Child Development

What is an example of telegraphic speech?

"Want cookie." Instead of... "I want a cookie."

By age _____, an infant's vision is similar to that of an adult.

1 year

Breast milk is almost always the best food for newborns and is recommended for at least the first _____ months.

12

Newborn babies sleep an average of _____ hours per day.

18

During early childhood, youngsters grow _____ inches per year

2 to 3

First-grade teachers have found that by the age of 6, their students typically have a spoken vocabulary of _____ words.

2,600

Most children speak in two-word sentences by the age of _____ months.

24

By _____ months of age, babies can tell the difference between a male and female face.

3

During Substage _____, babies repeat actions that result in exciting or pleasurable outcomes.

3

A clear preference for handedness is usually evident by _____ months of age.

36

The human gestational period is approximately _____ weeks in length.

38

Ayahs can dress herself with help, cut along a line, draw a fairly complete person, and fold paper into a double triangle. Given your knowledge of average fine motor skill development in early childhood, how old is Ayahs?

4

Bradley, age 20 months, is putting together a wooden puzzle. As he picks up each piece, he determines in which slot it belongs and carefully places the piece in the correct space. Bradley is in Substage ______.

6

Given the increased concern about obesity, many parents want to start their young children in sports to get them moving. According to your textbook, what is the youngest age at which parents should encourage their children to participate in an organized sport such as soccer or baseball?

6

The highest score on the Apgar scale is 10; more than 90% of normal infants receive a score of at least...

7

The average newborn weighs _____ pounds.

7 1/2

Personal exposure to radiation is most dangerous during...

8 to 15 weeks of gestation

Mollie, age 4, refused to go to sleep without her favorite rag doll. The family was up late because "Rag Doll Ruthie" had to finish in the wash cycle and spend a period of time in the dryer. "Ruthie" is an example of _____.

A Transitional Object

Esme says "light" to her father, and what she means is "look at the light." What do developmental psychologists call this type of speech?

A holophrase

Piaget believed that infants under the age of about 8 months did not have object permanence. Which of Amalia's behaviors most clearly demonstrates her lack of object permanence?

Amalia fails to look for her toy when it is hidden under a blanket.

Daniel begins crying before his mother leaves during the "Strange Situation." When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. Daniel appears to be _____.

Ambivalent

Simona is crying. She cries in a rhythmic pattern and focuses excess air through her vocal cords. Which pattern of crying is she most likely expressing?

Angry Cry

Renee pours a glass of milk for her doll, telling her mother that her doll is very thirsty. The attribution of life to a nonliving object is called _____.

Animism

Early mother-child interactions have a back-and-forth quality that is sometimes described as a "dance" between mother and baby. Now that Amalia is older, she expresses interactional synchrony by _____.

Answering questions and imitating sounds

What is the best way to characterize the attachment patterns of very young infants such as Colin?

Any adult will do as long as they are gentle and loving

Four-year-old Adam sees cows in a field. His mother points to the and says, "Cows." Later, Adam sees goats for the first time and calls them cows. Adam is demonstrating Piaget's concept of...

Assimilation

What is the best example of accommodation?

Atlas learns that he needs to shape his mouth differently when he is eating off a spoon than when he is drinking from a sippy cup.

Gretta and her mother have a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie. This emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver is called _____.

Attachment

Danielle is 7-years-old and is beginning to develop memories that will form her personal life history. These memories are specific and long lasting. They are _____ memories.

Autobiographical

Two-year-old Shoji insists on dressing herself even if her clothes do not match and are put on backwards. Shoji is in Erikson's stage of _____.

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

In Erikson's second psychosocial stage, the challenge is to develop _____ while avoiding the development of ______.

Autonomy; Shame and Doubt

Peter, age 1, rarely cries when his mother leaves him with a babysitter. When his mother returns, he seems angry and refuses to let her hold him. Peter's pattern of attachment would best be classified as _____.

Avoidant

Silvia spends hours saying "da-da-da-da." This is an example of _____.

Babbling

At two weeks of age, Amalia fans out her toes when the bottom of her foot is stroked, a reflex known as the ___________ reflex.

