Child Development Chapter 5

The average North American newborn weighs ______ pounds

7.5

By the second birthday, the brain is about _____ of its adult weight

75%

Although it is not fully developed, babies can show size constancy as young as

3 month of age

Which of the following is a probable reason why infants spend so much time in REM sleep?

REM sleep may be important in promoting brain development in infancy

Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Using a pacifier when going to sleep

The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation is called

dishabituation

The _______ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver

ecological

True or false: Some researcher have found there are distinct psychological differences between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants

false

When can sound be perceived?

During the last two months of pregnancy

movements that involve finger dexterity are called _______ motor skills

fine

Regarding nature vs. nurture: in the field of perceptual development, nature proponents are referred to as _____ and those who emphasize learning and experience (nurture) are called ____.

Nativists; empiricist

The laboratory procedure constructed by Gibson and Walk (1960) to determine whether or not an infant could perceive depth is called:

the visual cliff

neuroscientists believe that repeated experience

knits neurons together into circuits

Infants should consume _____ an adult's requirement of calories per pound

more than twice

The ______ reflex occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement

moro

According to the dynamic systems view, which of the following would be the first step in learning to self-feed?

motivation to feed oneself

The process of encasing axons in a layer of fat cells, which helps increase the speed and efficiency of information processing of _________

myelination

Nerve cells are also referred to as

neurons

What ability must an infant have as a foundation for gross motor skill development?

postural control

The process of myelination begins ______ and continues into _______

prenatally; adolescence

Synaptic ____ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear

pruning

The term _____ refers to when information interacts with sensory receptors

sensation

The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is

the dynamic systems view

Baby Natalie has just mastered climbing up three stairs into her kitchen from the living room using her hands and legs. Based on what we know about gross motor development, which of these is Natalie's probably age?

15 months

Which of the following outcomes for the mother is the only one that has consistently been shown to be a benefit as a result of breast feeding?

A reduced incidence of breast cancer

Which of the following statements accurately illustrates the growth of infants in the first year of life?

Infants' birth length increases by 40%

What is the purpose of the Moro reflex?

It is believed to be a way of grabbing for support while falling

Which of the following statement is TRUE regarding the taste capacities of a newborn?

Sensitivity to taste appears to develop prenatally

According to the dynamic systems view, motor development is a(n) _______ process

active

Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities are called

affordances

Most neuroscientist believe that reading and performing music involve ______ of the brain

both hemispheres

Shaken baby syndrome causes _____ swelling and hemorrhaging

brain

The reason that infants are capable of grasping an object before they can take their first steps is reflected in the

cephalocaudal pattern of growth

Human breast milk or an alternative _______ should be the baby's source of nutrients during the first four to six months of life

formula

Which of the following reflexes do not disappear but instead turns into complex voluntary action

grasping reflex

If infants are repeatedly shown the same picture over and over, they will stop paying attention to it. This is called

habituation

_________ is one of the most dramatic advances in infant health that has declined infectious diseases over the years

immunization

perception is defined as the ________ of what is sensed

interpretation

The specialization of function is one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called brain

lateralization

A mother changes a patterned picture on the wall. According to dishabituation, her infant will most likely do which of the following?

look longer at the new picture

Babies who are weaned from breast milk too early and are then given unsanitary cow's milk formula are more likely to experience

malnutrition

One of the key debates in developmental psychology as it relates to perceptual development is the longstanding issue of ______ versus ______

nature; nurture

Connor is in research study on infant perception. He is trained to look in the direction in which he hears a sound through the reward of seeing an animated bear on either his left or right side. After the learning process is complete, the research can be confident that if Connor looks in the direction of the animated bear, he has noticed a sound in the corresponding ear. This process is called an _______ response

orienting

When an infant holds a bottle using both hands, he is suing the _____ grasp

palmer

When infants grip with the whole hand it is known as the ___ grasp

palmer

coordinated grasping requires

perceptual-motor coupling

______ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, muscle, vision and hearing

posture

Alexander is an infant who is beginning to eat solid foods. When his mother puts some Cheerios on his high-chair tray, he uses his whole fist to grasp the Cheerios. In time, he will be able to use his thumb and forefinger to pick them up. What growth pattern dies this describe?

proximodistal

Which of the following activities is NOT considered a fine motor skill?

