiencing a crisis of identity versus role confusion.

Sean and Maria are very cold toward and critical of their children. They rarely hug and kiss them or tell them that they love them. This aspect of Sean and Maria's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

expressions of warmth

A skipped-generation family is like a(n) _____ family, but without the biological parents.

extended

Roland is a sales associate in a jewelry store. He tries to sell as many expensive pieces as he can because of the commission he earns. In this example, Roland is demonstrating _____ motivation.

extrinsic

microsystem

family friends school

Which of the following is one type of intelligence identified by Howard Gardner?

intrapersonal

____ in an infant is shown as emotional withdrawal and is accompanied by an increase in the body's production of cortisol, a stress hormone.

sadness

fMRI

scanning equipment records a burst of electrical activity within the brain, which indicates that neurons are firing; researchers conclude that a particular stimulus has been noticed and processed. Using such advanced methods, scientists are convinced that infants have memories, goals, and mental combinations in advance of Piaget's stages

Andrew is a teacher who watches for signs of child maltreatment and intervenes before situations can get worse. This is an example of _____ prevention.

secondary

Grades 7 through 12 are referred to as:

secondary education.

A soccer player who ignores the other team's attempts to distract her is engaging in _____ attention.

selective

According to evolutionary theory, the idea that humans today react in ways that promoted survival and reproduction in the very distant past is at the heart of a concept called:

selective adaptation

The still-face technique:

shows that babies expect a positive response from their caregivers.

Which genetic disorder affects about 11 percent of African Americans and protects them against malaria?

sickle-cell disease

A significance test is a statistical procedure used to determine whether the results of a study are likely to reflect the research manipulations rather than chance.

significance test

In some families, one or more grandparents lives with and cares for the grandchildren when the children's parents are absent because of death, incarceration, addiction, and so on. This type of grandparent family is called a(n) ______ family.

skipped-generation

Because people from the Caribbean do not consider themselves of the same race as African Americans, it can be said that race is a(n):

social construction

Cohort labels, such as Generation X or the Millennials, are based as much on shared assumptions as on reality. These cohorts may be seen at least in part as:

social constructions.

Jason is traveling in another country while on spring break. The climate is much hotter than what he is used to, and he notices that many people in the village where he is staying wear long, white shirts that nearly reach their feet. Some are wearing hats made of grass and leaves. He buys the same kind of shirt and the grass hat in order to beat the heat and blend in. This is an example of:

social learning.

Bob is in a school program that has a curriculum that includes learning the names of letters, numbers, shapes, and colors according to a set timetable. He is MOST likely in a:

teacher-directed program.

Indi and Chayenne are infants receiving their first shots. Indi's cry is shorter and not as loud as Chayenne's. These differences in the babies' cries are MOST likely to indicate differences in:

temperament.

Auditory cortex is to visual cortex as the _____ lobe is to the _____ lobe.

temporal; occipital

An agent or condition that has the ability to interfere with healthy prenatal development and may lead to birth defects or even death.

teratogen

Calling an ambulance for someone who ingested poison is an example of _____ prevention.

tertiary

Sigmund Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this:

the Oedipus complex.

Professor MacBride is lecturing on emotional regulation in children. She is speaking about:

the ability to control when and how one's feelings are expressed.

The neural tube eventually develops into:

the central nervous system.

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks:

the concept of conservation.

Because people from the Caribbean do not consider themselves of the same race as African Americans, it can be said that:

the concept of race is a social construct and can change over time and place.

In terms of drug use, "generational forgetting" refers to:

the idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned about drugs.

Which of the following BEST explains why teens engage in behavior that they know puts them at risk?

the invincibility fable

The strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, feed, and care for their newborn is referred to as:

the parent-infant bond.

According to the text, families who are very wealthy raise children with high rates of emotional problems. This is thought to be, in part, because:

the parents pressure the children to excel.

The BEST example of discontinuity is:

the rapid changes or shift in puberty when a child becomes a man or a woman.

In a normal birth, the spontaneous onset of labor is set in motion by:

the release of oxytocin, which triggers uterine contractions.

A characteristic of the culture of children is that:

they may spout curses, accents, and slang.

What did Diana Baumrind describe as the permissive parenting style

when parents have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children

Which statement is true concerning the prenatal development of the extremities and language acquisition during childhood?

The prenatal development of the extremities is marked by a critical period, whereas language acquisition during childhood is marked by a sensitive period.

habituation

The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it.

An important component of healthy parental _____, according to the text, is that it derives from a warm, supportive relationship.

monitoring

Based on the textbook's discussion, the areas of the brain and body that are affected by childhood abuse include:

not only the limbic system but also the immune system.

John is 15 years old and never plays video games. John's lack of video game use is:

not representative of the majority of male teens.

baby's visual cortex is not fully developed at birth. It takes about 2 to 4 months to develop to the point at which babies can use both eyes to focus on an object. Babies do not need both eyes in the womb because:

nothing is far enough away to require focusing both eyes on it.

Sixteen-year-old Dana believes that she can have unprotected sex and will not get pregnant or contract an STI. Dana is BEST seen as displaying:

the invincibility fable.

Janell is 12 months old. If she is a typical baby, her parents can expect her to be able at MOST to:

understand and speak some simple words.

In childhood, someone who is overweight has a BMI above the _____ percentile of children the same age.

85th obesity - 95

Benjamin is babysitting his brother's infant daughter when the doorbell rings. Benjamin opens the door and asks the delivery person to step inside. The woman does so and smiles at his niece. The little girl hides her face in Benjamin's shoulder and then looks back at the woman with concern. Approximately how old is the niece?

9

The textbook's discussion suggests that observational learning first becomes apparent when infants are about _____ months of age.

9

At _____ years of age, memory becomes more adaptive and strategic as children become able to learn various memory techniques from teachers and other children. They can now organize material themselves, developing their own memory aids.

9-11

"There it is! That's my son!" Cole jubilates as he and Wanda view the sonogram of Wanda's fetus. Because the fetus's sex organ is visible, the fetus is in the _____ period of prenatal development.

fetal

Josh is 17 years old and works 25 hours per week at a fast-food restaurant. Compared to his peers who do NOT work, Josh is MORE likely to:

fight with his parents.

A complication in which some genes function differently depending on whether they originated from the father or the mother is called:

parental imprinting

The idea that skills and abilities develop with practice and effort is called a(n) _____ mindset.

growth

What do developmental psychologists seek to understand?

growth and change across the life span

Jay is a 16-year-old European American gay male living in rural Alaska. The Internet could be a way that Jay could do all of the following EXCEPT:

increase his isolation.

Witnessing family conflict and experiencing divorce are associated with a(n) _____ in internalizing problems among _____.

increase; girls

An epidural ______ the length of labor by ______ hour(s).

increases; 2

If middle school students believe in the ______ approach to intelligence, then they believe they can increase intelligence if they try to master whatever they seek to learn.

incremental

Kenya has been struggling in her algebra class, but she believes that if she just increases her study time and does more practice problems, she can improve her understanding and her grade. Kenya is displaying a(n) _____ theory of intelligence.

incremental

According to the text, parents and teenagers are trying to find a balance between:

independence and closeness.

Freida concludes that because a four-legged furry animal wags its tail when it is happy and likes to fetch sticks, it must be a dog. This is an example of _____ reasoning.

inductive

Nine-year-old Charles can't wait to attend his first cartooning class. He is eager to learn and practice a new skill. Charles would be placed in Erikson's fourth psychosocial crisis, which is the crisis of _____ versus inferiority.

industry

According to Erikson's crisis of industry versus _____, 6- to 11-year-olds must apply themselves to skills and tasks.

inferiority

Alcohol addiction is:

influenced by heredity.

A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output

information processing

Gilles is doing research that compares how people and computers receive and process large amounts of data. This reflects the _____ perspective, which compares human thinking to computers.

information-processing

Erik Erikson used the term _____ to denote such undertakings as expanding an ability or beginning a project.

initiative

Which attachment pattern involves an infant who continues playing when his or her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns?

insecure-avoidant

Adolescence is no longer a time for gender _____, the increasing identification as either male or female.

intensification

The existence of imaginary friends, which are common in 3- to 7-year-olds, reflects:

intrinsic

Ty's mother is frustrated that he will not spend the time on his schoolwork that he does practicing and playing baseball. Ty will spend hours practicing in the hot sun every summer day without a coach telling him to do so. Ty's dedication to baseball can be explained by _____ motivation.

intrinsic

Intuitive reasoning predominates during the school years, as children accumulate facts and experiences (the knowledge base) to aid their thinking.

intuitive

Ethan is ignored, but not shunned, by his or her peers. According to the text, Ethan is considered a(n) _____ child.

neglected

Mira is uninvolved in the lives of her children. She does not seem to know or care what they are doing. Her parenting style might be BEST described as:

neglectful

Lindsay has been described as a "difficult" baby. Lianne's temperament, by contrast, is slow-to-warm-up. Which infant is MORE likely to show type D attachment than if she were an easy baby?

neither Lindsay nor Lianne

Genes affect a person's appearance, health, cognitive abilities, talents, and behaviors; but _____ are/is important because it directly impacts these things while also influencing gene expression.

nurture

Environmental influences are known in the science of human development as:

nurture.

A game of peek-a-boo with his dad excites Warren during the first 6 months of his life because Warren actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because Warren lacks:

object permanence.

Each vaccinated child stops transmission of the disease. Therefore, as long as _____ percent of the people in a community are immunized, no one dies of the disease.

90

Heritability of height is about _____ percent when children receive good medical care and nutrition.

95

Haley became pregnant 5 weeks ago. Which statement is FALSE concerning her fetus's development?

The sex organs have developed.