Babinski

Erikson's first stage in psychosocial development is ____.

Basic sense of Trust versus Mistrust

Bronfenbrenner's _____ approach examines how environmental factors interact and contribute to child development.

Bioecological

The establishment of basic sense of trust versus mistrust in a child's personality occurs between _____ of age.

Birth and 18 Months

As children age, they become better at regulating their emotions. Much of this increase in ability can be attributed to _____.

Brain development of the frontal lobe

Who developed the bioecological perspective of human development which including five interlocking contextual systems?

Bronfenbrenner

How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate?

By stimulating a reflexive response

Research on the fetal hearing indicates that fetuses...

Can differentiate between different tones

What newborn would have the highest Apgar score?

Carmela, who is coughing and crying, is pink, and has a rapid pulse.

Preoperational children tend to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others, leading to illogical conclusions. Piaget called this tendency _____.

Centration

Baby Kevin can accurately reach for a toy bat and grasp it in his hands, although he cannot yet stand on his feet. Only when he is older will he be able to control his legs well enough to stand. This pattern of development illustrates the _____ principle.

Cephalocaudal

The _____ principle explains why an embryo's head, brain, and eyes develop earliest and are disproportionately large until the other parts catch up.

Cephalocaudal

At birth, Amalia's head is quite large compared to the rest of her body. As she ages, her head becomes proportionately smaller as the lower parts of her body develop. This illustrates the _____.

Cephalocaudal Principle

Kathleen is in labor and is told by her physician that the baby's feet, rather than his head, are moving down the birth canal first. What type of delivery is likely to be performed?

Cesarean Delivery

Child Development is the scientific study of the processes that human beings undergo from the moment of conception through adolescence. The main focus of study is how children...

Change

According to Piaget, young children have difficulty with conservation of liquid because their attention is focused on the _____.

Change in appearance

Professor Hughes believes that students can better understand the developmental nature of behavior by studying human origins, both as a species and as individuals. Professor Hughes's belief is consistent with _______ view of child development.

Charles Darwin's

Emma loves to place her cheek on the window because it feels cool to the touch. She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has acquired a _____.

Circular Reaction

Two-year-old Monica was playing with a balloon when it popped in her face and frightened her. Now when she sees a balloon, she starts to cry. This type of learning is called _____.

Classical Conditioning

Three-year-old Austin is playing with his cars. He puts all red cars in one area and the rest of the cars in another area. This is an example of _____.

Classification

At age 1, Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words. Now, at 2 years of age, she has a vocabulary of over 100 words. Language development falls within the ______ domain.

Cognitive

At 24 weeks, Colin is able to sit up and play with a book, easily reaching across his visual midline and smoothly moving the book from one hand to the other. These actions demonstrate that _____.

Colin's two hemispheres are better able to communicate with each other and coordinate their actions

A child sees her lunch box and then feels hunger pangs. In this example, the hunger pangs are...

Conditioned Response (CR)

Timothy does not understand that transforming the shape of a liquid (by pouring it from one container into another) does not change the amount of liquid. This represents which limitation in preoperational thought?

Conservation

According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, attachment forms primarily as a result of ___.

Consistency of Responsiveness by the mother

A _____ is a specific time during development when a given event, or lack of an event, has the greatest impact.

Critical period

Esme, as most babies, begins to make certain types of vocalization in a standard order. What is the correct order of development?

Crying, Cooing, Babbling

Katherine grew up attending private Catholic schools. Each year at Christmas, she and her classmates decorated a tree in school and did the same at home. For Katherine's classmates and family, the tree decorating was a _________ event.

Cultural

Baby Elise is irritable, does not follow regular patterns of eating and sleeping, and has intense reactions to what goes on in her environment. Elise's temperament can be characterized as _____.

Difficult

Marcella smiles and greets her mother when she returns from a shopping trip but then looks away fearfully. She also seems afraid much of the time. Marcella's attachment patterns suggests that she is _____.

Disorganized-disoriented

Amalia's mother keeps her face still and does not respond to Amalia's smiles or eye contact. The reason that Amalia quickly becomes distressed is because this _____.

