Child Development Psych Exam 2

Name a statement that best illustrates telegraphic speech

"Want Cookie"

When do we see the first existence of long term memory? in what study was this exemplified in?

1. 2 to 4 months 2. The mobile study, babies would kick their feet when a specific mobile moved above their crib, would be placed in same crib and would kick their feet even more than the control group at the sight of the mobile

Young children sometimes pretend to write "grocery lists," restaurant "menus," and doctors' "prescriptions" in their sociodramatic play. Parents and preschool teachers are apt to see three of the following characteristics in such pseudowriting.

1. A few alphabet letters mixed in with other letterlike shapes 2. Small spaces between individual letters 3. Some drawings mixed in the "writing"

What are the three components to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence (successful intelligence)?

1. Analytic (comprehending/analyzing info) 2. practical (Adapting/choosing) 3. Creative (insight/synthesis of ideas)

What is the formal operational stage in piaget's theory?

1. Can think logically about abstract concepts 2. Can make and scientifically test hypothesis

What are the three interactionist perspectives on language learning?

1. Cognitive/info processing 2. Sociocultural (emphasis on interactions+ internalization) 3. Functionalism (desire and need of communication drives development)

How does one establish test validity?

1. Consider content evidence of validity 2. have clear objectives to guide lessons and assessment 3. amount of time and readings spent on topic reflected in points related to topic on test 4. importance of skills or knowledge used in assessment

Test Reliability (4)

1. Consistency of test 2. test, retest reliability 3. inter-rater reliability 4. internal consistency

What are five legal considerations when dealing with special education?

1. Creation of an IEP 2. Creation of the least restrictive environment possible 3. Parents must grant permission for testing and special education placement 4. right to fair, non-discriminatory evaluation 5. right to due process

Researchers have discovered that gender differences in various cognitive abilities are due to which three things?

1. Differences in typical "boy" toys versus "girl" toys 2. Subtle anatomical differences in the brain 3. Differences in levels of certain hormones

Test Validity

1. Extent to which a test measures what it's supposed to measure 2. content validity, test is based on what was actually taught 3. predicted validity, do scores predict future outcomes 4. construct validity, does test reflect theoretical concept that is supposed to be measured?

By developing communities of learners, what makes group work really cooperative? (6)

1. Face to face interaction 2. positive interdependence 3. individual accountability 4. Collaborative skills 5. Group processing 6. Group goals

Three activities that Piaget would likely advocate to be done in elementary school classrooms

1. Field trips to hands-on museums 2. Discussions with classmates 3. Laboratory like activities with physical objects

Name three factors of divergent thinking

1. Fluency: ability to think of many ideas 2. Flexibility: ability to think of things in different ways 3. Originality: ability to think of something new

Piaget spoke of egocentrism as a characteristic of preoperational thought. Three of the following are examples of egocentrism as Piaget defined it.

1. Frank and Isabel are playing checkers without realizing that each of them is playing by different rules 2 Lois tells a story as if her listeners already know many details they can't possibly know. 3. Kate cannot relate to the question, "How do you think Molly feels?"

Name the seven causes of ADHD

1. Genetic 2. Neurological differences 3. neurotransmitter issues 4. family issues 5. prenatal/perinatal complications 6. toxins/diet 7. social expectations/normal variations

Define gifted and talented students (3)

1. High intellectual ability 2. Special talents in one or more areas 3. no one definition

What is Vygotsky's concept of Zone of Proximal Development?

1. Hypothetical space between what the individual can do alone and what the individual can do with other's help 2. Space where learning occurs

Define the IDEAL problem solver

1. I= identify problems + opportunities 2. D= defining goals and represent problem in mind 3. E= explore possible strategies 4. A= anticipate outcomes and act 5. L= look back and learn

What can grade equivalent scores assess?

1. If student's performance is at same level as average students in their grade 2. Need additional info to interpret scores that are higher/lower than avg score in grade

Why can't we remember our infancy? (4)

1. Immature brain development (frontal lobes, cerebral cortex associated areas and hippocampus) 2. use of language promotes memory retainment 3. social interactions/organization of memories 4. concept of self

What are four necessary elements of self regulation?

1. Knowledge of self 2. knowledge of learning strategies and contexts 3. motivation, learning goals 4. volition, the get-up-and-go

What is the concrete operational stage in piaget's theory?