_____ is expressed at 6 weeks, and _____ between 2 and 4 months.

The social smile; laughter

tertiary circular reactions

The third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world -1 year old - take their first independent actions to discover the properties of other people, animals, and things. -Infants no longer respond simply to their own bodies (primary reactions) or to other people or objects (secondary reactions). They initiate new exploration, in a pattern more like a spiral than a closed circle -In their second year, infants start experimenting in thought and deed, first in the opposite sequence—acting first and perhaps thinking later. STAGE 5 (12-18 MONTHS) "new means through active experimentation" -Building on the accomplishments of stage four, infants become more expansive and creative in their goal-directed and purposeful activities. Toddlerhood is a time of active exploration, when babies delight in squeezing all the toothpaste out of the tube, taking apart the iPod, uncovering the anthill. "LITTLE SCIENTIST" -experiments without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration. STAGE 6 (18-24 MONTHS) - toddlers begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using mental combinations, an intellectual experimentation that supersedes the active experimentation of stage five -the sequence sometimes begins with thought (especially if an adult previously said that something was forbidden), and then action occurs -children are able to combine two ideas. -put two words together to express a new thought, an impressive intellectual accomplishment. - think about consequences, hesitating a moment -Being able to use mental combinations makes it possible for a child to pretend. A toddler might sing to a doll before tucking it into bed. This is in marked contrast to the younger infant (who treats a doll like any other toy, throwing or biting it) or to the stage-five toddler (who tries to pull off the head, arms, and legs to see what is inside).

Experts prefer the term injury control to the term accident prevention because:

The use of the term "accident" suggests that no one is at fault and that certain events are inevitable.

marasmus

The worst disease directly caused by malnutrition is marasmus. Growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant victim eventually dies. Prevention of marasmus begins long before birth, with good nutrition for the pregnant woman. Then breast-feeding on demand (eight or more times a day) and frequent checkups to monitor the baby's weight can stop marasmus before it begins. Infants who show signs of "failure to thrive" (they do not gain weight) can be hospitalized and treated before brain damage occurs

Dr. Kaufmann investigates the development of reasoning and decision-making skills in childhood and adolescence. With respect to the three domains described in the textbook, Dr. Kaufmann specializes in _____ development.

cognitive

A _____ is a group of people born within the same historical period.

cohort

A developmentalist is studying the popularity of children's names over the years. She is really looking at the _____ effect.

cohort

A group of people born within a few years of one another is called a:

cohort

The developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky was one of a group of people born in Russia in the late nineteenth century. As a group, they experienced war, starvation, and revolution. Developmentalists use the term _____ to refer to a group of people born within a few years of each other.

cohort

Proximal parenting is most common in _____ cultures, such as _____.

collectivist; Cameroon

Two-day-old Sia is not getting breast milk when she breast-feeds because:

colostrum is the fluid secreted for about the first three days after birth.

Eighteen-year-old Cliff feels like he can talk openly to his parents about just about anything. This reflects which aspect of family closeness?

communication

Vinny has been diagnosed not only with antisocial personality disorder but also with cocaine use disorder. Vinny's example BEST exemplifies:

comorbidity.

Jean Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences is _____ operational thought.

concrete

Edward is currently in second grade. According to Piaget, Edward is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Miguel understands seriation, classification, and conservation, but he cannot yet work with mathematical variables. Miguel is MOST likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

With respect to the four elements of family closeness outlined in the textbook, family members' emotional intimacy reflects a dimension called:

connectedness.

Five-year-old Otto complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. Otto's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making Otto happy because he believed the pizza had become larger. Otto lacks the concept of:

conservation.

Toddlers often touch their caregivers' faces or grab onto their hands; such actions are an expression of attachment called:

contact-maintaining.

Type D or "disorganized" attachment is associated with each of the following EXCEPT:

controlling parenting.

A ban is imposed on outdoor watering during a severe drought. The Robinsons decide not to water their new shrubs because the neighbors would disapprove. Their reasoning places them at which of Kohlberg's levels?

conventional

Jackie is a student who does well on standardized achievement and intelligence testing. Jackie would be labeled as a _____ thinker.

convergent

Keisha and Brennan are playing with blocks. They are working together to see how high they can stack the blocks, taking turns stacking and encouraging each other. They are engaging in _____ play.

cooperative

Rosa and Aisha are playing with blocks. They are working together to see how high they can stack the blocks, taking turns stacking and encouraging each other. Their activity exemplifies ______ play.

cooperative

Gardner is a left-handed adult. It is most likely that he has a thicker than normal:

corpus callosum

Although many developmentalists advocate testing because early diagnosis can reduce many problems, _____ is also needed.

counseling

Gross motor skill is to _____ as fine motor skill is to _____.

crawling; grabbing

Charles was born in 1959. His mother took the drug thalidomide for nausea during her pregnancy. As a result, Charles was born with no hands. Charles's mother must have taken the drug between 28 and 54 days after conception because this is a _____ period for the development of the hands.

critical

The fetus develops fingers and toes only during a time window between 28 and 54 days after conception. This is an example of:

critical period

For most development, no _____ period is evident, but a(n) _____ period is common.

critical; sensitive

holophrase

dada A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.

Recall the textbook's discussion of differential susceptibility. People who are resilient and thrive even under difficult circumstances are sometimes called _____, whereas people who thrive only when circumstances are ideal are called _____.

dandelions; orchids

The textbook suggests that recognition of systemic racism may emerge in adolescence with the capacity for _____ thought.

deductive

Tomas concludes that because an animal is a dog, it therefore must be four-legged, have fur, and wag its tail when it is happy. This would be an example of _____ reasoning.

deductive

_____ reasoning is sometimes called top-down reasoning.

deductive

Twenty-month-old Saniya watches her father stir soup in a pot. The next day, Saniya uses her play kitchen to do the same. Saniya is demonstrating _____ imitation.

deferred

Developmental psychopathology links the study of typical development with the study of:

disorders.

Zabrina's babysitter, Kara, is holding her. Zabrina is smiling at Kara one minute and then, unexpectedly, Zabrina slaps Kara's face. This is typical behavior for Zabrina. Therefore, she may have a _____ attachment with Kara.

disorganized

Janine, who is 14 years old, believes she will die tragically before she turns 24, like many popular stars she has admired. Janine is experiencing:

the personal fable.

Sixteen-year-old Yung Sun has been dating Marcus for two months. She believes that no one has ever been in love as much as she is in love with Marcus. She is insulted whenever her parents tell her that her relationship probably won't last. Yung Sun's feelings are an example of:

the personal fable.

Vanessa wants her children to develop into tolerant adults who are not prejudiced against any people. Which is LEAST likely to help her to teach her children this concept?

to enroll her children in an exclusive private school in which very few if any children of a different ethnic background attend

Imagine that June is studying the acquisition of language in children. What would be June's first step in designing her research study?

to pose a research question

As compared to a young American woman, a young Nigerian woman is _____ likely to be married by age 25.

twice as

extremely low birthweight (ELBW)

under 1,000 grams (2 pounds, 3 oz ounces)

very low birthweight (VLBW)

under 1,500 grams (3 pounds, 5 ounces oz)

Which of the following early mathematics abilities is positively associated with later math achievement?

understanding fractions

Girls who bully tend to use ______ aggression.

verbal

HIV

virus transmitted to baby; without treatment illness and death are likely during childhood

Parker will never forget the moment he saw his bride walking down the church aisle 10 years ago because retrieval is easier for some memories, especially memories of:

vivid and highly emotional experiences.

Each of the following is characteristic of well-done child-centered programs EXCEPT:

all students are treated equally.

Evolutionary

Develop impulses, interests, and patterns to survive and reproduce; Develop impulses, interests, and patterns to survive and reproduce

Sociocultural

Learn the tools, skills, and values of society through apprenticeships; More nurture (interaction of mentor and learner, within cultures)

three chromosomes at the 13th site

Patau syndrome

TIMSS is to PIRLS as _____ is to _____.

math and science; reading

Which is NOT an example of a cohort?

people who share the same religion

Each chromosomal abnormality leads to a recognizable _____, a cluster of distinct characteristics that tend to occur together.

syndrome

Human genome research cannot pinpoint the exact number of genes because

It is hard to figure out where one gene stops and another starts

The _____ scale assesses a newborn's health by measuring five vital signs at one and five minutes after birth.

Apgar rates the newborn at one minute and again at five minutes after birth, provides a quick evaluation of the infant's health.

Avoiding effort is a way in which adolescents seem to try to avoid ____ during middle school, according to research.

feeling like failures

Jojo recently had her first menstrual period, called:

menarche.

three chromosomes at 21st site

Down syndrome

Often, peer pressure is _____ regarded as primarily a ______ influence on adolescents' behavior.

incorrectly; negative

During which developmental stage is the death rate the lowest?

middle childhood

Karen is 10 years old and is in a developmental period usually called:

middle childhood.

In the still-face technique, ______ infants are angry and crying even after the still face ends.

negatively engaged

Cognitive

Seek to understand experiences while forming concepts; More nature (mental activity and motivation are key)

The idea of a working model is from _____ theory.

cognitive

naming explosion

-A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age Once vocabulary reaches about 50 expressed words (as distinct from understood words, which are far more extensive), it builds rapidly, at a rate of 50 to 100 words per month; 21-month-olds say twice as many words as 18-month-olds

According to the text, the percentage of 3- to 21-year-olds officially designated as having special needs in the United States was about _____ percent in 1980 and _____ percent in 2012.

10; 13

object permanence

8 months awareness that objects or people continue to exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.

Dasha was raised in an orphanage in Russia. Although she is now 12 years old and living with her adoptive family in England, her speech is very delayed and she has problems with grammar. This indicates that she was not encouraged to talk between the ages of ____, a sensitive period for language.

1 and 3 years

It has been 8 weeks since Estella became pregnant. Her fetus weighs _____ and is _____ in length.

1 gram; 1 inch

Among sexually active teenagers, _____ percent have had same-sex partners.

10

Monozygotic twins share _____ percent of their genetic material. Dizygotic twins share _____ percent of their genetic material.

100; 50

In Norway, _____ percent of 1- and 2-year-olds are enrolled in government-sponsored education.