Disrupts Interactional Synchrony

A chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes is called...

Down syndrome

Emma, age 3, runs into the room to show her parents a picture she has drawn. While holding the paper with the drawing facing her, she says, "See my picture?" Her parents, able to see only the back of the paper, ask to see the drawing. Emma just holds the paper closer to them without turning it around. Emma's behavior demonstrates _____.

Egocentrism

The second stage of pregnancy occurs between 2 to 8 weeks after conception. During this stage, we refer to the organism as an...

Embryo

An unborn baby is often most vulnerable to prenatal environmental influences before a woman even realizes that she is pregnant. This vulnerability occurs during the _____ stage.

Embryonic

At which stage of gestation is exposure of the fetus to alcohol the most damaging?

Embryonic

Three-year-old Molly's family took her to the circus six months ago, and she still remembers meeting the clowns. What type of memory is Molly demonstrating?

Episodic

What is the best example of Esme's increased ability to regulate her emotions?

Esme doesn't cry despite being frustrated by being unable to balance the ball.

A group consisting of people united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origin is known as an...

Ethnic Group

Esme continues to learn new words and can now say "eyes" and "shoes." She is adding new words to her _____.

Expressive Vocabulary

Children of mothers who smoked during their pregnancies are at a higher-than-normal risk for all of the following EXCEPT...

Face and Limb Malformations

Fertilization usually takes place in the _____ as the ovum make the trip from the ovary to the uterus.

Fallopian tube

Yesterday, 5-year-old Josh heard his father say, "Water accumulates on the roof when it rains." It was the first time he had ever heard the word "accumulate." Today, Josh told his mother, "My toys accumulate in my room." Josh is exhibiting _____.

Fast Mapping

If a pregnant woman learns to use certain breathing techniques and muscle relaxation in response to a "coach," she is using the childbirth method developed by...

Fernand Lamaze

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is associated with...

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Yvonne has begun to experience uterine contractions that are causing her cervix to dilate. She is in the _____ stage of childbirth.

First

Rubella has the potential of damaging an unborn child during which period of pregnancy?

First 11 weeks

The _____ lobes are responsible for voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and purposeful actions.

Frontal

What is made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?

Genes

The correct order for the three prenatal stages is...

Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal

Child A's sex chromosomes are XX, and Child B's sex chromosomes are XY. Child A is a(n) ______ and Child B is a(n) _______.

Girl; Boy

Pedro has become proficient in kicking the soccer ball into the goal net. This ability relies on his _____ motor skills.

Gross

Baby Stephanie stops sucking her thumb to listen to a tone. She resumes sucking and stops again when the tone sounds again. Later, after the tone has been repeated a number of times, she ignores it. This is an example of _____.

Habituation

Harry's wife is pregnant with a child whose sex chromosome is XY. Harry and his wife are...

Having a Boy

Suzanne has brown eyes but also carries a gene for blue eyes. Suzanne is _____ for the trait of eye color.

Heterozygous

Derek says, "Wa," meaning "I want some water." This is an example of a _____.

Holophrase

Matu received identical genes for hair color from each of his parents. We would say that Matu is _____ for that trait.

Homozygous

Dan and Fiona have decided to utilize technology to overcome their infertility problems. They opt for a procedure in which a mature ovum is surgically removed, fertilized in a laboratory dish, and then implanted in the woman's uterus. This technique is called...

In Vitro Fertilization

Attachment is particularly important during which developmental period?

Infancy and Toddlerhood

Neo-Piagetian theories combine both Piagetian theory and the elements of _____ theory.

Information-processing

Ivan watches his mother take some clay from a small box. She rolls the clay into a long, thin shape. Ivan says, "But, Mommy, now the clay will not fit back in the box!" Ivan's statement illustrates _____.

Irreversibility

_____ is a communication system based on words and grammar and _____.

Language; Cognitive Development

When conservation tasks containing many pieces of information are modified , preschoolers are _____ likely to display illogical thinking.

Less

According to Piaget, preoperational children are not yet capable of _____.

