Child Development Final

Which utterance is the MOST developmentally advanced? A. "Am reading book." B. "Read book." C. "Me read book." D. "Book!"

A. "am reading book."

Children typically succeed on false-belief problems by the age of _____ years. A. 5 B. 2 C. 3 D. 8

A. 5

At approximately what age do children tend to define their friends, to a greater extent, in terms of taking care of one's needs, reducing loneliness, and sharing feelings? A. 9 years old B. 11 years old C. 7 years old D. 5 years old

A. 9 years old

Which child is probably LEAST likely to exhibit adjustment problems? A. Christopher, whose parents are divorced and have low levels of conflict B. Charlie, whose parents are married and have high levels of conflict C. Gary, whose parents are divorced and have high levels of conflict D. Charlie and Gary are equally unlikely to exhibit adjustment problems.

A. Christopher, whose parents are divorced and have low levels of conflict

Which statement about self-locomotion is NOT true? Selected Answer: A. All infants begin self-locomotion with belly crawling. B. Infants typically begin to walk independently at approximately 11 to 12 months. C. Most belly crawlers shift to hands-and-knees crawling. D. Infants adjust their mode of self-locomotion according to their perception of the surface

A. all infants begin self-locomotion with belly crawling

Which statement qualifies as a hypothesis? Selected Answer: A. Children whose parents argue in their presence are more likely than other children to try illegal drugs. B. Which parental behaviors are associated with an increased likelihood of teenage illegal drug use? C. What are the differences between children whose parents argue in their presence and those whose parents do not argue in their presence? D. There are many differences between children whose parents argue in their presence and those whose parents do not argue in their presence.

A. children whose parents argue in their presence are more likely than other children to try illegal drugs

Over the life span, the density of synapses in a particular cortical area: A. continues to increase sharply after birth and shows some level of decrease with age. B. decreases at a steady rate after birth. C. continues to increase sharply after birth and then remains stable throughout life. D. increases at a stable rate throughout life.

A. continues to increase sharply after birth and shows some level of decrease with age

Which decision would be MOST likely to be considered by people in Western cultures to be a personal judgment? A. deciding whether to play soccer or baseball after school B. choosing whether or not to return a $10 bill dropped by a person standing ahead in line C. deciding whether to put one's napkin on one's lap or leave it on the table D. choosing whether or not to wear a tie to a formal restaurant

A. deciding whether to play soccer or baseball after school

The validity of a test refers to the: A. degree to which it measures what it is intended to measure. B. consistency of the test. C. level of agreement between different observers of the same behavior. D. extent to which two raters agree on its result

A. degree to which it measures what it is intended to measure

Lack of visual experience during _____ limits subsequent spatial development. A. early infancy B. adolescence C. toddlerhood D. childhood

A. early infancy

Cases where adults who were born blind and have surgery to restore sight have provided evidence that: A. early visual experience is important for full development of the ability to mentally represent space. B. individuals who are blind are better able to mentally represent space than those with normal vision. C. self-locomotion, even without visual input, is sufficient for perfect development of the ability to mentally represent space. D. the stream of visual information that accompanies self-locomotion is important for an individual's current sense of space only.

A. early visual experience is important for full development of the ability to mentally represent space

Swaddling is considered a(n): A. effective method of soothing a crying baby. B. type of colic. C. form of child abuse.

A. effective method of soothing a crying baby

Myelination and increased connectivity among brain regions contribute to which development with age? A. faster processing B. better encoding C. more selective attention D. more frequent rehearsal

A. faster processing

Kohlberg's concept of gender constancy involves the understanding that: A. gender is consistent even when superficial changes occur. B. gender is stable over time. C. one is a member of one gender category or another. D. gender is determined by sex chromosomes.

A. gender is consistent even when superficial

Which motivation is NOT a characteristic of altruistic behavior? A. generally performed in exchange for social approval B. inspired by empathy C. motivated by the desire to behave consistently with one's conscience D. inspired by sympathy

A. generally performed in exchange for social approval

Which sequence CORRECTLY lists the periods of prenatal development in the correct developmental progression? A. germinal, embryonic, fetal B. embryonic, germinal, fetal C. zygotic, embryonic, germinal D. zygotic, germinal, fetal

A. germinal, embryonic, fetal

Compared with nonfriends, preschool-age friends have _____ levels of conflict, and their conflict is resolved _____ equitably. A. greater; more B. lower; more C. lower; less D. greater; less

A. greater; more

Which emotion at age 22 months predicts morality at age 54 months? A. guilt B. fear C. sadness D. joy

A. guilt

Sam and his mother are building a wooden box, using a hammer and nails. If Sam's mother would like to teach him how to hammer a nail, which behavior would NOT be considered high-quality social scaffolding? A. hammering all of the nails in while Sam watches B. explaining to Sam how to hold the hammer C. demonstrating to Sam how to hammer the nail into the board D. holding the nail while Sam hammers

A. hammering all of the nails in while Sam watches

A child in which of Piaget's stages of moral development does NOT take intentions into account when determining whether a behavior is moral or immoral? A. heteronomous morality of constraint B. autonomous morality C. conventional level D. transitional period

A. heteronomous morality of constraint

Aggression in elementary school children is MOST commonly: A. hostile. B. instrumental. C. biochemical. D. aggravated.

