Child Development II Exam #2 (Chap 4-7)

Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the 8th grade class. What are his results likely to say?

Baby-sitting and lawn work

Adolescents who work more than 20 hours weekly are more likely than their peers to:

Be absent from school.

According to adolescents, what is the best thing about school?

Being with friends

Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:

Both selection and socialization

________ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas ________ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction.

Cliques; crowds

Understanding social relations that lead adolescents to gather in crowds is an example of which form of transition that occurs during adolescents?

Cognitive

"Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of

Crowds

Which factor has not contributed to the transformation of family life in the past 40 years?

Fathers' employment

In a particular tribe, relatives of the chief are allowed to choose their own mates, whereas others must abide by arranged marriages. This is an example of a:

Particularistic norm

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of

Patterns of leisure activity

Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that:

Repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and beliefs

Which of the following statements is not supported by research with regard to adolescent employment?

Working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them prepare for adult responsibilities

The text states that __________ is/are the most critical influence on adolescents' adjustment.

The quality of their relationships at home

The practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what?

Social promotion

Approximately what percentage of American children born in the 1990's will spend a portion of their life living in a single-parent household?

50%

What percentage of today's high school juniors and seniors have worked during the school year?

80%

A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (ex. baby boomers) is known as what?

A cohort

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by:

A combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills

Although young children may seem unaffected by a divorce at the time, problems may emerge when they are adolescents. This delayed effect is called:

A sleeper effect

Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?

Adolescents are rarely required to use sills taught in school

Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?

Authoritarian

Optimal development during adolescence appears to be facilitated by the __________ style of parenting.

Authoritative

What kind of family environment most closely resembles the optimal classroom environment?

Authoritative

From 1900 to 1940, the employment of American teenagers in the formal labor force

Declined

Luis and Carla are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of ____________ before it can adjust to this challenge.

Disequilibrium

According to the research, one of the most effective ways for helping adolescents to assume greater autonomy involves:

Engaging in discussions with adolescents and respecting their opinions.

Research suggests that the best way to combat the unemployment problem of adolescents who are not attending school is through:

Helping adolescents stay in school

Self esteem is __________ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school.

Higher (the higher the status of the group, the higher the self esteem of its members)

In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way?

Identity development

Joshua's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it with his parents and, even if they don't agree to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Joshua's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles?

Indulgent/permissive

Under current federal law, children with learning disabilities must be:

Mainstreamed whenever possible

A learning disability

May be caused by a neurological problem.

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:

Middle adolescence (middle school)

Cross-cultural comparisons during the 1980s revealed that American adolescents were scoring significantly lower on achievement tests than those in many industrialized countries. As a result, during the late 1980s, education reformers called for:

More emphasis in the classroom on higher-order thinking

President George W. Bush's 2001 mandate that all children, regardless of economic circumstance, achieve academic proficiency is called the

No Child Left Behind Act

Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in

Restaurants and retail establishments

Which of the following is most important in influencing adolescents' learning and psychosocial development?

School climate (the relationship between teachers and students)

Which of the following traits is least likely to be affected by genetic factors?

Self-perception of scholastic competence

The chief determinant of popularity in high school is

Social competence

The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work is called:

Student engagement

All of the following are examples of "universalistic norms" (pertaining to ALL, such as paying taxes) in American society, except

Taking piano lessons

All of the following are not noted to be benefits of service learning, except:

Teaching respect and obedience

Which of the following is not a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents?

The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household

The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is

The degree of conflict between parents

Research has shown that teachers tend to favor high achieving students by providing extra cues for answers and more positive nonverbal behaviors than for lower-achieving students. Such evidence provides support for the notion that teachers' expectations may contribute to:

The fulfilling prophecy

The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called

Tracking

Bobby's parents expect him to tell them everything. However, now that he's 13 years old, he feels entitled to keep secrets from them. What has this discrepancy been referred to as?

Violation of expectations

In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence teens have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken advantage of Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of marketing?

Viral marketing

According to Jacquelynne Eccles, a thorough understanding of school and its impact on adolescent development requires an examination of:

What goes on beyond the classroom

When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?

When they are alone