Logical Thought

The most common cause of infertility in men is...

Low Sperm Production

If an infant inherits the gene for PKU, and it is left untreated, the result will be...

Mental Retardation

Doctors warn that smoking during pregnancy contributes to which of the following?

Miscarriage, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, and Low Birth Weight

The process of cell division that produces copies of cells with 46 chromosomes is called...

Mitosis

Now that Amalia is 3 years old, she is able to communicate her emotions to others and respond appropriately. This ability is known as _____.

Mutual Regulation

The process of coating neurons with a fatty substance to enable faster communication between cells is called...

Myelination

Jeremy has become interested in the interactions that children have with their parents in public places. He suspects that, when they are at the mall, children may interact differently with their fathers than they do with their mothers. He decides to watch the food court of a local mall and observe interaction patterns. Jeremy is using a _____ observation method.

Naturalistic

The first four weeks after a baby is born is known as the _____ period.

Neonatal

A few days after birth, a baby develops a yellowish tinge to the skin and the eyeballs. These symptoms indicate _____, which is due to immaturity of the _____.

Neonatal Jaundice; Liver

Doctors have found that increasing a woman's folic acid consumption by just 5 milligrams each day reduces the incidence of _____ by 85%.

Neural Tube Defects

_____ are cells in the brain that send and receive information.

Neurons

_____ bridge the gaps between synapses.

Neurotransmitters

What behaviors has led researchers to conclude that fetuses develop preferences for the kids of sounds they hear while in the womb?

Newborns prefer female voices to male voices.

Jack has occasionally been quite upset when he awakens in the morning. He tells his parents that he dreamed he was being chased by the large dog that lives down the street. Jack is experiencing _____.

Nightmares

Events that occur about the same age for people around the world, such as starting school, are called...

Normative age-graded influences

At 16 months, Esme has a limited vocabulary and still has difficulty pronouncing some words, but she is learning quickly. If she is like most babies, what types of words are likely to be easiest for her to learn?

Nouns

A two-generational kinship unit that shares household and economic resources and consists of one or two parents and their biological, adopted, or stepchildren is called a...

Nuclear Family

In Western Societies, the dominant traditional family structure is the _____ family, while in other societies such as Asian and Latin America, the _____ family is more traditional.

Nuclear; Extended

When baby Rowan looks in the direction of his mother and focuses on her face, he is activating the _____ lobes.

Occipital

According to Freud, children move through five stages of psychosexual development. The sequence of these stages is...

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital

Around the ages of 9 and 11 months, children develop the concept of more or less and bigger and smaller. This concept is called _____.

Ordinality

What is true of the Reggio Emilia Approach to early childhood education?

Originated in Italy post World War II, less formal model than Montessori, founding director was a social constructivist

Ginger, age 18 months, calls all four-legged animals "kitty." This is an example of which characteristic of children's early speech?

Overextending

Kelly, age 2 years, says "Brr! My feets are cold!" This is an example of _____.

Overregularization

Kari is very tall for her age. She has fewer friends than her average-sized classmates. This is an example of the interaction between which two types of development?

Physical and Psychosocial

Which aspects of development show plasticity?

Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Development

Abdul is growing up in a family where humor is important. He always tries to participate by telling his own jokes. They invariably lack humor and timing, but the family laughs along with him regardless. One day at the dinner table, tells a joke successfully for the first time, using intonations, timing, and humor. It appears that Abdul is developing _____.

Pragmatics

Research has linked the use of marijuana during pregnancy with...

Premature births, leukemia, and neurological disturbances in the infant

Every time Billy tries to open the kitchen cupboard, he gets his fingers pinched in the door. Eventually, Billy no longer tries to open the cupboard door. This is an example of...

Punishment

At two years of age, Felana's parent support her autonomy by _____.

Putting her art supplies in the bottom drawer so that she can reach them herself

Baby Joey is in the state of active sleep. This state of arousal corresponds most closely to _____ in adults.

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

The best way to respond to an infant who is crying is to _____.

Respond regularly with tender, soothing care

Often, a neonate is assessed using the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, which examines...