A. hostile

Smoking by pregnant women does NOT contribute to _____ in the unborn child. A. increased risk of FASD B. increased risk of SIDS C. slowed fetal growth D. decreased IQ

A. increased risk of FASD

Which statement about individuals' contributions to their own development is TRUE? A. Individuals' active contributions to their own development strengthen as they age. B. Most individuals rarely actively contribute to their own development. C. Infants are incapable of actively contributing to their own development. D. Individuals' active contributions to their own development weaken as they age.

A. individuals' active contributions to their own developmental strengthen as they age

Which statement about the development of an auditory spatial map is NOT true? A. It is entirely a result of maturation. B. It is a mental representation of how sounds are organized in space. C. It requires integration of auditory information and information from what infants see and touch. D. It is important for auditory localization.

A. it is entirely a result of maturation

1 out of 1 points Claudia, a 10-month-old baby, and her mother are playing. Claudia's mother looks up at the ceiling fan and says, "Claudia, look at the fan. Around and around it goes!" Claudia notices that her mother is looking up, so Claudia looks up at the fan as well. Claudia and her mother are engaging in: A. joint attention. B. social referencing. C. guided participation. D. social scaffolding.

A. joint attention

Variables U and W have a correlation of -.86. If it is known that Keira has a low score on U, which statement would be the BEST prediction about her score on W? A. Keira is likely to have a high score on W. B. Keira is likely to have a low score on W. C. Keira's score on W is likely to be higher than her score on U. D. Keira's score on W cannot be predicted from her score on U.

A. keira is likely to have a high score on W

Which statement about the long-term outcomes for low-birth-weight babies in comparison to babies of normal weight is NOT true? A. Low-birth-weight babies have a decreased level of medical complications, lower rates of neurosensory deficits, and reduced illness rates. B. The majority of low-birth-weight babies end up similar to normal-weight babies in the long term. C. Low-birth-weight babies are more likely to be hyperactive. D. Low-birth-weight babies are more likely to have trouble with peer relations.

A. low-birth-weight babies have a decreased level of medical complications, lower rates of neurosensory deficits, and reduced illness rates

Sex-linked disorders associated with the X chromosome are: A. more likely to affect males. B. a result of fragile X syndrome. C. more likely to affect females. D. equally likely to affect males and females.

A. more likely to affect males

Concern with _____ is characteristic of the LEAST advanced level of prosocial reasoning. A. one's own interests B. physical needs of others C. others' approval D. guilt or positive emotions related to the consequences of one's behavior

A. one's own interests

The term gender is conventionally used to refer to: A. one's social categorization as male or female. B. one's genetically specified category as male or female. C. behaviors associated with being male or female. D. biological processes involving hormones.

A. one's social categorization as male or female

Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behavior. Trina's parents would likely be classified as: A. permissive. B. authoritarian. C. authoritative. D. uninvolved

A. permissive

Younger people can generally recover from brain damage to a greater extent than can adults because of: A. plasticity and timing. B. timing and experience. C. reorganization and experience. D. plasticity and experience.

A. plasticity and timing

The term used for the social class measure based on income and education is: A. socioeconomic status. B. culture. C. sociocultural context. D. race.

A. socioeconomic status

Which level of category hierarchies is the MOST specific? A. subordinate B. basic C. supersubordinate D. superordinate

A. subordinate

The relationship between nature and nurture on developmental outcomes can BEST be described by which statement? A. There is a bidirectional interaction between nature and nurture that influences developmental outcomes. B. Nurture is more influential on developmental outcomes than nature. C. Nature is more influential on developmental outcomes than nurture. D. There is no relationship between nature nor nurture on developmental outcomes.

A. there is a bidirectional interaction between nature and nurture that influences developmental outcomes

Kohlberg proposed that children learn about how to behave according to their gender because: A. they actively seek out same-gender models. B. they spend more time with members of the same sex. C. their brains are structured to attend more to gender-appropriate objects and activities. D. they are treated differently by parents and teachers based on their gender.

A. they actively seek out same-gender models

Which example illustrates overregularization? A. using the word "gooses" B. using the word "elbow" to refer to a knee C. calling a rabbit "wabbit" D. referring to all four-legged animals as "doggie"

A. using the word "gooses"

Differences in which factor are considered to be the source of the different pattern of moral reasoning shown by individuals in non-Western societies? A. values B. socioeconomic status C. biology D. education

A. values

Children's choices of friends exhibit which pattern? A. "Absence makes the heart grow fonder." B. "Birds of a feather flock together." C. "Easy come, easy go." D. "Opposites attract."

B. "birds of a feather flock together."

Kevin and his mother are playing with a squeaky toy. Kevin's mother squeezes the toy in front of him and then hides it under a blanket. Kevin has fun finding the toy under the blanket and then giving it back to his mother. After several rounds of this game, Kevin's mother hides the toy behind a pillow instead of under the blanket. Rather than looking behind the pillow, however, Kevin lifts the blanket to look for the toy. What age is Kevin MOST likely to be? A. 13 months B. 9 months C. 7 months D. 15 months

B. 9 months

Deficits in communication are one of the diagnostic criteria for: A. deafness. B. autism spectrum disorder. C. Down syndrome. D. fragile-X syndrome.

B. autism spectrum disorder

About two-thirds of miscarriages occur: A. immediately following fertilization. B. before it is clinically detectable. C. within the first 6 months of gestation. D. prior to implantation

B. before it is clinically detectable

During Piaget's transitional period, children: A. become more susceptible to influences by their peers as to what is right and wrong. B. begin to value fairness. C. demonstrate greater respect for adults' impressions of morality. D. become more concrete in their thinking.