80

There are dramatic ethnic differences in childhood obesity in the United States. For example, about 1 in _____ Asian American children is obese, whereas 1 in _____ Hispanic American children is obese.

10; 4

Mrs. Guillot is expecting her first child. On average, she can expect labor to last _____ hours.

14; 7 for after

Abby has begun to suck only her thumb rather than her whole hand. It is likely that Abby is in stage _____ of sensorimotor development.

2

Angelo realizes that sucking a pacifier is different from sucking a nipple. Angelo is in stage _____ of sensorimotor intelligence.

2

Jolanda holds a bottle to her 3-month-old infant's mouth, and the baby reaches out to grab the bottle. Jolanda's baby appears to be in stage _____ of sensorimotor intelligence.

2

A baby is considered preterm if it is born _____ the full 38 weeks of a typical pregnancy.

2 or more weeks before

Sarah weighed 7 pounds at birth and now weighs 28 pounds. She is MOST likely:

2 years old

Approximately _____ percent of infants in the United States are cared for exclusively by their mothers for the first year.

20

Denalyn says, "Deni go" to her father as she gestures to the door. Denalyn is probably about _____ months of age.

21

Most humans have ____ pair(s) of autosomes and ____ pair(s) of sex chromosomes.

22; 1

Survey research reveals that nearly _____ percent of 13- to 17-year-olds have experienced a DSM-5 psychological disorder in the past month.

25

Most of young Omar's utterances consist of more than two words. Based on the textbook's discussion, Omar is probably about _____ months of age.

26

Originally, humans became lactose-intolerant at about age _____. Through selective adaptation, some humans have become lactose-tolerant, especially in societies based on _____.

2; cattle ranching

The "full-term" period lasts from _____ week(s) before a baby's due date to _____ week(s) after the due date.

2;1

Dr. Goldstein obtains significant results in a study of language acquisition among 1- to 2-year-olds. There is a 1 in _____ chance that other researchers will fail to replicate the results once they have been published.

3

Using the still-face technique, one in ______ 4-month-old infants are classified as socially engaged.

3

In approximately what percentage of births in the United States are cesarean sections performed?

34 percent

Juan and Rosey are planning on conceiving a child. At what age is Rosey a good candidate for genetic counseling because of an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities?

35; men > 40

About 1 in _____ African American and Latino American adolescents say that they are online "almost constantly." The corresponding proportion among European American adolescents is 1 in _____.

3; 5

Gerald and Jennifer are having a play date. Of the toys presented to them, Gerald shows a preference for the balls and blocks, while Jennifer shows a preference for the dolls and art activities. It is likely that Gerald and Jennifer are about age:

4

Hannah is teaching her young son Cade the alphabet. When Hannah points to a letter carved in relief on the side of a wooden block, Cade confidently identifies the letter correctly as a "B." Cade is MOST likely about _____ years old

4

In 2012, about 1 in _____ children were home-schooled in the United States.

4

Allison is lamenting to a friend about how many temper tantrums her daughter throws. Her friend, who has several older children, says that by the age of _____ year(s), Allison's daughter will be much LESS likely to throw tantrums.

4-5

When are children at their slimmest?

5 AND 6

According to the text, adults over the age of _____ grew up without the Internet, instant messaging, cell phones, MP3 players, tablets, or digital cameras.

50

Janie is 2 years old. She most likely knows about _____ words.

500

Marta's newborn daughter had problems breathing, was pale, and had limp muscle tone immediately after birth. When a neonatal physician came to the delivery room, she knew that Marta's daughter's Apgar score would be _____ or less.

5; less than 4

Sven is beginning to display a social smile when he looks at his parents' faces. Sven is MOST likely about _____ weeks old.

6

Children and adolescents should be active for at least _____ minutes per day.

60

Approximately what percentage of 15-year-old U.S. high school students reported using a condom during their most recent sexual encounter?

60 percent

information-processing theory

=A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output.

_____ is anything that increases the risk of prenatal abnormalities and birth complications.

A teratogen

people preference

A universal principle of infant perception, consisting of an innate attraction to other humans, which is evident in visual, auditory, tactile, and other preferences.

6 weeks Social smile 3 months Laughter; curiosity 4 months Full, responsive smiles 4-8 months Anger 9-14 months Fear of social events (strangers, separation from caregiver) 12 months Fear of unexpected sights and sounds 18 months Self-awareness; pride; shame; embarrassment

Developing Emotions emotional development

Which statement is true about language development?

All babies go through the same sequence of language development, although timing may differ.

grammar

All the methods—word order, verb forms, and so on—that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves

epidemiologist.

An epidemiologist is associated with the branch of medicine dealing with the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations and with detection of the source and cause of epidemics of infectious disease.

Which infant is MOST likely to remember that he or she had previously been able to make a mobile move by kicking his or her legs?

An infant who is placed in the same room that he or she was in when the original experience with the mobile took place and who is shown the moving mobile as a reminder of the previous experience.

affordance

An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment.

the child will be thin, hyperactive, and happy—sometimes too happy, laughing when no one else does. A child is born with a deletion of a small part of chromosome 15 from the mother, resulting in cognitive impairment. The child is thin and hyperactive, and may have:

Angelman syndrome

Why is a multidisciplinary approach necessary to fully understand development?

Development takes place in multiple domains, such as the biosocial, the cognitive, and the psychosocial.

Which of these statements is consistent with the notion of injury control?

Appropriate controls can minimize harm.

Based on the textbook's discussion, which statement BEST expresses the relationship between the contemporary trend toward attachment parenting and the empirical research on attachment?

Attachment parenting exaggerates the research on attachment.

automatization reaction

Automatization refers to a process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine, so it no longer requires conscious thought; this is not the correct term, nor a relevant concept.

Psychoanalytic

Battle unconscious impulses and overcome major crises; More nature (biological, sexual impulses, and parent-child bonds)

_____ believe that parents who give reinforcement will stimulate their child's communication skills.

Behaviorists

People with _____ typically have distinctive characteristics, including unusual facial features, heart abnormalities, and language difficulties.

Down syndrome

_____ behavior is/are innate and universal.

Both antisocial and prosocial

With respect to the link between infant and adult attachment styles, type _____ attachment is to type _____ attachment as unpredictable relationships are to good ones.

C; B

language acquisition device (LAD)

Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation.

breast feeding

Colostrum, a thick, high-calorie fluid, is secreted by a woman's breasts for about the first three days following the birth of her child. After that, the breasts begin to produce milk, the ideal infant food (see Table 5.4). Compared with cow's milk, human milk is sterile, at body temperature, with iron, vitamins, and other nutrients for brain and body Babies who are exclusively breast-fed are less likely to get sick, because breast milk provides them with antibodies against any disease to which the mother is immune. Breast-feeding also decreases the risk of many diseases that appear in childhood and adulthood, among them asthma, obesity, and heart disease (Oddy, 2004). The specific fats and sugars in breast milk make it more digestible, and probably better for the infant brain, than any prepared formula (Riordan, 2005). The composition of breast milk adjusts to the age of the baby; breast milk for premature babies is distinct from breast milk for older infants. The quantity of breast milk produced is also adjustable, increasing to meet the demand: Twins and even triplets can grow strong while being exclusively breast-fed for months

According to the ecological-systems approach, a good example of an exosystem is:

Correct: an elementary school. an elementary school. friends and family. Incorrect: economic policies. economic policies. Incorrect: the interaction between nature and nurture. the interaction between nature and nurture.

An example of the difference-equals-deficit error is:

Correct: assuming that children who are deaf cannot communicate as well as children who can hear. failing to compare typical and atypical behavior. Incorrect: ignoring inconsistencies in a child's language development. ignoring inconsistencies in a child's language development. assuming that children who are deaf cannot communicate as well as children who can hear. the identification of flaws within the application of the scientific method.

The people in which of these groups are members of a cohort?

Correct: current middle school students current middle school students citizens of the United States women who are pilots Incorrect: people with learning disabilities people with learning disabilities

Dr. Garacchi studies how obesity rates vary from childhood through old age. Dr. Garacchi is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

Correct: developmental developmental

Rough-and-tumble play does NOT:

Correct: facilitate the development of academic skills. enhance emotional regulation. Incorrect: teach children how to enter a relationship. teach children how to enter a relationship. facilitate the development of academic skills. stimulate development of the prefrontal cortex.

Which factor does NOT play a role in making drug use especially attractive in adolescence?

Correct: immature bodies immature bodies

Dr. Kilbey is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which would she be MOST interested in examining?

Correct: religious organizations and the workplace religious organizations and the workplace the development of the skeletal structure in children under 10 cultural values and economic processes Incorrect: family, friends, and school family, friends, and school

Adolescent crime in the United States and many other nations has _____ in the past 20 years.

DECREASED

gross motor skills

Deliberate actions that coordinate many parts of the body, producing large movements -emerge directly from reflexes

Dr. Chan has diagnosed 8-year-old Hsu with myopia (nearsightedness). He recommends that Hsu should spend more time playing outside in the sun. Why would Dr. Chan make this recommendation?

Dr. Chan recognizes a link between reduced hours spent in daylight and rising rates of myopia.

three at the 18th site

Edwards

_____ is a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes.

Equifinality

_____ refers to a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes.

Equifinality

The crowded streets in Marshall's neighborhood may impede his development of _____ motor skills.

GROSS

How does behaviorism explain gender differences?

Gender roles are learned as a result of ongoing reinforcement and punishment, as well as social learning.

Which scenario is fairly common during adolescence?

Jose feels sad from time to time and sometimes thinks about killing himself.

Auditory cortex

Hearing is quite acute at birth, the result of months of eavesdropping during the fetal period.

Which of the following is true of in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

IVF parents tend to be older and of higher socioeconomic status.

moro reflex

If a baby is allowed to drop unexpectedly while being held or is exposed to a loud noise, he will throw his arms outward while arching his back and then bring his arms together as if grasping something.

Consider the textbook's discussion of age trends across adolescence in emotional thinking. _____ decline(s) steadily across adolescence until early adulthood.

