Child Development Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings

variability, zygote

Combining parents' two sets of genes increases genetic ____________ in the offspring and creates a truly __________ zygote.

diversity

Recently, there has been increased ________________ among both adoptive children and adoptive parents.

proteins

Research has found that genes are dependent and there are more _________ than genes.

meiosis

reproduction process in which a cell of the testes or ovaries duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which only has half of the genetic material of the parent which is 23 unpaired chromosomes

gene-gene interaction

studies focusing on the interdependence of two or more gens in influencing characteristics, behavior, disease, and development

Thousand Genomes Project

study whose goal is to determine the genomic sequences of at least 1,000 individuals from different ethnic groups around the world

infertility

the inability to conceive children after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception

gene x environment interaction

the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment

phenotype

the way in which individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics (physical and psychological characteristics)

behavior genetics

this field seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development

chromosome

threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pari coming from each parent; contain the genetic substance for DNA and is located in the nucleus

genes

units of hereditary information composed of DNA; help cells to reproduce themselves and help manufacture the proteins that maintain life

fetal MRI

uses powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body's organs and structures

x-linked inheritance

when a mutated gene is carried on the x-chromosome

polygenic inheritance

when many genes in combination to environmental factors determine a characteristic

XYY syndrome

a chromosomal disorder in which makes have an extra Y chromosome

Klinefelter syndrome

a chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY

Turner syndrome

a chromosome disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or the second X chromosome is partially deleted

DNA

a complex molecule that contains genetic information

Down syndrome

a form of intellectual disability that is caused by the presence of an extra copy of the chromosome 21

phenylketonuria

a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid, it is easily detected but if left untreated it can result in intellectual disability and hyperactivity, treated with diet change

Fragile X syndrome

a genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks

sickle-cell anemia

a genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells and occurs most often in people of African decent

genotype

a person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material

amniocentesis

a prenatal medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders

ultrasound sonography

a prenatal medical procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen to portray a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures

zygote

a single cell formed through fertilization

adoption

a social and legal process that establishes a parent-child relationship between persons unrelated at birth

fertilization

a stage in reproduction when an egg and peruse fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote

twin study

a study in which behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins

adoption study

a study in which investigators seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents, who provided a home environment, or more like their biological parents, who contributed their heredity

diabetes

body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar

mitosis

cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 Paris of chromosomes

Huntington's disease

central nervous system deteriorates, producing in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

evocative genotype-environment correlations

correlations that exist when the child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments

passive genotype-environment correlations

correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child

tay-sachs disease

deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulator of lipids in the nervous system

hemophilia

delayed blood clotting causes internal and extremal bleeding

next-generation sequencing

describes the cast increase in genetic data generates at a reduced cost in a shorter period of time

identical twins

develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas each of which becomes a person

fraternal twins

develop when two eggs are fertilized by different sperm, creating two zygotes that are genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings

dominant-recessive principle

dominant genes override recessive genes but when there are two recessive genes, the gene shows

mutated gene

genes that have a permanently altered segment of DNA usually by things like radiation

longevity genes

genes that make the individual less vulnerable to certain disease and more likely to live to an older age

susceptibility genes

genes that make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging

cystic fibrosis

glandular dysfunction that interference with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened life span

linkage analysis

goal is to discover the location of a gene in relation to the marker gene (whose position is already known) is often used to search for disease-related genes

maternal blood screening

identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects such as spina bifida and Down syndrome by testing three substances in the mother's blood

genome-wide association

method that compares DNA from diseased individuals to that with healthy individuals, test this DNA do determine if they can discover where the disease occurs in the genome

spina bifida

neutral tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

genetic imprinting

occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending of whether the gene is passed on by the mother or father; chemical process preventing one member of the gene pair from expressing itself

46, 23

All of the cells in the body, except for the sperm and the egg, have _____ chromosomes in _______ pairs.

miscarriage

Amniocentesis brings a small risk of __________________.

1. passive genotype-environment correlations 2. evocative genotype-environment correlations 3. active genotype-environemtn correlations

Describe three ways that heredity and environment can be correlated.

decrease

Do benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease or increase with age?

they child can have two recessive blond genes

How can two brown haired parents have a blond hair child?

7 weeks

How early can you determine the sex of a baby?

20,000

Human genome consists of about how many genes?

single cell

Human life begins as a __________ __________.

true

T/F Adoptive children fare much better than children raised in long-term foster care or in an institutional environment.

true

T/F Children who are adopted very early in their lives are more likely to have positive outcomes than children adopted later in life

true

T/F Even when their genes are identical, people vary.

false

T/F Evolution dictates behavior.

true

T/F Fetal MRI's can provide more detailed images than ultrasounds.

false

T/F Genes act independently

false

T/F Heredity influences environment but environment does not influence heredity.

true

T/F Humans take longer to become reproductively mature than any other mammal.

true

T/F Males are more likely to have x-linked diseases

false

T/F The cause of infertility only lies in the woman.

jewish people

Tay-Sachs disease usually occurs in what kind of people?

Hormones

__________________ that circulate the blood can make their way into the cell where they can turn genes "on" and "off"

1. genome-wide association 2. linkage analysis 3. next-generation sequencing 4. thousand genomes project

What are the four majors approaches to gene identificaiotn and discovery?

1. public domestic 2. private domestic 3. international private

What are three methods of adoption?

environment

What directly affects the activity of genes?

the mother's age

What does the success rate of in vitro fertilization depend on?

women have a pair of X chromosomes and men have a pair of an X and a Y chromosome

What is the differences of the 23rd pair of chromosomes in men and women?

the first half of life

When does natural selection primarily take place in regards to development?

during adolescence

When does twin separation often accelerate?

because they have two x chromosomes so if one is mutated it usually does not show visible effects

Why is it that females are less likely to have x-linked diseases?

limb deformity

With chronic villus sampling, there is a small risk of __________ _______________.

active genotype-environment correlation

also called niche-picking; correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating

in vitro fertilization

eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish and if the eggs are successfully fertilized than one or more zygotes are transferred to the mother's uterus.

epigenetic view

emphasizes that development is the result of ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

evolutionary psychology

emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior

natural selection

evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce

chronic villas sampling

prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed and tested for chromosomal abnormalities

adoptive behavior

promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat, because an organism possesses characteristics needed for survival