B. begin to value fairness

With which assertion is social identity theory consistent? A. Boys and girls will endorse gender stereotypes to the same degree. B. Boys are more likely than girls to endorse gender stereotypes. C. Girls and boys will rarely endorse gender stereotypes. D. Girls are more likely than boys to endorse gender stereotypes.

B. boys are more likely than girls to endorse gender stereotypes

The neural tube develops into the: A. digestive system. B. brain and spinal cord. C. internal organs. D. inner layers of skin.

B. brain and spinal cord

Which statement about children who are exposed to two languages from birth is NOT true? A. Children exposed to two languages tend to perform better than monolingual children on cognitive measures. B. Children exposed to two languages often confuse the grammar of the two languages. C. Children exposed to two languages correctly use the phonological systems of each language to pronounce words in that language and not words in the other language. D. Children exposed to two languages may appear to lag behind monolingual children on some language measures.

B. children exposed to two languages often confuse the grammar of the two languages

The cognitive perspective on gender development is concerned with: A. differences in brain functioning between girls and boys. B. children's efforts to socialize themselves. C. parents' and teachers' unintentional socialization of children. D. general socialization practices.

B. children's efforts to socialize themselves

In regard to the chromosomes that parents pass on to their offspring, parents pass on: A. exact copies of their chromosomes to their offspring, except when a mutation occurs in the offspring's genes. B. chromosomes that are constituted differently than their own because of random assortment and crossing over. C. exact copies of their chromosomes to their offspring. D. exact copies of their chromosomes to their offspring, but the genes are expressed differently because of patterns of dominance.

B. chromosomes that are constituted differently than their own because of random assortment and crossing over

The view that BEST represents information-processing theories is of the child as: A. product of evolution. B. computational system. C. social being. D. scientist.

B. computational system

Austin is presented with the pendulum problem described in the text. He begins his experiments with the belief that the heaviness of the weight is the most important factor, tests his belief with unsystematic experiments, and concludes that his belief is accurate even though no clear conclusion could be drawn. Austin is in Piaget's _____ stage. A. preoperational B. concrete operational C. formal operational D. sensorimotor

B. concrete operational

The extent to which two variables are related is referred to as their: A. relativity. B. correlation. C. coefficient. D. causal direction.

B. correlation

If an individual is heterozygous for a trait, he has inherited two _____ allele(s) for that trait. A. of the same B. different C. recessive D. dominant

B. different

_____ is an example of a symbolic activity. A. Helping to make cookies B. drawing a picture C. Going to a restaurant D. Listening to music

B. drawing a picture

Which piece of evidence is the LEAST convincing for the critical-period hypothesis? A. Adults are more likely than are children to experience permanent language impairment from brain damage. B. Genie's language ability never fully developed. C. Different neural mechanisms are used to process a second language by individuals who learned the second language in infancy and those who learned a second language after puberty. D. The most proficient English speakers among immigrants to the United States were those who began learning English before age 7.

B. genie's language ability never fully developed

When a infant grabs at Grandpa's bushy eyebrows and won't let go, it is due to _______. A. Infants like the color gray B. Grasp Reflex C. Moro Reflex D. Infant is trying to pull Grandpa closer to see him

B. grasp reflex

Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender-role development is particularly concerned with: A. parents' differential reinforcement of gender-appropriate and -inappropriate behavior. B. how gender knowledge develops. C. the contexts in which girls and boys develop differently. D. biologically based sex differences

B. how gender knowledge develops

The finding that identical twins reared together are more similar in intelligence than are identical twins reared apart is evidence for the: A. importance of genetic factors. B. importance of environmental factors. C. interplay between genes and environment. D. all of these.

B. importance of environmental factors

The emergence of theories such as those of Freud and Watson in the early twentieth century reflected the: A. rise of young children as paid laborers in factories and mines. B. incorporation of research findings into the study of child development. C. desire of editors at universities to find suitable articles to print in professional journals. D. increasing influence of early philosophical views of childhood.

B. incorporation of research findings into the study of child development

Which statement about human mothers' milk is NOT true? A. It contains fatty acids that have a positive effect on IQ. B. It contains beneficial bacteria. C. It is nutritionally superior to formula. D. It contains the mother's antibodies.

B. it contains beneficial bacteria

Which statement expresses a disadvantage of naturalistic observation? A. Memory of participants for past events is often inaccurate and incomplete. B. It has a limited value for studying infrequent behaviors. C. It can feel artificial to the participants. D. Reports are often biased to reflect favorably on the participants.

B. it has a limited value for studying infrequent behaviors

Which statement is an example of a symbolic representation? A. Alicia tells her mother she wants to be a doctor when she grows up. B. Jared puts a bowl on his head and tells his father he has on a firefighter's helmet. C. Lucas watches his grandmother remove the top from a container and then tries to take it off himself the following day. D. Tricia sees her father's shoes and is able to think of her father, even though he is out of view.

B. jared puts a bowl on his head and tells his father he has on a firefighter's helmet

On the subject of growth, preschoolers believe that: A. inanimate things can grow in the same manner as living things. B. living things can only grow larger. C. living things can grow both larger and smaller. D. animals but not plants can grow larger.