Impulsivity but not sensation-seeking

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between income and socioeconomic status?

Income is an element of socioeconomic status.

Which statement about Head Start is FALSE?

Its long-lasting beneficial effects are well documented.

Sixteen-year-old Kadisha is on the Internet every day. Which is MOST likely true, based on the research on the Internet and sexual abuse?

Kadisha will avoid sexual predators online.

_____ is associated with the six stages of moral reasoning.

Kohlberg

A negative aspect of _____ approach is that he overemphasized intellectual reasoning capabilities in moral development.

Kohlberg's

Kiley and Riley developed from the same zygote when it split soon after conception. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Kylie and Riley have the same phenotype.

Which ability is primarily controlled by the left half of the brain?

LOGICAL REASONING

Which theorist stressed the role of culture and society?

Lev Vygotsky

Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more are called _____.

MAJOR DEPRESSION

kwashiorkor

Malnutrition after age 1 may cause kwashiorkor. Ironically, kwashiorkor means "a disease of the older child when a new baby arrives"—signifying cessation of breast-feeding and less maternal attention. In kwashiorkor, the child's growth is retarded; the liver is damaged; the immune system is weakened; the face, legs, and abdomen swell with fluid (edema); the energy level is reduced (so malnourished children play less); and the hair becomes thin, brittle, and colorless.

immigrant paradox

Many immigrants have difficulty getting education and well-paid jobs; their socioeconomic status is low. Low SES correlates with low birthweight, especially in the United States Thus, newborns born to immigrants are expected to be underweight. But, paradoxically, they are not. Instead, they are generally healthier in every way, including birthweight, than newborns of U.S.-born women of the same gene pool 4.3.4 low birthweight

Brian and Diana want to encourage their child to be curious, to explore, and to have self-confidence. Which type of preschool education would MOST closely align with their goals?

Montessori

Which of the following statements is a hypothesis?

Most Americans consider childhood obesity a serious problem. Correct: Childhood obesity is related to poor health in adulthood. Childhood obesity is related to poor health in adulthood. Nearly 30 percent of those who were overweight in childhood have high blood pressure as an adult. Medical research has resulted in fewer adults smoking cigarettes.

multifinality.

Multifinality refers to a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many final manifestations.

_____ occurs when children apply the rules of grammar when they should not.

Overregularization

Receptors that are highly sensitive to sweetness are active on Owen's tongue. Bitterness receptors are also active, but to a lesser extent. Owen recognizes the taste of cola and considers his resolution to reduce his soda consumption. Which aspect of this scenario BEST illustrates sensation?

Owen's receptors detect sweet and bitter tastes.

perception

Perception occurs when the brain notices and processes a sensation. Perception occurs in the cortex, usually as the result of a message from one of the sensing organs—a message based on past experience that suggests a particular sensation might be worth interpreting (Diamond, 2007). Some sensations are beyond comprehension. A newborn does not know that the letters on a page might have significance, that Mother's face should be distinguished from Father's, or that the smells of roses and garlic have different connotations. Perceptions require experience, either direct experience or messages from other people. Infant brains are attuned to their own social experiences, especially to social experiences that are repeated, and they try to make sense of these experiences (Leonard, 2003). Thus, a newborn named Emily has no idea that Emily is her name, but she has the brain and auditory capacity to hear sounds in the usual

dynamic perception

Perception that focuses on movement and change

Formal operational thought is the fourth stage in which developmentalist's theory?

Piaget

sensorimotor intelligence

Piaget's term for the way infants think—by using their senses and motor skills—during the first period of cognitive development. -birth - 24 months -infants learn through their senses and motor skills -stage of reflexes -lasts a month STAGE 2 -first acquired adaptations (also called the stage of first habits) -Adaptation includes both assimilation and accommodation -which people use to understand their experience. Infants adapt their reflexes, which become deliberate actions as repeated responses provide information about what the body does and how a particular action feels. Here is one example. Newborns suck anything that touches their lips; -Some items require not just assimilation but also accommodation: Pacifiers need to be sucked without the reflexive tongue-pushing and swallowing that natural nipples require. This adaptation is a sign that infants have begun to interpret their perceptions; as they accommodate to pacifiers, they are "thinking." After several months, additional adaptation of the sucking reflex is evident. The infant's cognitive responses include: Suck some things to soothe hunger, suck some for comfort, and never suck others (fuzzy blankets, large balls).

_____ disorder is an anxiety disorder that develops as a delayed reaction to having experienced or witnessed a profoundly shocking or frightening event.

Post-traumatic stress

A child is born with a deletion of a small part of chromosome 15, resulting in cognitive impairment. The deletion occurred on the father's chromosome 15. The child is slow-moving and obese, and may have:

Prader-Willi syndrome.

With respect to development, overcoming internal challenges is to learning skills through interaction as the ______ perspective is to the _____ perspective.

Psychoanalytic

Which statement reflects the LEAST likely expression of religious identity seen in adolescents?

Raul was raised Christian but is converting to the Sikh religion.

habituation

Repeated exposure to an object or event makes an individual accustomed to it and therefore less interested in it. This process is called _____. The process of becoming accustomed to an object or event through repeated exposure to it, and thus becoming less interested in it.

Behaviorist

Respond to stimuli, reinforcement, and models; More nurture (direct environment produces various behaviors)

Rick and Ross are fraternal twins. Which of the following statements is true?

Rick and Ross are typical of about 1 in every 60 conceptions.

Predictors of Attachment Type

Secure attachment (type B) is more likely if: ■ The parent is usually sensitive and responsive to the infant's needs. ■ The infant-parent relationship is high in synchrony. ■ The infant's temperament is "easy." ■ The parents are not stressed about income, other children, or their marriage. ■ The parents have a working model of secure attachment to their own parents. Insecure attachment is more likely if: ■ The parent mistreats the child. (Neglect increases type A; abuse increases C and D.) ■ The mother is mentally ill. (Paranoia increases type D; depression increases type C.) ■ The parents are highly stressed about income, other children, or their marriage. (Parental stress increases types A and D.) ■ The parents are intrusive and controlling. (Parental domination increases type A.) ■ The parents are active alcoholics. (Alcoholic father increases type A; alcoholic mother increases type D.) ■ The child's temperament is "difficult." (Difficult children tend to be type C.) ■ The child's temperament is "slow to warm up." (This correlates with type A.)

All else being equal, which 11-year-old is MOST likely to be diagnosed with asthma?

Shelvin, an African American

Suja has a 3-year-old daughter with a vast vocabulary and the ability to converse in elaborate sentences. _____'s view of language development would suggest that Suja taught her daughter language throughout her infancy.

Skinner (or B.F. Skinner)

fine motor skill

Small body movements are called fine motor skills. Hand and finger movements are fine motor skills, enabling humans to write, draw, type, tie, and so on. Movements of the tongue, jaw, lips, feet, and toes are fine movements, too. first 2 months = babies excitedly stare and wave their arms at objects dangling within reach. By 3 months of age, they can usually touch an object, but they cannot yet grab and hold on unless it is placed in their hands, partly because their eye-hand coordination is limited. By 4 months, infants sometimes grab, but their timing is off: They close their hands too early or too late, and their grasp tends to be of short duration. Finally, by 6 months, with a concentrated, deliberate stare, most babies can reach for, grab at, and hold onto almost any object that is of the right size. They can hold a bottle, shake a rattle, and yank a sister's braids. Toward the end of the first year and throughout the second, finger skills improve, as babies master the pincer movement (using thumb and forefinger to pick up tiny objects) and self-feeding (first with hands, then fingers, then utensils). In the second year, grabbing becomes more selective

Five-month-old Sofia is placed on Gibson and Walk's visual cliff. Studies have demonstrated that Sofia will notice the difference between a solid surface and an apparent cliff. However, one affordance of the cliff, falling, will only be understood when:

Sofia starts crawling.

Ryan's family is very poor. Which statement is MOST likely FALSE regarding Ryan's family?

Someone is likely to read books to him on a daily basis.

static reasoning

Static reasoning occurs when a child assumes that the world is unchanging, always in the state in which the child currently encounters it.

time for adaptation

Sucking is a reflex at first, but adaptation begins as soon as an infant differentiates a pacifier from her mother's breast or realizes that her hand has grown too big to fit into her mouth. This infant's expression of concentration suggests that she is about to make that adaptation and suck just her thumb from now on.

Ingrid became pregnant 5 weeks ago. Which statement is true concerning her fetus's development?

The arm and leg buds are emerging.

The fetal age of viability remains at 22 weeks despite advances in technology. For which of the following reasons is this true?

The brain must develop active control over things like heart rate and breathing.

babbling

The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old

visual cliff

The fact that experience affects which affordances are perceived is quite apparent in studies of depth perception -An experimental apparatus that gives an illusion of a sudden dropoff between one horizontal surface and another.

primary circular reactions

The first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli, and tries to understand them.

Frontal cortex

The front part of the cortex assists in planning, self-control, and self-regulation. It is very immature in the newborn.

child-directed speech

The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants. (Also called baby talk or motherese.)

object permanence

The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard Piaget thought that babies first understand a concept called object permanence at about 8 months. Object permanence refers to the awareness that objects or people continue to exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard

secondary circular reactions

The second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. **Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move. - The infant responds to other people, to toys, and to any other object that he or she can touch or move. -The infant responds to other people, to toys, and to any other object that he or she can touch or move. -STAGE 3 (4-8 MONTHS) - infants attempt to produce exciting experiences, making interesting events last. Realizing that rattles make noise, for example, they wave their arms and laugh whenever someone puts a rattle in their hand. The sight of something that normally delights an infant—a favorite toy, a smiling parent—can trigger active efforts for interaction. STAGE 4 (8 months to 1 year) -new adaptation and anticipation, or "the means to an end," because babies think about a goal and how to reach it. Often they ask for help from their caregivers (fussing, pointing, gesturing) to accomplish what they want. -Thinking is more innovative in stage four than it was in stage three because adaptation is more complex. - For instance, instead of always smiling at Daddy, an infant might assess Daddy's mood first and then try to engage him in a favorite game. Stage-three babies merely understand how to continue an experience. Stage-four babies initiate and anticipate experiences.