Responses to the environment, such as alertness, reflexes, and control.

According to Kellogg, 2-year-old Lucille's artwork that adorns the refrigerator is best characterized as _____.

Scribbling

Mary is in the delivery room giving birth to her first child. Her cervix has fully dilated, and the baby's head is just visible in the vaginal canal. Mary is in which stage of childbirth?

Second

Eight-month-old Gina finds that when she pulls on the cord at the side of her playpen, her jumping jack goes up and down. So she pulls it again. Gina is in the substage called _____.

Secondary Circular Reactions

Erikson's concept of trust is most similar to which attachment?

Secure Attachment

Embarrassment, envy, and empathy rely on the prior development of _____.

Self-awareness

During the sensorimotor stage, babies use their _____ to explore and understand their world.

Senses

Amalia is starting to understand object permanence and sometimes looks under the blanket to reach for the keys she is being offered. What stage of cognitive development would Piaget say she is in?

Sensorimotor

When 1-year-old Tommy's grandmother comes to his house to take care of him while his parents go out. Tommy starts to fuss and cry as his mother gets ready to leave. Tommy is demonstrating _____.

Separation Anxiety

The X and Y chromosomes are referred to as the...

Sex Chromosomes

In his drawings, Len no longer makes scribbles on the paper and has just started to make identifiable squares and circles. According to Kellogg, what stage of artistic development is Len displaying?

Shape

Esme seems to have developed a good attachment relationship with the important adults in her life. What consequence should this have for her future?

She will be likely to easily develop good relationships with peers

Bonnie has apparently awakened from a deep sleep. She is staring ahead and breathing quickly. When asked if she has had a bad dream, she does not answer but promptly lies back down and falls asleep. The next morning, she has no recollection of the experience. Bonnie experienced _____.

Sleep Terror

Lucy is a quiet infant who is mild in her responses, both positive and negative. She shows a distinct dislike for new situations, but eventually adjusts and enjoys new things. Thomas and Chess would classify Lucy as a _____ child.

Slow-to-warm up

James is playing with his toys when a stranger comes into the house. He feels uneasy about this stranger until he notices that his mother is smiling and talking to her. James then offers the stranger one of his toys. James is engaging in _____.

Social Referencing

What is the process by which children become responsible, productive members of societies?

Socialization

The Parkers have an 8-month-old infant, Tara, who cries when she first meets her mother's cousin. Tara is exhibiting _____.

Stranger Anxiety

When Atlas' parents encourage his attempts to learn how to crawl, they are _____.

Supporting his growing sense of autonomy

The tiny gaps that are the communication links in the nervous system are called...

Synapses

Drugs are known to be potentially harmful when taken during pregnancy include...

Synthetic Estrogen, Ibuprofen, and Accutane, an acne medicine.

"Mommy go now" is an example of _____ speech.

Telegraphic

How are emotions and temperament related?

Temperament is consistent, while Emotions are fleeting

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development describes scaffolding as _____.

Temporary parental support provided to a child as (s)he attempts to complete a task, support most needed by children of low ability, a technique that reflects parental sensitivity to children's competence

Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called...

Teratogens

Baby Lydia likes to squeeze her rubber duck because it makes a noise when she does so. She enjoys the sound, but her hand often gets tired after a short time. She suddenly puts the rubber duck in her mouth and starts squeezing the toy between her teeth. It is much easier and the noise is even louder. This is an example of _____.

Tertiary Circular Reactions

Jane is 8 weeks pregnant and has just contracted rubella. If you were Jane's obstetrician, what information would you give her regarding the health of her unborn baby?

The child will almost certainly be deaf

The end of the second stage of childbirth is indicated by...

The emergence of the baby from the mother's body

In infancy, a child's head is a full 25% of body length. By age 25, that child's head will comprise 12% of body length. What happens to the relative proportions of head and body into adulthood?

The head and body proportions in early adulthood remain stable going forward.

Sheena knows what her mother will think when she comes into the room and sees the mess that she and her friends have made. Sheena's awareness of her mental processes and those of other people is called _____.