riding a tricycle

The ______ reflex occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched and the infant then turns its head toward the side that was touched.

rooting

The recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us is changes is called

shape constancy

Which of the following statements is true regarding shared sleeping/co-sleeping?

shared sleeping is controversial and not all experts recommend it

What type of smell do newborns prefer?

smells such as strawberry and vanilla

__________ __________ death syndrome is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die

sudden infant

In the visual cortex, the peak of synaptic overproduction takes place at about _______, whereas in the prefrontal cortex, peak synaptic overproduction takes place at about ________

the 4th postnatal month; 1 year of age

Based on what we know about infant and child development and children's capabilities in various sensory, motor, and cognitive areas, which area of the brain should we accurately assume continues to change into adulthood?

the prefrontal region of the frontal lobe

The technique of eye-__________ consists of eye movements that follow a moving object and can be used to evaluate an infant's early visual ability

tracking

True or false: Children who grow up in an unresponsive and unstimulating environment show considerably less brain activity compared with children with stimulating backgrounds

true

During the first two year of life, nearly _________ as many synaptic connections are made as will ever be used

twice

Myelination for ______ pathways occurs rapidly after birth and is completed in the first six months. Myelination for ________ pathways is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age

visual; auditory

It is recommended that infants be breast-fed, including in combination with complementary foods, for how long?

1 year or more

Beginning at about _______ months of age, infants develop the ability to perceive that occluded objects are whole

2

By _______ years of age, children have grown to nearly half of their adult height

2

What is the typical age at which babies are first capable of rolling over?

2 to 5 months

Baby Kenzie has just begun sleeping more at night and is awake more during the day, Kenzie is most likely what age?

6 months

Megan Gunnar and colleagues concluded that newborns are capable of feeling pain after conducting which of the following studies?

A study of circumcised infant males

Which of the following reflexes demonstrates that infants can feel touch?

An infant turns its head when a cheek is stroked

Based on what we understand about infant visual ability, which of the following statements is true?

As early as 12 hours after birth, infants spend more time looking at their mother's face than at a stranger's face

Which structure in a neuron is responsible for carrying signals away from the cell body?

Axon

Which of the following is true regarding the trend towards overweight infants?

Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables

Bella and Kenny are both 12 months old. What can we expect regarding their motor skill development?

Bella and Kenny may not follow the same sequence of motor skill accomplishments

Which of the following is NOT a common way that a researcher identifies wether or not an infant is experiencing habituation and dishabituation?

Brain Wave activity

True or false: Fetuses can detect human voice but are unable to tell one sound from another

False

______ is caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year of life

Marasmus

Which of the following statement is FALSE regarding an infant's capacity for intermodal perception

Newborns are not capable of intermodal perception

fourteen-month-old Sophie began walking at the age of 11 months. She was categorized as an "experienced" walker in a recent research study. The babies in the study have to walk down a risky rope. From what we know about "experiences" walkers, what can we expect of Sophie's performance?

Sophie will pause and evaluate the slope before starting down it

Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of the form of malnutrition called kwashiorkor?

The infant experiences muscle atrophy

In the "looking chamber" designed by Frantz, how does a researcher determine if and how long an infant looks at the stimulus being displayed?

The researcher can see the reflection of the stimulus in the infant's eyes

If you were analyzing the results of a sleep study in which the participant began the sleep cycle with REM sleep and spent 50% of the time in REM sleep, what could you determine about the age of the participant?

The subject is between birth and 3 months of age

True or False: Experience is necessary for color vision to develop normally

True

When an infant turns its head toward a sight or sound, the infant is engaging in

an orienting response

By 3 or 4 months age, young infants can use ______ to perceive some sense of depth

binocular cues

Which countries tend to stimulate their infants' motor skills more than other countries?

developing countries

For fine motor skills development to reach an optimal level, which of these is most necessary?

exercise of skills

the four lobes of the brain are the occipital, parietal, temporal, and ______ lobes

frontal

By the end of the first year of life, an infant's improved motor control enables it to a diet that

includes a variety of foods

The integration of information for two or more sensory modalities is called ______ perception

intermodal

Gross motor skills

involve large-muscles activities

In order to meet the demands of a task and make a decision about what to do in a certain environment, infants and children combine ________ and __________

perception; action

When an infant grasps small objects with its thumb and forefinger, it is using the ______ grip

pincer

The realization that your mother has the same appearance and does not shrink as you watch her walk away form you (even though she appears to get smaller), means that you understand _________ constancy

size

A key skill in learning to walk involves

stabilizing balance on one leg

Which of the following racial/ethnic groups have higher rates of death from sudden infant death syndrome?