Lucy and Andrew have just entered adolescence. Which statement is MOST LIKELY true?

They will both likely experience a dip in self-esteem.

Each of the following infants sees someone else pick up a toy flute and blow on it. Who will be the most likely to try to blow on the flute if given the toy the next day?

Trey, an 18-month-old boy (stage 5)

visual cortex

Vision is the least mature sense at birth because the fetus has nothing to see while in the womb.

Swimming reflex

When held horizontally on their stomachs, newborns stretch out their arms and legs.

Stepping reflex

When newborns are held upright, feet touching a flat surface, they move their legs as if to walk.

Moro reflex

When someone bangs on the table they are lying on, newborns fling their arms outward and then bring them together on their chests, crying with wide-open eyes.

Palmar grasping reflex

When something touches newborns' palms, they grip it tightly.

rooting reflex

When touched on the cheek, the baby turns her head in the direction of the stimulation and opens her mouth.

A(n) _____ gene is one that is carried on the X chromosome, making it more likely to affect males because there's no counteracting gene.

X-linked

Juan and Julia have one son and one daughter. Their son is color-blind, but their daughter is not. This can be explained by the fact that:

X-linked recessive genes almost never have a counterpart on the Y chromosome.

Females. Short, often "webbed" neck. Secondary sex characteristics (breasts, menstruation) do not develop. Some learning disabilities, especially related to math and spatial understanding; difficulty recognizing facial expressions of emotion.

XO (only one sex chromosome) (Turner Syndrome)

Females. Normal appearance. Impaired in most intellectual skills.

XXX (Triple X Syndrome)

Males. Usual male characteristics at puberty do not develop-penis does not grow, voice does not deepen. Usually sterile. Breasts may develop. Can have some learning disabilities, especially in language skills.

XXY (Klinefelter Syndrome)

Males. Typically tall. Risk of intellectual impairment, especially in language skills.

XYY (Jacob's Syndrome)

The _____ virus first appeared in Brazil in 2015; it resulted in some babies having very small brains, a condition known as _____.

Zika; microcephaly

Baby Oliver dislikes changes or disruptions and seems reserved. His temperament has been described as "slow-to-warm-up." There is a fair chance that Oliver will develop a type _____ attachment style.

a

Which is a sign of maltreatment?

a child whose fantasy play is dominated by violent themes

What is time-out?

a disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from others for a specified time

Ten-year-old Susan is a very talented, creative inventor who enters many of her creations in various engineering contests at universities. However, Susan struggles in the traditional classroom, where she interrupts constantly with unanswerable questions and ignores her homework. According to the text, Susan would be given the designation of:

a divergent thinker.

Which example BEST illustrates a critical period?

a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception

At 15 months of age, Raul says "wawa" to mean "I want some water." This is an example of:

a holophrase.

Kaya believes that it is unfair when her father takes two graham crackers for himself but only gives her one. Her father resolves this by breaking her graham cracker into two pieces. Kaya is now happy because they each have two pieces. Kaya's satisfaction BEST demonstrates:

a lack of conservation.

Baby Vera is 6 weeks old. When her mother looks at her, Vera makes an expression that seems happy. Vera is MOST likely demonstrating:

a social smile.

Alex is 5 years old, and he likes to help his father work in the garden. Alex's father always praises Alex's efforts to rake leaves into a tidy pile. Based on Erikson's theory, Alex is likely to develop:

a tendency toward initiative.

phoneme discrimination

ability to hear the important distinctions among the basic sounds of language.

Gerry uses cocaine sufficiently often that he is usually in some sort of financial bind. Gerry's experience BEST exemplifies

abuse

Jose is an extremely gifted 6-year-old child. He is currently a first-grade student at his local elementary school. His parents, principal, and teacher are discussing whether he should skip second grade and proceed directly to third grade so that he might be educated alongside students who better approximate his mental age. This strategy is an example of:

acceleration

A measure of proficiency in reading, mathematics, or some other specific subject is a(n):

achievement test.

Maria needs to "get straight" by using heroin each day so that she does not feel sick and in pain. Maria's example BEST illustrates:

addiction.

Nine-year-old Michael has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments and is also inattentive, impulsive, and overactive, which has impaired his academic achievement. Michael is MOST likely to be given the diagnosis of _____.

adhd

Research on risk taking in video games has found some differences between the brain activity of adolescents and adults. The key difference was that:

adults' brains gave more signals of caution.

Regarding the visual cliff experiment, even 3-month-olds notice the difference between a solid surface and an apparent cliff. However, one _____ of the cliff, falling, is realized only after infants start crawling.

affordance

Two-year-old Sammy takes his father's iPhone and begins pressing the icons on the screen. According to Eleanor Gibson, Sammy has perceived the icons' _____.

affordance

In general terms, the Gibsons' concept of _____ emphasizes the idea that the individual perceives an object in terms of its function or use to the individual.

affordances

Single parenthood characterizes the majority of ______ families.

african

On average, fathers in _____ ethnic groups in the United States spend more time with their own children than their own fathers did with them.

all

Ken shops at locations that care about the same social issues he does. This rationale demonstrates that he is making decisions using _____ thought.

analytical

In a popular animated movie, automobiles and tow trucks have emotions and can speak. This exemplifies:

animism

Elaina is a 15-year-old adolescent who has become shockingly thin. She barely eats, and when she does she compensates by exercising excessively. Elaina is MOST likely suffering from:

anorexia

A central concept of sociocultural theory is:

apprenticeship in thinking.

Mary Ainsworth devised the Strange Situation to assess:

attachment

A lasting emotional bond between people that begins before birth, solidifies by age 1, and influences relationships throughout life is called a(n):

attachment.

Shaylee is 4 years old and is not receiving much education in her home. Her mother works two jobs, and Shaylee is often left at home with her teenage sisters who make sure her basic needs are met but do not spend time reading or playing with Shaylee. There are no books in the home, nor are there crayons or paper for Shaylee to use to color or practice writing. She spends most of her time watching television. For Shaylee:

attending a quality preschool would be especially beneficial.

Tanisha noticed that her son, Lan, did not begin speaking at the same age as his peers, and that he would play for hours with a single toy in a repetitive manner. She made an appointment with a doctor, suspecting that Lan might have:

autism spectrum disorder.

When Rajesh was 5 years old, he learned how to ride his bike. When he first learned to ride, he had to concentrate on keeping his balance and not falling. Rajesh, now 10 years old, does not have to consciously think about keeping his balance on his bike. Rajesh's ability to do this is caused by the process of _____.

automatization

Leroy has a friend who is suspicious, pessimistic, and easily embarrassed. He knows that self-awareness emerges at 18 months and without some independence, a child may feel self-conscious and doubtful. Such problems in early infancy can last a lifetime. Leroy believes his friend's problems may have originated in the early developmental crisis that Erikson named:

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Four-month-old Stannard is starting to say things like "goo-goo-goo" and "da-da-da-da." Stannard's utterances BEST exemplify _____.

babbling

syphilis

baby is born with syphilis, which leads to brain and bone damage and eventual death

Linda and Gary, having returned home with their week-old child after a difficult birth, feel they cannot separate from their baby at night. Consequently, they allow the baby to sleep with them. This practice is called:

bed-sharing

Carmen's 17-month-old daughter has an extensive vocabulary and can create both two- and three-word combinations. The _____ view of language would suggest that Carmen repeated words and reinforced her daughter's attempts at language.

behaviorist

Dean speaks English and is learning to speak French. In his elementary school, academic subjects are taught in both English and French. This method of teaching a second language is called:

bilingual

Dr. Ramos studies the development of motor skills during infancy. With respect to the three domains described in the textbook, Dr. Ramos specializes in _____ development.

biological

The author of the textbook suggests that special education is BEST developed using a _____ approach.

biopsychosocial

process of language development

birth: reflexive communication: crying, expressions, gestures, phoneme perception 2 months: meaningful sounds: cooing, fussing, crying, laughing 3 months: new sounds: squeals, growls, croons, trills, vowel sounds primary intersubjectivity The caregiver now finds it much easier to elicit squeals of delight during playful face‐to‐face interaction. This interaction in which each participant focuses on the emotional expressions of the other is known as primary intersubjectivity. 6 months: sit without support syllable babbling secondary intersubjectivity: When the infant and the caregiver begin to share an awareness of objects in their environment such that they both look at and gesture to and make sounds at objects, developmental psychologists refer to this behavior -understanding highly familiar words 9 months: gibberish babbling: repetition of syllables with variations -understanding simple words -first words and word approximations 12 months: begin to understand words "talking comes on the heels of walking" -walking -one word utterances slow growth of vocab 18 months: two 2 words strings vocabulary spurt one word every two waking hours 24 months: why you go multiword sentennces grammatical morphemes

A family in which both parents have offspring from earlier relationships is called a(n) _____ family.

blended

Inductive reasoning is sometimes called _____ reasoning.

bottom-up

toxoplasmosis

brain damage, loss of vision, intellectual disabilities (avoid eating undercooked meat and handling cat poop, garden dirt)

According to the text, being forced to hand over lunch money, being laughed at and insulted, or being forced to drink milk mixed with dirt would be categorized as:

bullying.

Tomas was sent to the principal's office for forcing a classmate to drink milk mixed with dog food. This is the fifth time Tomas has been punished for attacking other students. This behavior would be categorized as:

bullying.

Children in Piaget's concrete operational stage of cognitive development:

can organize objects into groups or categories.

other STIs

cause blindness and infections if transmitted during birth

Differentiation occurs when:

cells begin to specialize.

The saying "Step on a crack and you will break your mother's back" is an example of:

child culture.

Deviancy training is:

destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms.

To make a specific prediction is to:

develop a hypothesis.