B. living things can only grow larger

Children's general knowledge about vehicles is an example of information stored in _____ memory. A. short-term B. long-term C. working D. sensory

B. long-term

Which trend tends NOT to be true of middle-childhood cliques? A. Members who are central to the clique are likely to be cooperative and studious. B. Membership is stable over the long term. C. Members are similar in their degree of academic motivation. D. Members are of the same sex and race.

B. membership is stable over the long term

A method for combining the results from independent studies to determine a general conclusion on the topic is known as: A. cross-sectional design. B. meta-analysis. C. longitudinal design. D. factor analysis.

B. meta-analysis

A structured understanding of how desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior is referred to as a theory of: A. psychology. B. mind. C. behavior. D. thought.

B. mind

Which statement about the process of myelination is true? Selected Answer: A. Myelination occurs in a similar pattern in humans and chimpanzees. B. Myelination begins in the brain before birth and continues into early adulthood. C. Myelination begins at the cortex and moves down into the brain stem. D. Cortical areas become myelinated at approximately the same rates.

B. myelination begins in the brain before birth and continues into early adulthood

Which statement about the effect of child care on parent‒child attachment is TRUE? A. Overall, children in child care tend to be more securely attached than children who are not in childcare. B. Only when there are other risk factors is extensive childcare associated with less secure attachments. C. Overall, children in child care tend to be less securely attached than children who are not in child care. D. In terms of maternal attachment, infants tend to do better in center-based childcare than they do in other types of nonparental care.

B. only when there are other risk factors is extensive childcare associated with less secure attachments

Piaget's theory suggests that in order to help their students learn, teachers should: A. make learning a cooperative activity. B. provide an environment that can be actively experienced by children. C. ensure that children's existing knowledge does not interfere with learning new concepts. D. do task analysis to determine children's specific difficulties.

B. provide an environment that can be actively experienced by children

The biological processes involved in differences between males and females are referred to as relating to: A. gender. B. sex. C. gender roles. D. gender typing.

B. sex

Which statement is NOT true regarding the use of spanking as a form of punishment? A. Spanking does not improve children's behavior. B. Spanking is an advised form of discipline in all countries around the world. C. Spanking increases children's risk for a range of negative outcomes. D. Spanking is linked with negative outcomes across cultural groups.

B. spanking is an advised form of discipline in all countries around the world

Trains, boats, and buses are members of the same _____ category. A. causal B. superordinate C. perceptual D. subordinate

B. superordinate

Which statement about synapses is TRUE? A. Synapses conduct electrical signals away from the cell body. B. Synapses are the connections between neurons. C. Synapses contain DNA. D. Synapses keep the neuron functioning.

B. synapses are the connections between neurons

Which factor(s) is/are a direct contributor to a child's phenotype? A. the parents' genotypes B. the child's genotype and environment C. the child's environment D. the child's genotype and the parents' phenotypes

B. the child's genotype and environment

A father puts his 5-month-old infant in his crib and then leaves the room. With which statement would Piaget be MOST likely to agree? A. The infant knows that his father still exists but does not know how to get his father to come back to his room. B. The infant fails to comprehend that his father still exists. C. The infant knows that his father still exists but cannot remember what his father looks like. D. The infant can mentally represent his father.

B. the infant fails to comprehend that his father still exists

Which statement is NOT a reason why developmental psychologists find theories of child development useful? A. Theories motivate new research. B. Theories provide definitive answers to key questions about child development. C. Theories provide frameworks for understanding important phenomena. D. Theories raise fundamental questions about human nature.

B. theories provide definitive answers to key questions about child development

A researcher is interested in examining whether offering children candy as an incentive to share will increase preschoolers' sharing behavior. A group of preschoolers is brought into the laboratory to play with some interesting toys. The preschoolers are split into two groups through random assignment. Group A is told that they will get candy each time they share, and group B is not told anything about candy or sharing. Results indicate that preschoolers in group A share more than do preschoolers in group B, and the researcher concludes that offering children candy for sharing caused the children in group A to share more. Which statement BEST describes a possible limitation of this study? A. There may be a third-variable problem. B. These findings may not generalize beyond the laboratory setting. C. Children in group A may have been naturally kinder than were children in group B. D. Causation cannot be inferred from this type of study

B. these findings may not be generalized beyond the laboratory setting

Toddler Arielle sees a baby being tickled by a boy and hears her mother say, "The boy is tickling the baby." Arielle, who has never heard anyone use the word "tickling," is MOST likely: A. to believe that "tickling" refers to what the baby did. B. to believe that "tickling" refers to what the boy did. C. to know that the word "tickling" is relevant to the scene she has just witnessed, but not be able to determine whether "tickling" refers to what the boy did, what the baby did, or what the two of them did together. D. not to consider what the word "tickling" refers to, as young children are unable to determine the meaning of a word after a single exposure.

B. to believe that "tickling" refers to what the boy did

In distinguishing between males and females, infants appear NOT to be able to understand: A. that males and females tend to have different vocal pitches. B. what it means to be male or female. C. that females and males tend to have different hairstyles. D. that female voices go with female faces and male voices go with male faces.