1. Logical thinking based on concrete experience, difficulty making/testing hypothesis 2. can conserve, can classify objects on multiple dimensions 3. Understand other's perspective 4. Transivity (a=b, b=c, so a=c)

Name two kinds of heuristics

1. Means-ends analysis: allow problem solver to get closer and closer to problem solution 2. pattern matching: finding similar problem in memory and using same strategy to solve it.

What are commended strategies to help those children who may have difficulties with cognitive processing?

1. Minimize distractive stimuli 2. Provide extra scaffolding 3. Teach social skills

What is the preoperational stage in piaget's theory?

1. No understanding of conservation (Pancake and ball of Playdough have same mass) 2. can identify consequences of actions 3. Deferred imitation (children imitate other kids and adults around them) 4. Egocentric

What are two laws relating to special education?

1. PL 2. IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)

Name two ways in which one can provide opportunities for experimentation, observation + inquiry

1. Present puzzling situation or ask questions 2. Students are able to use various means of figuring out question/situation, but are guided by teacher

How does one use authentic activities in learning?

1. Problem based learning 2. involves an authentic, complex problem and students attempt to find a realistic solution

What specific problems prevent us from using memory strategies properly? (3)

1. Production deficiency (can't think of strategy) 2. control/mediation deficiency (can't execute strategy) 3. Utilization deficiency (can't gain the benefits of using the strategy

Name 6 common elements of constructivist (vygotsky) approaches

1. Provide opportunities for experimentation 2. observing and inquiry 3. Promoting dialogue (private speech) 4. using authentic activities (things from real world/relatable) 5. Create communities of learners 6. Emphasize conceptual understanding

Name four possible ways to explore problem solving strategies

1. Random search (trial and error) 2. Insight (sudden reconceptualization that leads to answer) 3. Algorithms (specific set of steps for solving problem) 4. Heuristics (generalized ways of solving probs)

What is Spearman's theory of intelligence?

1. Relied on the "g" factor" 2. Everyone possesses a general factor of intelligence

Researchers have suggested a variety of explanations for why children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) families often perform less well on IQ tests and in school than their higher SES counterparts. Name three common explanations.

1. Teachers often have lower expectations for low-SES students and so give them less attention and fewer challenging assignments. 2. Parents with limited education themselves are less able to support their children's academic learning. 3. On average, low-SES children have less nutritious diets and less health care than high-SES children.

What is the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory?

1. Thought is mostly limited to own actions + immediate environment (egocentric) 2. Understanding of object permanence is not apparent

How does Wechsler tests measure IQ? (4)

1. Verbal (informational, comprehension, vocab) 2. Performance (block design, picture concepts) 3. working memory 4. processing speed

Name how Piaget differs from Vygotsky. (3 ways)

1. Vygotsky contradicts Piaget's view of universal stages and content of development (Vygotsky does not refer to stages in the way that Piaget does). 2. Hence Vygotsky assumes cognitive development varies across cultures, whereas Piaget states cognitive development is mostly universal across cultures. 3. Vygotsky believed children gained the information of how to do certain skills from others and internalized it to use on their own.

Name three of Piaget's ideas about education

1. We should learn through exploration + discovery 2. Utilize children's readiness to learn, let them transition into different parts of their education on their own 3. Acknowledged individual differences in development

Name four factors that hinder problem solving

1. Working memory capacity 2. encoding problem 3. lack of background knowledge 4. response set (the tendency to not think outside the box)

Sensory Register Component of Information Processing

1. about the same in young children + adults 2. Based on attention

How do you identify a specific learning disorder?

1. achievement/ability in one area is substantially below what would be expected based on person's age, despite intervention 2. deficit significantly interferes with functioning at school or in daily life and has persisted for at least 6 months

Name four examples of telegraphic speech in terms of making sentences

1. agent + action (mommy come) 2. action + object (drive truck) 3. agent + object (daddy shoe) 4. entity + attribute (dog big)

How to grade essay questions or authentic assessments

1. analytic, define how many points are earned for each part 2. holistic: individual score based on grader's interpretation of student work 3. standard answer 4. rubric 5. point system 6. categories

Name the five steps of self regulation

1. analyzing the task, break down how to accomplish something 2. set goals 3. set plan to complete task and goals 4. enact plan 5. regulate learning by revisiting steps and monitor how plan is going

What is fast mapping in terms of word learning?