Improved judgment, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develop during the late teens and early 20s, largely as a result of:

development of the frontal lobe and its connections with other parts of the brain.

Marjorie has just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change and growth across the life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should consider the course in _____ psychology MOST strongly.

developmental

Danielle is consulting her college's course catalog. The description of one psychology course begins, "This course surveys growth and change across the life span in physical, cognitive, and social domains." This course is MOST likely titled:

developmental psychology

Leslie's disability changes year by year. This is one of the lessons of a discipline called _____ that applies to all children.

developmental psychopathology

Dr. Murray seeks to understand how and why people change over time. She studies all kinds of people from different age groups, cultures, orientations, and backgrounds. She is MOST likely a(n):

developmental scientist.

Plasticity highlights the fact that a person's:

developmental traits can change over time.

Dr. Murphy studies a cohort of schoolchildren and follows their progress through college. Dr. Murphy is MOST likely a:

developmentalist

The notion that people vary in how responsive they are to specific experiences is called _____.

differential susceptibility

According to the text, Japanese culture:

discourages social comparisons aimed at making one feel superior.

Eight-year old Micah has a personality trait of dishonesty that is bothering his parents; his mother brings him in for therapy and describes his temperament as aggressive, unhappy, and impulsive. Of all these traits, the one that could be considered primarily learned would be:

dishonesty

Samantha has decided to have her baby in the hospital, but she has elected to also have a(n) _____ present, who will help provide positive reinforcement, answer questions, and generally keep her stress levels low during the birthing process.

doula

People BEST learn a new language with fluent pronunciation:

during the sensitive period before adolescence.

Learning difficulties in math are called:

dyscalculia.

As the bones lengthen and harden (visible on X-rays) and the growth spurt begins, children:

eat more and gain weight.

An individual with binge eating disorder:

eats an excessive amount of food in a single sitting.

George, who is 3 years old, seems to talk almost constantly, even if no one is listening. George also seems not to notice mistakes in his language, such as stuttering. This illustrates the importance of _____ for language learning in early childhood.

egocentricism

The prenatal stage of development from approximately 3 weeks to 8 weeks after conception during which the embryonic cells first resemble a human being. By the end of the embryonic period, most basic organs have developed. The embryonic period, from the third week through the eighth week after conception, begins with the first signs of the future central nervous system. The future heart begins to beat, and the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and brain form. 8th week: Hormones, including sex hormones, and genes affect development of the embryo. By the eighth week, the embryo has all of the basic organs and features, except for sex organs. At that point, the embryo becomes a fetus. 9th-birth: The fetal period extends from the ninth week until birth. In the ninth week, the sex organs develop. By the end of the third month, all of the organs and body structures have formed and can function, although the tiny fetus could not survive outside the womb. 22 weeks: when the brain can regulate basic body functions, viability is possible but unlikely. Babies born before the 26th week are at high risk of death or disability.

embryonic period

rubella

embryonic period: causes blindness and deafness first and second trimester: brain damage

If research data is based on evidence that can be observed and verified, then it is:

empirical

Knowing that genes are involved may slow down the impulse to blame fat people for their weight, but problems at the cellular level are _____, and they represent only one of the six categories of causes.

epigenetic

______ is the study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression.

epigenetics

Eight-year-old Randy has behavioral difficulty in school and is overly aggressive with other children. His parents seem to ignore his problems and blame the school and the other children. His parents are convinced that Randy has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. When they take him to a child psychiatrist, the psychiatrist is reluctant to give the diagnosis after observing the unhealthy interactions between the family members and between the parents. The psychiatrist's reluctance to give this diagnosis is based on the _____ related to the cause and diagnosis.

equifinality

A caregiver's responses to her infant's basic needs determine the infant's future emotional health, such as whether or not the child becomes a trusting person. This statement reflects the thinking of the psychoanalytic theorist:

erikson

The arrangement in which children who do not speak English are placed together and given an intensive course in basic English so that they can eventually be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers is called _____ instruction.

esl

Socioeconomic status refers to a person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence.

ethnicity is not SES

Jeremy and his teenage buddies Larry and Ted toilet-papered and "egged" several houses in a nearby neighborhood around midnight. These antisocial activities were most likely due to adolescent:

eveningness.

Nico is naturally more alert in the evening than in the morning, a genetic trait called:

eveningness.

Teenaged "BFFs" Miranda, Karen, and Matthew roam their town while their parents are asleep. They smoke cigarettes and experiment with marijuana. The trio of friends is experiencing a phenomenon called:

eveningness.

A 2-year-old boy is playing at the beach and comes upon an object washed up on the shore. It has many spines and appears dangerous to touch. The child's mother grabs his hand and quickly jerks him away from his discovery. What is the MOST likely emotional reaction that the child has just been taught by his mother?

fear

Personality is to _____ as _____ is to shyness.

humility; temperament

Joshua is 5 years old and will begin kindergarten this year. His parents have been working patiently with him as he buttons his shirt, and they allow him to cut his own food at dinner with a knife, giving help when he needs it. It is MOST likely that Joshua will soon master these _____ motor skills.

fine

Regarding dental care 60 years ago:

fluoride was almost never added to water.

Samantha is a young girl who is concerned that if she gets a short haircut, she might become a boy. This is an example of:

focus on appearance.

Grace is going to become a doctor because her parents are doctors and they have always told her she would be a great doctor. She has never considered whether this is what she wants; it is just what she thinks she should do. Erikson would describe Grace's identity status as:

foreclosure.

School exercise is LEAST likely for children who are:

from urban neighborhoods.

Family _____ is the way in which a family works to meet the needs of its members.

function

According to _____, every normal person has at least a little of all nine intelligences, and each individual excels in some intelligences more than others.

gardner

People's self-definition as male, female, or transgender is known as their _____ identity.

gender

Nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____.

genes; experience

Diana is 37 and Ray is 41. They are trying to conceive their first child. Because of their age, it is recommended that they seek _____ counseling.

genetic

Mark and Alice will use _____ to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that they might pass along to future children.

genetic counseling?

first 2 weeks of gestation; prenatal growth The earliest stage of prenatal development that begins with conception and lasts until implantation in the uterus at anywhere from 6 to 12 days after fertilization. Often the germinal period is used to refer to the first 2 weeks after fertilization. single celled zygote multiplies into many cells -> blastocyst

germinal period

Cynthia is 17 years old and works 30 hours per week at a clothing store in the mall. Compared to her peers who do NOT work, Cynthia is MORE likely to:

get poor grades.

Diana shows her daughter how to button her shirt by first showing her how to use a button and then encouraging her daughter to try to do it on her own. This is called:

guided participation

Heather's two toddlers often accompany her on routine trips to the supermarket. Heather uses the opportunity to point out and identify different fruits and vegetables. She explains how each one contributes to a healthy diet. Heather is using _____ to teach her children cultural knowledge, skills, and habits.

guided participation

______ is Vygotsky's term for the process whereby people learn from others who help direct their experiences and explorations.

guided participation

Rhodesia is a left-handed adult. It is most likely that she:

has a thicker corpus callosum.

Vygotsky's emphasis on the importance of culture in the development of children:

has been supported by research conducted throughout the world.

All through her childhood, Ellie never seemed interested in playing. Some researchers predict that as Ellie gets older she may:

have emotional and academic problems.

Vienna's physical endurance will increase as her _____ doubles in size during adolescence.

heart

Dr. Vreeland believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. Abshire believes that experiences are primarily responsible for personality traits. One might say that Dr. Vreeland and Dr. Abshire are on different sides of the _____ debate.

heredity versus environment

Maddie receives the brown-eyed allele of the eye-color gene from her mother, but the blue-eyed allele of the eye-color gene from her father. Maddie is _____ for the eye-color gene.

heterozygous

Claudia received an allele for brown eyes from her father and an allele for blue eyes from her mother. Her gene pair is said to be:

heterozygous.

maintain oxygen supply

hiccuping, sneezing, thrashing

Juan is 15 months old and calls his teddy bear his "bibi." This is an example of a:

holophrase.

Roland's parents have decided to team up with other families to provide his elementary school education. This scenario describes what type of education?

home schooling

An organic chemical substance produced in the body and conveyed via the bloodstream is called a _____.

hormone

Jean is an adolescent girl and can receive a vaccination for the sexually transmitted infection:

human papillomavirus (HPV).

measles, chicken pox, flu

impair brain functioning

Which list contains a discrepant item in light of the dual-process model of cognition?

implicit, decontextualized, gist

Mirna and Carl have been unable to conceive a child, even with the help of fertility drugs. They have decided to take a step in assisted reproduction in which ova are surgically removed from Mirna, mixed with Carl's sperm to produce a zygote, and then inserted in Mirna's uterus. This procedure is called _____.

in vitro fertilization

Livvie is a hearing-impaired college student. She takes the same courses as her hearing counterparts do; however, an ASL interpreter is assigned to each of the sections in which she enrolls. In addition, the instructor asks that a hearing student takes notes, which are later made available to Sarah through a campus support office. Livvie's example BEST illustrates a(n) _____ class.

inclusion

Sal, who has bipolar disorder, is provided a one-on-one aide and services in a general education classroom. This approach to education is referred to as a(n) _____ class.

inclusion

Seventeen-year-old Gina typically makes good decisions and stays out of trouble. Her parents were surprised one night to discover that Gina had sneaked out of the house, knowing that if she were caught she would be grounded and would lose driving privileges and the use of her cell phone. When questioned about her decision to sneak out, Gina told her parents that her best friend was having a hard time. Gina told her parents that she "had to" go talk to her friend at 3:00 A.M. and that nothing else mattered. Gina seemed to have made her decision to sneak out based on _____ thinking.

intuitive

reminder session

is any experience that helps people recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience. without testing whether the person remembers it at the moment.

Julie swaddles her baby when the baby is distressed. Julie:

is doing the right thing; a baby's sense of touch is acute and swaddling makes it feel secure.

A diagnosis of ADHD indicates that a child not only has problems concentrating but also:

is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.