B. what it means to be male or female

When is parental discipline effective? A. when the child engages in a preferred behavior. B. when the child stops engaging in an undesirable misbehavior and engages in a preferred behavior C. when the child neither stops engaging in an undesirable misbehavior nor engages in a preferred behavior D. when the child stops engaging in an undesirable misbehavior

B. when the child stops engaging in an undesirable misbehavior and engages in a preferred behavior

Which phrase is LEAST likely to be spoken by a child in the telegraphic speech phase? A. "more cup" B. "up me" C. "a dog" D. "baby sleep"

C. "a dog"

Imagine this prosocial moral dilemma: "On his way to school, a boy named Freddie sees another boy fall in the mud and start to cry. The boy says he hurt himself and asks Freddie to help him up, but Freddie is worried that if he helps him, he will get himself all muddy. What should Freddie do?" Which response would be categorized into Kohlberg's stage of preconventional moral reasoning? A. "Freddie should not help the boy because he will get dirty, and he doesn't want to get dirty." B. "Freddie should help because the boy is hurt." C. "Freddie should not help because his teacher will think he is bad if he gets to school all dirty." D. "Freddie should help because he will feel bad if the boy is hurt and he doesn't help him."

C. "freddie should not help because his teacher will think he is bad if he gets to school all dirty."

Which statement constitutes conventional moral reasoning? A. "I shouldn't do that because I will get caught and I don't want to be punished." B. "I shouldn't do that because it won't do me much good." C. "I shouldn't do that because it is my responsibility to fulfill my duties." D. "I shouldn't do that because it is not in the best interest of society."

C. "i shouldn't do that because it won't do me much good."

On average, Western newborns spend _____ hours sleeping and _____ hour(s) crying. Answers: A. 12; 2 B. 12; 1 C. 16; 2 D. 16; 1

C. 16;2

The brain and lungs are well enough developed by the _____ week that the fetus has a chance of surviving on its own without medical intervention. A. 34th B. 37th C. 28th D. 14th

C. 28th

In which group are youth's adjustment and problem behaviors MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce? A. college-age youth B. older children C. adolescents D. younger children

C. adolescents

Newborns considered to be premature are those born _____, whereas those considered to be small for gestational age are those born _____. A. at 35 weeks or earlier; weighing substantially less than normal for their age B. underweight; weighing less than 5.5 pounds C. at 37 weeks or earlier; weighing substantially less than normal for their age D. at 35 weeks or earlier; weighing less than 5.5 pounds

C. at 37 weeks or earlier; weighing substantially less than normal for their age

Which statement about statistical learning and perceptual learning is TRUE? A. Both statistical learning and perceptual learning involve learning from events that always occur simultaneously. B. Statistical learning involves learning from the regularity in the environment, and perceptual learning involves learning from the irregular events that occur in the environment. C. Both statistical learning and perceptual learning involve learning from the regularity in the environment. D. Statistical learning involves learning from events that always occur simultaneously, and perceptual learning involves learning from events that sometimes occur simultaneously.

C. both statistical learning and perceptual learning involve learning from the regularity in the environment

When an expected form of sensory input is absent, the areas of the brain that normally would have become specialized as a result of that experience typically: A. continue to strengthen their synapses until some low level of the sensory input can be perceived. B. die off. C. can be reorganized to serve another function. D. interfere with other areas of the brain that are serving related functions.

C. can be organized to serve another function

The study that involved interviewing individuals who had rescued Jews from the Nazis in Europe during World War II demonstrated that, compared to "bystanders," "rescuers" were more likely to recall their parents as having taught them the importance of: A. ethical obligations to family, church, and community. B. independence. C. caring for all human beings. D. economic competence.

C. caring for all human beings

Laura and Mark are new parents whose baby cries for three to four hours a day for no apparent reason. Laura and Mark have had their baby examined by a pediatrician who was unable to find any medical reason for the excessive crying. Laura and Mark's baby appears to be suffering from: A. fetal alcohol syndrome. B. cocaine withdrawal. C. colic. D. neglect.

C. colic

Jenny watches her big brother climb from the couch to the coffee table, a behavior she has never attempted herself. The next day, Jenny climbs up on the couch and then over to the coffee table. Jenny's behavior is referred to as: A. post-observation modeling. B. symbolic representation. C. deferred imitation. D. replication.

C. deferred imitation

Older infants are able to reason from: A. both observation of others' goal-directed actions and expectations of others' knowledge. B. observation of others' goal-directed actions. C. expectations of others' knowledge. D. neither observation of others' goal-directed actions nor expectations of others' knowledge.

C. expectations of others' knowledge

Evolutionary psychologists would be likely to view gender differences in mating habits as due to: A. gender differences in intelligence. B. differences in the roles society imposes on men and women. C. fundamental gender differences in what is necessary to have viable, successful offspring. D. observational learning during childhood.

C. fundamental gender differences in what is necessary to have viable, successful offspring

Gender schema theory proposes that gender differences have to do with children's tendency to: Selected Answer: A. identify with the same-sex parent as a result of a sexual attraction toward the opposite-sex parent. B. be reinforced and rewarded for displaying gender-appropriate behaviors. C. gather information about the appropriate objects and behavior for their own sex to the detriment of the objects and behavior of the opposite sex. D. spend more time in gender-appropriate contexts.

C. gather information about the appropriate objects and behavior for their own sex to the detriment of the objects and behavior of the opposite sex

Identical twins Ilyse and Lauren both have a gene for trait H. The gene for trait H is expressed only when a child eats rice before the age of 2. Ilyse and Lauren are separated at birth, and Ilyse lives in Japan, where babies begin eating rice at an early age. Lauren lives in the United States, and she is not given rice before the age of 2. Ilyse develops trait H, whereas Lauren does not develop the trait. This is an example of: A. polygenic inheritance. B. the dominant-recessive pattern of inheritance. C. genotype-environment interaction. D. phenotypical variety.