1. baby's ability to match label with object 2. ability is built in to infant

Stanine scores

1. based on stanines, 1-9 2. emphasize that true score within range 3. different number of people in each stanine

Evidence for environmentalist side

1. child directed speech (baby talk) 2. recasts + expansions (repeating what child says in the correct way) 3. social interaction 4. Influences on development of referential (name objects) or expressive (hey there) styles

How do morphemes play into a child's sentence development?

1. child over-regularizes morpheme use 2. "eated" "mouses"

What is the behaviorism/environmentalist side of the language learning debate?

1. children learn solely by imitating 2. reinforcement, encourage them using words

After simple three word sentences are made, what are the next three sentence developments a child makes?

1. compound sentences 2. embedded sentences (idea imbedded within sentence) 3. passive voice

Why is it difficult to change conceptual misconceptions?

1. confirmation bias (pay more attention to info that supports one's POV) 2. Misunderstandings often fit with everyday experiences 3. May have emotional investment with own (incorrect) theories

What are standardized scores

1. conversion of raw scores to fit standard score 2. contains z scores (Avg= 0 SD=1) 3. contains T scores (avg=50 SD=10)

What are the six stages of prelinguistic vocalization

1. crying 2. cooing 3. vocal play 4. canonical (same syllable)/conversational( mixed syllables) babbling 5. protowords 6. first words

Name three general categories of gifted programs

1. enrichment programs (more depth to basic curriculum) 2. acceleration programs (faster pace curriculum) 3. structure of programs

What are three additional components to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

1. environmental factors 2. prior experience 3. cognitive processes

Contents of long term memory

1. episodic memory (autobiographical) 2. Procedural memory (step by step) 3. Semantic memory (schema + knowledge networks + scripts)

What is Cattell's theory of intelligence? He categorized intelligence into three types, what are they?

1. fluid intelligence 2. biological basis 3. Crystallized intelligence

What are four causes of learning disabilities?

1. genetic 2. neurological 3. environmental (interaction with genetics, a reaction change) 4. normal variation in abilities

What are four causes of intellectual disabilities?

1. genetic disorders 2. prenatal development (teratogens/malnutrition) 3. perinatal difficulties 4. Medical conditions, meningitis

Name six ways to encourage self regulated learning in students

1. guide students in goal setting 2. allow some individual choices 3. teach time management strategies 4. model self regulatory skills 5. encourage self monitoring 6. be patient, teach in small steps

Name five common characteristics of gifted students

1. high level of motivation to learn 2. independent workers 3. high in reasoning/metacognition 4. socially and emotionally mature 5. good self esteem

Home front: Pre-Literacy factors that promote literacy

1. home environment 2. parent modeling 3. print rich environment 4. conversations/oral language 5. reading/encouraging questions

Describe whole language approach to reading instruction

1. idea that reading is natural 2. involves exposure to "authentic" texts 3. involves figuring out words from context 4. focus on making meaning out of words/readings 5. DOES NOT WORK

Break down how one Defines goals and represents problems in their mind

1. identify the initial state (where is problem) 2. identify goal state (what you would like instead of the problem) 3. identify operators (actions/tools that can possibly solve problem) 4. identify constraints to the operators

What is our 3 possible responses to something that causes psychological disequilibrium?

1. ignore 2. Assimilate 3. Accomodate

What is the main difference between adults and children attaining short term information?

1. increase of efficiency 2. Adults are faster at processing 3. Automaticity

What is inter subjectivity in terms of word learning?

1. joint attention to something 2. infant and adult both pay attention to same thing to promote words for infant

When determining what your instructional objectives are for a classroom assessment, list the six cognitive objectives you need to consider (bloom's taxonomy)

1. knowledge 2. comprehension 3. application 4. analysis 5. synthesis 6. evaluation

What three things make people creative in their fields?

1. knowledge and practice 2. intelligence plays partial role (not all successful people are overly intelligent) 3. motivation

What is the linguistic/nativist side of the Language learning debate?

1. language acquisition device/universal grammar (part of brain specialized to learn grammar) 2. modularity, part of brain is separated from other parts 3. sensitive periods, we have certain time frames that are ideal for language learning

Name Gardner's 8 multiple intelligences

1. logical mathematical 2. Linguistic 3. musical 4. spatial 5. bodily kinesthetic 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal 8. naturalistic

What are two characteristics of intellectual disabilities?