An example of scaffolding is:

joint reading with a child; explaining, pointing, listening.

A good example of a sensitive period is:

language learning in children.

Lupe was a Spanish-speaking toddler when she emigrated with her family from Guatemala. After several years in an American elementary school, though, Lupe is more fluent in English than in Spanish. Which phenomenon does Lupe's experience best exemplify?

language shift

Family structure refers to:

legal and genetic relationships of relatives living together.

Mary is a fifth-grader and is starting to eat more food each day. The hormone that affects Mary's appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty is _____.

leptin

The hormone that affects a person's appetite and is believed to impact the onset of puberty is _____.

leptin

low birthweight (LBW)

less than 2,500 grams

A person's socioeconomic status includes his or her:

level of education.

The _____ perspective is an approach to the study of development that incorporates all phases of life, from birth to death.

life-span

The American researcher who identified five types of play, including solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative, is:

mildred parten

Fourteen-year-olds John and Carlos decided to build a bike ramp that would propel them in the air over a small but deep ravine. This could have caused considerable physical injury had Carlos's father not caught them before they completed the act. In this case, John and Carlos's impulsive behavior was due to the immaturity of the _____, but Carlos's father's more reasoned response was due to the maturity of the _____.

limbic system; prefrontal cortex

Sarah is 17 months old and has started to really enjoy playing on her own. The other day, her mother found Sarah taking her stuffed animal and flushing it down the toilet. Which term did Jean Piaget coin to describe this type of behavior?

little scientist

A young child who states that "butter is made by butterflies" and "birds grow birdseed" is trying to use:

logical extension

A recent Supreme Court ruling means that Mark can now marry his life partner, John. This possibility has caused Mark to think more carefully about his relationship with John. In Bronfenbrenner's model, the Supreme Court ruling is part of the couple's:

macrosystem

For the past month, Denis has felt sad most of the time. He is so sad and has so little energy that his ability to complete his daily routine is impaired. Denis may be diagnosed with: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

major depression.

Lacy is hopelessly sad and it is disrupting her regular activities. She has felt this way for over three weeks. She may be diagnosed with:

major depression.

Batoor was born in war-torn Afghanistan. Malnutrition caused him to waste away soon after his birth; he passed away at the age of 4 months. Batoor suffered from _____.

marasmus

infant is to toddler as ____ is to ____

marasmus; kwashiorkor

Which term is NOT associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner?

mastosystems

According to B. F. Skinner, infant communication progresses because of:

maternal reinforcement; parental reinforcement

Dr. Francis believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. Gigliotti believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. One might say that Dr. Francis and Dr. Gigliotti are on different sides of the ______ versus learning debate.

maturation

Although Hazel is Black and was born in Barbados, she grew up in a predominantly White, upper-middle class neighborhood outside of Boston and rarely met other people from the Caribbean side of her family. This shows that:

membership in an ethnic minority group is not equivalent to a common cultural experience.

Pregnancy is biologically possible during _____, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after it.

menarche

Callie is 12 years old. Callie's aunt congratulates Callie on "becoming a woman" when she experiences her first menstruation. Callie has experienced:

menarche.

Shelley and Sandy are twins who look very much alike and share most of their personality traits. Based on this information, they are most likely _____ twins.

monozygotic

The textbook's Chapter 16 "Visualizing Development" feature displays college enrollment data on recent high school graduates in the United States. As compared to their male counterparts, female graduates are _____ likely to enroll in college.

more

Serious depression among adolescents is:

more common in females than in males.

Which of the following is a characteristic of formal operational thought?

more systematic logical thinking

The teen pregnancy rate in Europe is _____ than the rate in the United States.

much lower

Which of the following is one type of intelligence identified by Gardner?

musical

Considering the link between cognitive development and the development of attachment, concrete operational is to formal operational as ______ is to _____.

mutual attachment; new attachment figures

Among adolescent girls, a researcher should expect to find a(n) _____ correlation between time spent using social media each week and scores on a body satisfaction index on which higher scores indicate greater body satisfaction.

negative

Which choice correctly matches a dimension of temperament with an example trait?

negative mood - angry

sensation

occurs when a sensory system detects a stimulus, as when the inner ear reverberates with sound or the retina and pupil of the eye intercept light. Thus, sensations begin when an outer organ (eye, ear, nose, tongue, or skin) meets anything that can be seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched.

With respect to the assessment of a newborn's chances of survival, health care professionals:

once looked to the baby's weight but now use the level of brain development as the best indicator.

EJ has a friend who is a new father. Knowing that EJ is taking a psychology course, he asks him what he can expect during the first year of his child's development. Based on Freud's stages of development, EJ tells the new father that the first stage his child will pass through is called the _____ stage.

oral

In the research with South African bush communities and Australian adults, all children demonstrated learning through observation even if it was inefficient, regardless of whether the culture practiced scaffolding. This illustrates the role of:

overimitation

Even adults sometimes say "funner" and "funnest" to mean more fun and most fun, respectively. These errors illustrate:

overregularization.

Cara and Deanna are sitting side by side playing with dolls. Each girl is talking to herself. Cara and Deanna are engaged in _____ play.

parallel

Emma and Gabriella are both playing with the playhouse at the day care; they are using similar objects in a similar way, but they are not using the toys together; they are engaged in _____ play.

parallel

Parker and Shawn are both playing with similar objects in a similar way, but not together; they are engaged in _____ play.

parallel

Ten-year-old Joseph and his siblings have lived with their grandmother since their mother's sudden, tragic death. Now that his grandmother is terminally ill, Joseph takes care of the entire family. Joseph's experience BEST illustrates:

parentification.

Leo is using deductive reasoning. This means that he is using all of these EXCEPT:

past experiences.

Among girls, body dissatisfaction:

peaks in mid-adolescence.

Encouragement to conform to one's friends in behavior, attitude, or dress is called _____.

peer pressure

Jeannie has low expectations for maturity from her children and rarely disciplines them, but she loves them and listens well to them. She would be characterized by Diana Baumrind as having a(n) _____ parenting style.

permissive

Ty's parents divorced when he was 5 years old. His father moved out of the area, and his mother is kept busy with trying to keep a roof over their heads. Ty is now 13 and has been getting into some minor troubles with school and with the law. Despite this, his mother still allows Ty to come and go as he wishes; she rarely if ever punishes him, and she gives in to whatever he wants. She feels guilty about the divorce and that Ty doesn't have a father. Ty's mother has a(n) ____ parenting style.

permissive

Three-year-old Kenny has been asking his mother to get off the phone ever since she picked it up. He repeats, "Mommy, put down that phone. Mommy, stop talking on the phone," over and over until she finally complies and walks over to him. Kenny's behavior is an example of:

perseveration.

Appearance, personality, and intelligence are all part of a person's:

phenotype.

George and Henry are identical twins. George was raised by his mother, and Henry was raised by his father. Based on this information, one can conclude that the boys':

phenotypes will be different even though their genotypes are exactly the same.

Developmental psychology investigates:

physical, cognitive, and social changes across the life span.

According to _____, centration is one of the characteristics that limit a preoperational child's thinking.

piaget

The _____ is an international test taken by 15-year-olds that is intended to gauge cognition needed in adult life.

pisa

The two important elements that develop from the blastocyst about a week after conception are called the:

placenta and embryo.

A researcher is MOST likely to find a _____ correlation between scores on a depression inventory and the frequency of sexting. Assume that higher scores on the inventory reflect greater depression.

positive

Among adolescent girls, the correlation between body satisfaction and overall self-esteem is BEST described as:

positive and robust.

Because Iris thinks that it is moral to break the law in some circumstances, Kohlberg would place her moral reasoning at the:

post; social contract stage.

According to Kohlberg, the _____ level of moral development emphasizes moral principles.

postconventional

Which term describes feelings of inadequacy and sadness that some mothers feel following the birth of a baby?

postpartum depression

Marisol speaks formally with adults and informally with her friends. She has learned:

pragmatics

Ten-year-old Jamila has learned to speak formally with the adults in her life and informally with her friends. She has learned the _____ of language

pragmatics

When more than one problem manifests in the same person, it is referred to as:

pragmatics

Priscilla, like most of us, would like to obtain rewards and avoid punishments. Kohlberg would consider this to be the goal of _____ moral reasoning.

preconventional

Caroline is 15 years old. After a head injury, she is no longer able to plan ahead and prioritize properly. Most likely her _____ was injured.

prefrontal cortex

Children's ability to inhibit automatic responses is related to the development of the brain's:

prefrontal cortex

Rebecca is very organized. She has set aside specific hours for studying and knows when she has had enough to eat. This behavior can be explained by a mature:

prefrontal cortex

infections

premature labor, brain damage

During the _____ stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images, but they use intuitive rather than logical reasoning.

preoperational

Jean Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6 is _____ intelligence.

preoperational

A father is feeding his toddler peas for the first time, and then the child picks up her spoon and attempts to feed herself. The peas fall to the floor, and the father exclaims, "Good for you, sweetie, you can feed yourself!" The father is encouraging the toddler to feel the new emotion of:

pride

A school board has structured the design of buildings and the policies and procedures followed by school staff in such a way as to make injuries less likely. This is an example of _____ prevention.

primary

By keeping her children on the sidewalk, Kenya is using _____ prevention to keep them safe.

primary

Jazmine is pregnant. The parts of Jazmine's body that are directly involved in reproduction are called the _____ sex characteristics.

primary

The body characteristics that are directly involved in conception and pregnancy are called _____ sex characteristics.

primary

Primary prevention focuses on the macrosystem or exosystem, such as the culture or the community, and would not directly involve a specific family.

primary prevention

Attachment parenting is a current trend involving co-sleeping, breast-feeding on demand, and "wearing" the infant in a sling. Attachment parenting is BEST seen as an example of ______ parenting.

proximal

Leah is an advocate of "attachment parenting." Her infant sleeps in her bed. Leah breast-feeds the child on demand and "wears" the baby in a sling across her chest. Leah's parenting is BEST seen as an example of ______ parenting.

proximal

Marta is at the playground observing how a group of toddlers and their parents interact while playing. Some parents are sitting on a bench and talking to one another, with only occasional communication with their children. Other parents are physically close and far more involved, playing alongside their children in the sandbox and pushing them on the swings or catching them at the end of the slide. The physically close parents are engaged in which style of parenting or play?

proximal

_____ parenting refers to caregiving practices that entail being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching.

proximal

Dr. Jackson examines friendships in children. With respect to the three domains described in the textbook, Dr. Jackson specializes in _____ development.

psychosocial

Faila has made it very clear to her children that they should be proud of their African American heritage and culture. This is called:

racial socialization.