C. genotype-environment interaction

Genetic influence in behavior genetics family studies is demonstrated by _____ correlations for higher degrees of _____ similarity. A. lower; genetic B. lower; environmental C. higher; genetic D. higher; environmental

C. higher; genetic

Which phrase does NOT describe a characteristic of babbling by older infants? A. repeated simple consonant-vowel combinations B. can be vocal or manual C. independent of experience D. similar rhythm and intonation patterns as native language

C. independent of experience

According to Piaget, the accomplishment that characterizes the first few months of life is infants' ability to: A. react to the world with reflexes. B. search for hidden objects. C. integrate reflexes into more complex behaviors. D. repeat others' actions long after they have occurred.

C. integrate reflexes into more complex behaviors

Which factor does NOT increase an adolescent's risk of becoming pregnant? A. having friends who are sexually active B. having an older adolescent sibling who is sexually active C. living with both biological parents D. having a mother who is cold and uninvolved

C. living with both biological parents

The MOST accurate statement about the effects of divorce on children is that divorce has effects on: A. a few child outcomes in the short term, but none in the long term. B. a few child outcomes in the short term, and many in the long term. CorrectC. many child outcomes, both in the short and long term. D. many child outcomes in the short term, but few in the long term.

C. many child outcomes, both in the short and long term

Mira, who is 8 years old, has loved animals since she was a preschooler, and she knows a lot of information about them. She takes a trip to the zoo with her friend Danielle. Danielle is 10 years old, and although she likes animals, she does not know nearly as much about them as Mira does. According to information-processing theories, who is likely to learn more from a guided tour by an animal expert, Mira or Danielle? A. Mira, because she is younger and has a more pliable memory structure B. Danielle, because she has so much more to learn C. Mira, because her higher level of knowledge enables her to have better memory for new information D. Danielle, because she is older and thus better able to remember things

C. mira, because her higher level of knowledge enables her to have better memory for new information

A commonsense understanding of oneself and other people is referred to as: A. an informal theory. B. theory of mind. C. naïve psychology. D. basic psychology.

C. naive psychology

Quiet sleep, active awake, alert awake, and drowsing are examples of: A. types of sleep. B. autostimulation. C. newborn states. D. none of these.

C. newborn states

Which statement about infants' ability to distinguish between speech sounds is TRUE? A. Babies must learn to distinguish between speech sounds as they learn which contrasts are important for their native language. B. Newborns can discriminate only between speech sounds they have heard before. C. Newborns possess an innate ability to discriminate between speech sounds they have never heard before. D. Babies gain the ability to distinguish between speech sounds that are not used in their native language as they mature.

C. newborns possess an innate ability to discriminate between speech sounds they have never heard before

At the end of her pregnancy, Joshua's mother's diet included a lot of ginger. It is MOST likely that newborn Joshua will: A. have no memory for the smell or taste of ginger because maternal diet does not affect prenatal experience. B. remember the smell and taste of ginger, but this memory will last only a week or two. C. remember the smell and taste of ginger well into his first year. D. have no memory for the smell or taste of ginger because fetal memory is very short lived.

C. remember the smell and taste of ginger well into his first year

Marked changes in physical development that have occurred over generations are referred to as: A. historical anomalies. B. generation-dependent plasticity. C. secular trends. D. growth disturbances.

C. secular trends

On average, do stepmothers or stepfathers appear to have more difficulty with their stepchildren? A. Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with neither having a great deal of difficulty. B. Stepfathers appear to have more difficulty. C. Stepmothers appear to have more difficulty. D. Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with both having a great deal of difficulty.

C. stepmothers appear to have more difficulty

Syntactic bootstrapping refers to children's use of the _____ as a cue to figure out the meaning of a novel word. A. grammatical category of a novel word B. contrastive use of a familiar and unfamiliar word C. structure of the whole sentence D. focus of adults' attention

C. structure of the whole sentence

Research has determined that this brain area is involved in emotional reactions. A. the hypothalamus B. the hippocampus C. the amygdala D. the pons

C. the amygdala

Which statement about school-based interventions designed to promote prosocial behavior is TRUE? A. They have some immediate benefits, but only within the classroom environment in which the intervention took place. B. They involve taking children out of their regular environments in order to make the empathy training more salient and seem more important. CorrectC. The enhanced sense of community is associated with greater prosocial behavior and fewer problem behaviors. D. They have only been attempted with advantaged European American children.

C. the enhanced sense of community is associated with greater prosocial behavior and fewer problem behaviors

An individual suffers brain damage to one small area of the brain. As a result, he struggles to process visual information. Which area has he MOST likely injured? A. the frontal lobe B. the corpus callosum C. the occipital lobe D. the parietal lobe

C. the occipital lobe

Jacob's dad often teaches his son how to make minor car repairs. According to social cognitive theory, this is an example of: A. modeling. B. enactive experience. C. tuition. D. collaboration.