Theory of Mind

How much alcohol can a pregnant woman safely consume?

There is no known "safe" level of drinking during pregnancy.

The placenta is expelled from the mother's body during the _____ stage of childbirth.

Third

Successful resolution of the autonomy-versus-shame and doubt stage of Erikson's theory results in _____.

Toddlers who feel sure of and confident in their abilities but also recognize the need for some limits

Dizygotic twins are the result of two ova and two sperm. True or False

True

True or False: Temperament appears to be largely determined by a person's biological makeup

True

A cold wind blowing in my face makes me shiver. In this example, shivering is a...

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Felana appears to have developed a healthy sense of autonomy. Research suggests that her parents were likely to have _____.

Viewed her expressions of self-will as being a normal and healthy striving for independence and not as stubbornness.

Normative age-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT...

War and Famine

Temperament seems largely determined by...

Your Genotype

Toxoplasmosis is...

a parasite harbored in livestock, a cause of fetal brain damage, and a cause of death in babies

What is a neutral stimulus?

a stimulus that doesn't cause a response unless it is associated with a UCS

Amalia's physical growth pattern through toddlerhood and early childhood is best described as _____.

achieving a closer approximation to adult body proportions

Eighteen-month-old Amalia is working on putting shapes into a shape sorter. Her mother helps her identify which shape goes where. Rogoff called this "scaffolding," which is best described as...

adjusting support to meet the needs of the child

Amalia is playing an electronic memory pattern game with her mom. Although she continues to need some assistance, mostly for attention, by 47 months she has improved. Through scaffolding and the zone of proximal development, her mom is...

adjusting the amount of support provided based upon Amalia's ability

Mothers who drink alcohol should be made aware that fetal alcohol syndrome...

affects about 5 infants in 1,000 born in the US, it is a leading cause of mental retardation and birth defects, and can cause cognitive disorders that subsequent environmental enrichment does not seem to improve

Atlas was born with a sucking reflex. Now that he is older, he brings non-food objects to his mouth and sucks on them in a similar fashion. Piaget would say that atlas has...

assimilated the objects to his sucking scheme

According to the Attachment theory _____.

babies build a "working model" based on their interactions with caregivers

A common female cause of infertility is...

blockage of the fallopian tube

One of the primary functions of emotional expressions is to _____.

communicate information about ourselves to others

According to the proximodistal principle...

growth occurs from the center of the body outward

Esme's parents have taught her to use sign language. Research shows that sign language _____.

helps babies learn to talk

Piaget believed that babies were born with behavioral schemes. These first schemes were...

initially based on innate reflexes

The function of the corpus callous is to...

join the two hemispheres of the brain

Events such as puberty and entry into formal education, which are highly similar for people in a particular age group, are considered...

normative age-graded influences

Pregnant women over age 40 and pregnant adolescents are at increased risk for having...

offspring with chromosomal abnormalities

In the video of Colin, crossing the midline referred to his ability to _____.

reach across his visual midline

The fact that when Esme becomes distressed she settles down quickly and effectively when held by her mother would suggest that if we were to have her participate in the Strange Situation, she would probably be characterized as a _____ baby.

secure

At 7 months, Amalia is able to intentionally grasp and release toys. For this to occur _____.

she must first lose the primitive grasping reflex

At 16 months, Amalia has developed the ability to search for hidden toys. Piaget would say that this shows that Amalia now has _____.

the ability to symbolically represent objects

Normative history-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT...

the death of a spouse

Attention is defined as:

the limited capacity to process information under our conscious control

In young infants such as eight-week-old Colin, the corpus callous is not fully mature. Therefore _____.

the right and left side of the brain are not fully connected

Amalia's mom helps her by encouraging independence with guidance. What a child can do alone and what a child can do with guidance from adults or older children is what Vygotsky called...

the zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Some reflexes, like the rooting, sucking or grasping reflex, are theorized to exist because _______.

they have survival value

According to the cephalocaudal principle,

upper body parts develop before lower parts.

Most 3-year-olds can _____.

walk in a straight line and jump a short distance