An example of _____ time is the ability to kick a speeding soccer ball toward a teammate, or calculating when to utter a witty remark and when to stay quiet.

reaction

Improvements in ______ are probably the main reason Joann can attain far higher "levels" in her favorite video game this year, as compared to last.

reaction time

Marcus was playing kickball with his friend Amy. After kicking the ball, Amy ran and fell into a mud puddle. Seeing that Amy was upset, Marcus ran to her to see if she was hurt, while some of the other kids laughed. Marcus's response is an example of maturing:

reaction time.

Leo and Alan normally get along, but one day, Leo punches Alan after Alan accidentally tripped him on the playground. Leo's aggression would be described as:

reactive

_____ aggression is an impulsive retaliation for harm that was intentional or unintentional.

reactive

The statement that growth slows down during middle childhood:

refers to a decrease in the pace of physical growth.

Fifteen-year-old Greta's parents are active in the Republican Party. Greta's political beliefs will MOST likely:

reflect the beliefs of her parents.

Cries, movements, and facial expressions are examples of:

reflexive communication.

Any perceptual experience that helps people recollect an idea, a thing, or an event is known as a(n):

reminder session.

Two-year-old Derek's neighbors notice that the boy is often dirty, wearing improper clothing for the weather, and left unattended on the family's porch. They call family services to state that they suspect the boy is being abused or neglected. At this point, before an investigation has taken place, Derek's condition is known as:

reported maltreatment.

Franz is presenting his data and conclusions to an audience of scientists at a Society for Research in Child Development conference. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Franz is:

reporting results.

Terrance survived a childhood scarred by poverty and community violence to graduate near the top of his medical school class. Terrance's example BEST illustrates:

resilience

Looking at moral issues, Piaget found that children between ages 8 and 10 moved from _____ to restitution.

retribution

Play that mimics aggression with no intent to harm is known as _____ play.

rough and tumble

Flashing lights on stopped schoolbuses are an example of _____ prevention.

secondary

Frank always puts salt on the sidewalk when it is icy in front of his house. This is a form of _____ prevention to avoid falls.

secondary

Gail realizes that her son's family is struggling financially since he has been laid off. She sees that her son and his wife are under a great deal of stress trying to give their children the things they need. She notices that her son and his wife argue frequently and recognizes signs of depression in her daughter-in-law. Gail wants to ease their burden, so she gives her son a loan to help them until he finds work. This is an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment.

secondary

Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but indicate sexual maturity are referred to as _____ sex characteristics.

secondary

_____ prevention refers to actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian.

secondary

Dr. Freeman is an evolutionary psychologist. He has observed that many Africans are lactose-intolerant. He thinks this might be because of:

selective adaptation

Six-year-old Mia has a difficult time ignoring the talking and laughing of the other children in her kindergarten class. By the time Mia is 10, she will be less distracted in school because of the development of improved _____.

selective attention

Hair cells in Gino's basilar membrane detect a series of high-pitched tones. Gino recognizes the ringtone assigned to calls from his mother. Gino remembers that he had neglected to call his mother the night before as he had promised. Gino's detection of the tones illustrates:

sensation

Anna's photoreceptors detect light and dark stimuli. Cortical processing then allows her to recognize the words in her psychology textbook. As she reads, Anna relates the information to her own experiences. The action of Anna's photoreceptors illustrates:

sensation.

Jon's phone rings. Hair cells in Jon's basilar membrane detect a series of high-pitched tones. The action of Jon's hair cells illustrates:

sensation.

Logan is 5 years old. He and can count to 50, but he cannot correctly estimate where 25 is placed on a number line that begins at 0 and ends at 50. This means that Logan is having problems with _____.

seriation

Leo is 4 years old. He knows that he has a penis and that his dad does, too. The biology of Leo and his father are reflective of their:

sex

When Gina was 12 years old, she was _____ by an uncle for over a year. As Gina grows older, she will most likely turn to drug use, have an eating disorder, and contemplate suicide at some point in her life due to her abuse.

sexually abused

Siblings raised together in the same house exemplify a _____ environmental influence within a family.

shared

Dr. Gomez, who is a developmental psychologist, believes that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society. Dr. Gomez believes that culture is not something external that impinges on developing persons but is integral to their development every day via the social context. Dr. Gomez is MOST likely working within the _____ perspective.

sociocultural

Dr. Lin, who is a developmental psychologist, believes that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society. Dr. Lin believes that culture is not something external that impinges on developing persons but is integral to their development every day via the social context. Dr. Lin is MOST likely working within the _____ perspective.

sociocultural

Ari, Harley, and Wilson are playing a game about dragons and knights. It is their job as the noble knights to slay the evil dragons. They are engaging in:

sociodramatic

_____ play allows children to explore and rehearse social roles.

sociodramatic

A person's position in society, or _____ status, is importantly determined by income, occupation, education, and place of residence.

socioeconomic

EJ and Matt are playing alone and unaware of each other; they are involved in _____ play.

solitary

Aidan, who is 7 years old, is aware that racism exists. He is MOST likely to believe that racism exists because:

some people are prejudiced.

Which of the following best describes a behavioral teratogen?

something that causes no physical defects but affects the brain and later behavior of a child

piaget's stages of sensorimotor intelligence

stage 1: (birth to 1 month) Reflexes: sucking, grasping, staring, listening. Stage Two (1-4 months): The first acquired adaptations: accommodation and coordination of reflexes. Examples: sucking a pacifier differently from a nipple; grabbing a bottle to suck it. The next two stages involve the infant's responses to objects and people (secondary circular reactions) Stage Three (4-8 months) Making interesting sights last: responding to people and objects. Example: clapping hands when mother says "patty-cake." Stage Four (8-12 months) New adaptation and anticipation: becoming more deliberate and purposeful in responding to people and objects. Example: putting mother's hands together in order to make her start playing patty-cake The last two stages are the most creative, first with action and then with ideas. Stage Five (12-18 months) New means through active experimentation: experimentation and creativity in the actions of the "little scientist." Example: putting a teddy bear in the toilet and flushing it. Stage Six (18-24 months) New means through mental combinations: considering before doing provides the child with new ways of achieving a goal without resorting to trial-and-error experiments. Example: before flushing, remembering that the toilet overflowed the last time, and hesitating

deferred imitation

stage 5-6 -occurs when infants copy behavior they noticed hours or even days earlier A sequence in which an infant first perceives something that someone else does and then performs the same action a few hours or even days later.

Baby Vivi is visiting her aunt in a distant city for the first time. Vivi's aunt is slightly disappointed when Vivi seems frightened of her at first. Vivi is demonstrating:

stranger wariness.

According to the family-_____ model, the real risk factor for impaired family function is the family's reaction to factors like poverty and divorce.

stress

Which term refers to cases of severe and chronic malnutrition in which children fail to grow to a normal height?

stunting

manage feeding

sucking, rooting, swallowing, spitting up, crying

Michael and Diane, who celebrated their wedding anniversary with a bottle of champagne and some vodka shots, will be sharing their bed with their 2-month-old daughter. Doctors fear this situation could put their daughter in danger of:

sudden infant death

At birth, Clarence was classified as small for gestational age. It is likely that Clarence:

suffered several months of prenatal malnutrition.

Some reflexes like hiccups, shivering, and sucking are important for _____, while others like stepping, swimming, and the Babinski reflex now serve more as signals of _____.

survival; brain and body function

In which of the following nations are people LEAST likely to believe that day care is harmful?

sweden

Infants learn to develop social skills, such as paying attention and taking turns, as well as learning to read the emotions of others through:

synchrony

Which is NOT among the three most frequently reported sexually transmitted infections?

syphilis

Risk for the majority of teratogenic effects is greatest during:

the embryonic period.

Brian feels that no matter what he does, he will not be good at math because he was born without strong math skills. Brian is demonstrating _____, which MOST likely will reduce his ability to learn.

the entity theory of intelligence

A key aspect of the Strange Situation is:

the exploration of toys.

When Ramon has had several beers and insists on driving his friends home, he is MOST likely displaying:

the invincibility fable.

Fourteen-year-old Tajuana became very emotional when her parents rejected her request to go on a date with a high school senior. Her parent's attempts to discuss their reasons for not permitting the date were ignored and she refused to discuss the issue. Tajuana's response to her parent's decision reflects the fact that:

the limbic system matures before the prefrontal cortex.

A twin brother is in need of a kidney transplant. Doctors are happy to have located his identical twin, and they prep him for surgery. This is BEST explained because:

the twins share exactly the same genetic material.

Family income can have a positive or negative effect on the function and structure of the family, but what is important is:

whether or not the income increases stress on the family.

Ginny is 15 years old. Which one of the following questions reflects her main psychosocial task, according to Erikson?

who am i?

The ability of the Internet to open up new ideas and allow access to like-minded friends can be particularly beneficial to teens:

who feel isolated.

Teens tend to select friends:

whose values and interests they share.

Secure attachment (type B) makes a toddler:

willing to explore.

Children who are aggressive-rejected or _____-rejected tend to misinterpret social situations.

withdrawn

As a result of his mother's responsive, consistent care during his infancy, Rollie developed the assumption one's love for another is generally returned in kind. Rollie has developed a:

working model

The text suggests that, in the twenty-first century, the "digital divide" tends to separate:

young from old.