C. tuition

The concept associated with the ability to learn only what new knowledge that is just outside of a child's current knowledge is called __________. A. Vygotsky's Ladder Rule B. McAulay's Approximate Knowledge Rule C. Zone of Proximal Development D. Piagat's Close Enough

C. zone of proximal developmental

Germ cells contain _____ chromosome pairs. Answers: A. 92 B. 49 C. 13 D. 23

D. 23

Amy and her father are playing with a squeaky toy. Amy's father is squeezing the toy in front of Amy. Amy is very excited and reaches for the toy. Amy's father, however, quickly hides the toy behind his back. At this point, Amy turns away from her father and begins to look at the ladybug design on her dress. Amy is probably approximately what age? A. 1 month B. 10 months C. 15 months D. 6 months

D. 6 months

Which scenario provides the BEST example of how children actively contribute to their own development? A. Bree's parents are both highly educated and surround her with books and puzzles, leading Bree to be an intellectually curious child. B. Analisa's mother's anxiety about her daughter's academic success causes Analisa to panic whenever she takes an exam. C. Joshua's bright blue eyes cause strangers to shower him with attention, which influence his wariness around strangers. D. Manny's quiet nature influences him to seek out other quiet children, with whom he plays quiet games, and to stay away from the more rambunctious children in his class

D. Manny's quiet nature influences him to seek out other quiet children, with whom he plays quiet games, and to stay away from the more rambunctious children in his class

Nativists differ from empiricists in that nativists believe that children are born with: A. the ability to remember. B. a sense of the concept of vehicle. C. the ability to form associations. D. a sense of the concept of time.

D. a sense of the concept of time

Which statement can help explain why children tend to lie about transgressions as they get older? A. As they get older, they are more apt to imagine negative consequences for their actions. B. Research has not determined that children tend to lie about transgressions as they get older. C. As they get older, they are better able to generate ways of avoiding negative consequences. D. As they get older, they are more apt to imagine negative consequences for their actions and are better able to generate ways of avoiding them.

D. as they get older, they are more apt to imagine negative consequences for their actions and are better able to generate ways of avoiding them

Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, "I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage." Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as: A. uninvolved. B. authoritative. C. permissive. D. authoritarian.

D. authoritarian

Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, antisocial behavior, and self-confidence? A. permissive B. authoritarian C. uninvolved D. authoritative

D. authoritative

Which statement about autism spectrum disorder is TRUE? A. Approximately 1 in 1500 8-year-old children in the United States have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. B. It is clear that the cause of autism spectrum disorder is solely genetic. C. It is likely that autism spectrum disorder is caused by the MMR vaccine. D. Autism spectrum disorder is known to be highly heritable.

D. autism spectrum disorder is known to be highly heritable

According to Piaget, a child whose moral reasoning involves which thought is in the EARLIEST stage of moral development? A. understanding that rules can be changed if a majority in the group decides to change them B. focusing on being obedient to authorities and avoiding pubishment. C. consideration of individuals' motives and intentions D. believing that behaviors that break rules are bad and behaviors that follow rules are good

D. believing that behaviors that break rules are bad and behaviors that follow rules are good

Which statements about the support provided to school-age children by friends is not true? A. Children who do not have friends fare just as well as those that do. B. Having friendships, regardless of the quality, is a significant buffer against loneliness. C. Friends' ability to provide children with support in unfamiliar situations begins at approximately age 9. D. Chronic friendlessness is associated with depression.

D. chronic friendlessness is associated with depression

An experimenter shows a child two clay "sausages" that are identical in size and shape and then allows the child to watch as she rolls one of the clay sausages into a longer, thinner sausage. The experimenter then asks the child whether the two clay sausages still contain the same amount of clay. This experiment was designed to examine: A. object permanence. B. symbolic representations. C. egocentrism. D. conservation.

D. conservation

Jacob and his mother are driving home from school. Jacob, who is sitting in the back seat behind his mother, is telling a story about his foot getting hurt. Of course, his mother, who is driving, cannot see his foot, but Jacob keeps pointing to his foot, saying, "Mommy, see where I have my boo-boo?" Jacob is suffering from: A. poor symbolic representations. B. a lack of conservation. C. centration. D. egocentrism.

D. egocentrism

Arnold sees that another child has forgotten his lunch and is crying. Arnold feels like crying. Arnold is MOST likely experiencing: A. conscience. B. altruism. C. sympathy. D. empathy.

D. empathy

Gina and Margaret are pregnant at the same time. Gina's fetus is quite active throughout the day, whereas Margaret's fetus is rather inactive. Which explanation would be the BEST guess as to how active their infants will be? A. There is no way to predict postnatal activity level from prenatal activity level, so no guess can be made about the infants' activity levels. B. Gina's infant and Margaret's infant will probably be similar in activity level, as all infants have similar levels of activity. C. Margaret's infant is likely to be more active than is Gina's infant. D. Gina's infant is likely to be more active than is Margaret's infant.

D. gina's infant is likely to be more active than is Margaret's infant

Janelle is the parent of a low-birth-weight infant. It is MOST likely that her baby will: A. meet developmental milestones at predictable times. B. need excessive stimulation, which Janelle will have to work hard to provide. C. smile at her at approximately 6 weeks of age. D. have more trouble falling asleep and waking up than a typical baby.

D. have more trouble falling asleep and waking up than a typical baby

Which scenario is an example of guided participation? A. Mark's teacher asks a few of his classmates if Mark can play on the playground with them. B. Jabar's mother holds his block tower steady so that she can place a final block on top while Jabar watches. C. Tessa's grandfather gives her explicit instructions on how to kick a soccer ball with the side of her foot. D. Jason's mother holds the screwdriver in the screw so that he can turn it without it falling out.