- African Americans - Eskimos

Which of the following behaviors/movements are precursors to walking?

- Alternating kicking movements throughout the first six months of life - The ability to balance on one leg while the other is swung forward

According to research, breast feeding children has which of the following effects?

- Breast-fed infants have fewer gastrointestinal infections - Breast-fed infants are less likely to become overweight - Breast-fed infants have fewer respiratory tract infections

Which of the following can be inferred as an outcome of the research by DeCasper and Spence (1986) in which mothers read "The Cat in the Hat" to their fetuses and then to the children post-birth?

- Fetuses can learn - Fetuses can hear

Which of the following are reasons why a mother should NOT breast feed?

- If the mother is taking a drug that may not be safe for the infant - If the mother is infected with HIV or another infectious disease - If the mother has active tuberculosis

Which of the following statements regarding the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome are true?

- Infants who co-sleep are at higher risks - Infants who sleep on their stomach are at greater risk

Which of the following are the two types of perceptual constancy as noted in your textbook?

- Shape constancy - Size constancy

Which of the following factors can cause sleep problems in infants?

- TV viewing - maternal depression during pregnancy - early introduction of solid foods

According to dynamic systems theory, which of the following are critical to an infant's creation of new motor behaviors

- The infant's motivation - The body's physical properties and possibilities - environmental support for the skill - development of the nervous system

Which of the following statement is correct regarding the visual acuity of infants?

- an infant's visual acuity by one year if age approximates that of an adult

The neuroconstructivist view states that which of the following factors influence brain development?

- biological processes and environmental conditions - plasticity and context - cognitive development

Which of the following are the two significant ways that neurons change during the first years of life?

- connectivity among neurons increases - Myelination occurs rapidly

Which of the following are essential features of motor activities during the first year of life?

- independence - extensive environmental exploration - self-initiated interaction with others

Which of the following groups of mothers are less likely to breast-feed their infants than the average mother in the United States?

- mothers under the age of 18 - African American mothers - mothers without a high school education

Which Research methods used to assess an infant's attention to sound

- orienting response and tracking - high-amplitude sucking

Accidents are a major cause of death in infancy, select all of the following that can prevent accidents.

- secure in infant seats in cars - closely monitor infants

Which of the following statement is true about newborn sleep?

- sleep totals for newborn are very variable and can range from 10 to 21 hours per day - infants vary in their preferred times for seeping and their patterns of sleep - the typical newborn sleeps 16-17 hours per day

What are purposes of the sucking reflex?

- the sucking reflex serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism - the sucking reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they associate a nipple with food

What are the purposes of reflexes?

- they are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carries - They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment

A new born infant can habituate to which of the following sensory stimuli

- touch - sounds - sights

Order the following stimuli to most time watched to least the watched as identified in research by Frantz

-Faces -Black and White pattern -high-contrast color such as red -low contrast color such as yellow -the color white

scientist are using which of following technology to study infant perception

-respiration and heart rate equipment -eye-tracking equipment -high speed computer equipment -video recording equipment

babies as young as ____ months of age have shape constancy for objects that are not irregularly shaped

3

Which of the following scenarios are TRUE regarding human brain development?

An entire hemisphere of the brain can be removed and the other hemisphere will take over function that removed hemisphere previously performed

According to dynamic systems theory, what is required before infants can begin to develop their motor skills and perform actions?

They must perceive something into environment that motivates them to act.

To reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, an infant should be placed to sleep on their ______

back

Carter has a sensory disorder in which he has difficulty understanding where his bodies is in relation to others. He frequently stands too close, leans unintentionally, or bumps into others. This spatial difficulty should be attributed to problems with the ________ lobes

parietal

When sensory stimulation is changing (for instance, seeing the same object at different distances), but perception of the physical world remains the same, an infant is experiencing

perceptual constancy

Which of the following studies specifically highlights that action can guide perception and perception can guide action

the visual cliff designed by Eleanor and James Gibson