D. jason's mother holds the screwdriver in the screw so that he can turn it without it falling out

When two or more people focus intentionally on the same referent what has occurred? A. intersubjectivity B. a sense of self C. understanding intention D. joint attention

D. joint attention

On which statement would nativists and empiricists NOT agree? A. Infants have an understanding of rudimentary spatial concepts. B. Self-locomotion promotes processing of spatial information. C. Certain parts of the brain are specialized for coding certain types of spatial information. D. Language and other cultural tools shape spatial development.

D. language and other cultural tools shape spatial development

Which adolescent is MOST likely to be negatively influenced by the peer group? A. Todd, whose culture has family sanctions against delinquent behavior B. Gerry, whose parents exhibit an authoritative style C. Oscar, whose parents are responsive D. Mica, who has a distant relationship with his mother

D. mica, who has a distant relationship with his mother

In comparison with girls, there appears to be _____variability among boys in the ways they experience closeness in friendships. A. less B. no C. the same level of D. more

D. more

Devon has just begun to use objects to stand for other objects. For instance, his current favorite game is to pretend to play guitar on a toy golf club. Devon is probably in Piaget's _____ stage. A. concrete operational B. sensorimotor C. formal operations D. preoperational

D. preoperational

Compared with children of heterosexual parents, children of gay and lesbian parents are: A. more likely to be gay or lesbian themselves. B. less popular. C. more poorly adjusted. D. pretty much the same.

D. pretty much the same

Which element is a key factor in preschoolers' choices of friends? A. similarity of interests B. race of child C. popularity D. proximity

D. proximity

Cole was born with nonfunctioning hands and must use his feet for most tasks that are typically done with one's hands. Considering experience-expectant plasticity, the MOST likely thing that will happen to the area of Cole's cortex that would normally process sensory information from the hands is that the area will: A. interfere with the functioning of nearby areas of the brain. B. atrophy as a result of synaptic pruning. C. disintermediate. D. reorganize to process sensory information from his feet

D. reorganize to process sensory information from his feet

Which statement about the levels of genetic similarity of identical twins, same-sex fraternal twins, and other same-sex sibling pairs is TRUE? A. Same-sex fraternal twins are less genetically similar than are identical twins and more genetically similar than are other same-sex sibling pairs. B. Identical twins, same-sex fraternal twins, and other same-sex sibling pairs all have equal levels of genetic similarity. C. Same-sex fraternal and identical twins have an equal level of genetic similarity, and they are both more genetically similar than are other same-sex sibling pairs. D. Same-sex fraternal twins and other same-sex sibling pairs have an equal level of genetic similarity, and they are both less genetically similar than are identical twins.

D. same-sex fraternal twins and other same-sex sibling pairs have an equal level of genetic similarity, and they are both less genetically similar than are identical twins

In comparison with the brains of males, the brains of females have: A. greater hemispheric specialization. B. less dense nerve connections in the area of the brain associated with linguistic processing. C. a larger area of the brain associated with processing spatial information. D. small differences in physical structure.

D. small differences in physical structure

Which factor is NOT an enduring theme in the study of child development? A. continuity and discontinuity B. nature and nurture C. individual differences in development D. stress and adaptation

D. stress and adaptation

Infant preferences based on prenatal experience have been demonstrated for: A. smells. B. flavors. C. sounds. D. taste.

D. taste

Which factor plays a central role in determining which of the brain's synapses will be eliminated and which will be maintained? A. their genetic potential B. random variability C. sensitive periods D. the frequency with which they are activated

D. the frequency with which they are activated

Which statement about the "survival of the fittest" principle and conception is TRUE? A. The eggs that manage to reach the sperm are likely to be healthy, as eggs with serious defects tend to be unable to reach the sperm. B. This principle applies only to the process of egg release from the fallopian tube, not to the other processes involved in conception. C. This principle does not come into play until a child is born. D. The sperm that manage to reach the egg are likely to be healthy, as sperm with serious defects tend to be unable to reach the egg.

D. the sperm that manage to reach the egg are likely to be healthy, as sperm with serious defects tend to be unable to reach the egg

Which factor is NOT part of the social knowledge of a typical 15-month-old? A. the ability to make inferences about what other people will do based on knowledge of what the person knows B. an understanding that human behavior often has a purpose. C. an understanding that human behavior is goal-directed D. the understanding that humans and not inanimate objects can have intentions and goals

D. the understanding that humans and not inanimate objects can have intentions and goals

The clique to which adolescents belong is _____; the crowd to which adolescents belong is _____. A. their choice; their choice B. assigned to them by their peer group; their choice C. assigned to them by their peer group; assigned to them by their peer group D. their choice; assigned to them by their peer group

D. their choice; assigned to them by their peer group

Which statement about older fathers, in comparison to younger fathers, is NOT true? A. They are more likely to provide a moderate amount of child care. B. They are more likely to be affectionate with their infants. C. They are more likely to be cognitively stimulating with their infants. CorrectD. They are more likely to have traditional beliefs about the paternal role in parenting.

D. they are more likely to have traditional beliefs about the paternal role in parenting

At what age are children capable of showing preference for some children over others? A. infancy B. late childhood C. early childhood D. toddlerhood

D. toddlerhood

According to Kohlberg, individuals at the most advanced stage of moral reasoning believe that morally right behavior involves: A. upholding laws. B. obedience to authorities. C. doing what is expected by people close to the individual. CorrectD. universal principles of justice.

D. universal principles of justice