1. low general intelligence: (bottom 2%) 2. Problems with adaptive functioning

Name five ways to track and promote the development of language comprehension

1. make inferences 2. build a coherent understanding of text 3. background knowledge of topic 4. comprehension monitoring/metacognition 5. understanding of themes, symbolism

When determining what your instructional objectives are for a classroom assessment, list the two kinds of assessments that could measure your objectives

1. performance assessment (strength: motivation to be creative, con: hard to grade) 2. Traditional assessments (typical school test)

Four skills that predict word decoding

1. phonological processing (process word sounds) 2. letter identification 3. letter sound correspondence 4. vocabulary

What are some of Gardner's criterion for his theory of multiple intelligences? (5)

1. potential to isolate intelligence due to brain damage 2. existence of savants + prodigies 3. unique development history 4. possible evolutionary history 5. support from tests of intelligence

Preschool/kindergarten front: pre-literacy factors that promote literacy

1. print rich environments 2. focus on sounds (rhymes, word groups) 3. interactions with adults 4. quality story time

How to determine if your assessment was valid, reliable, and helpful

1. questions where almost all students bombed/got right 2. did students who normally do well, do well?

Evidence for nativist side

1. rapid acquisition of semantics/grammar

What are three common errors in word learning?

1. segmentation error 2. Underextensions of word meaning (word refers to one unique thing in their life) 3. overextensions of word meaning (word refers to everything remotely related to object)

What type of memory strategies do we use during our early childhood?

1. simple strategies in concrete situations 2. strategy usage is difficult at this stage

What are secondary symptoms of ADHD (symptoms that guarantee child has ADHD and is not just being a high energy child) (6)

1. symptoms persisted for at least six months 2. evident before age 12 3. symptoms not appropriate for developmental level 4. leads to impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning 5. some impairment seen in at least two settings 6. symptoms not associated with other disorders

Describe the phonics approach to reading instruction

1. teaching the code of letter sounds relating to words 2. involves much rote memorization in some forms 3. sometimes involves simplified texts

Why doesn't aptitude testing work? (3)

1. unreliable assessment 2. preference based on gut feelings rather than proof of aptitude 3. we all learn better when presented with info in more than one way (dept of processing, duel coding)

Name the two different models of learning styles

1. visual vs verbal vs kinesthetic 2. Field dependent vs independent (focus on whole rather than parts or vice versa)

How do we construct test items or explain assignments? (2)

1. write questions/assignment prompts appropriate for objective 2. keep wording as straightforward as possible

How much of a variance is there in student performance based on IQ scores?

25%

How many pieces of info can pre-schoolers hold in their short term memory?

4

What percentage of students have learning disabilities?

4.5%

How many pieces of info can adults hold in their short term memory?

7

Other things being equal, which one of the following four boys is likely to learn and remember the most by reading a book about spiders?

8-year-old Albert, who knows a lot more about spiders than the other boys do

Name a statement that accurately describes what developmental theorists mean when they talk about a language acquisition device?

A built-in mechanism that makes language learning especially easy for human beings

Describe intersubjectivity?

A mutual understanding between two people that each one knows what the other one is seeing, thinking, or feeling

What are percentile scores?

A score that indicates what percentage (80)% of people are at or below that score. I got an 80, therefore 80% of people who took the test either got an 80 or below.

Name an example of a formal test

ACT, SAT, Major tests

What is creativity?

Ability to produce work that is novel, high in quality, and appropriate"

Which one of the following is the best example of an adaptive behavior, as the term is used in the identification of intellectual disabilities?

Ability to remember and follow normal classroom routines

What is divergent thinking?

Ability to think of many different ideas or solutions

Actual score

Actual score achieved

Xavier loves to write poetry. Often he uses techniques that his favorite poets use, but typically he modifies these techniques to better suit his own style. This situation illustrates which concept in Vygotsky's theory?

Appropriation

What is lexical contrast/mutual exclusivity bias in terms of word learning?

Assumption that a new word automatically means a new object/concept

What is whole object assumption in terms of word learning?

Assumption that when adult references a object and says a word, they are not referencing a specific part of the object (Ex. whole mug, not mug handle)

Name an accurate comparison of Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of intelligence

Both theorists characterize intelligence as a multifaceted ability, such that children may behave intelligently in one situation but not in another.

What is an example of an involvement of a central executive in information processing?

Brigette thinks about how she can best prepare for a history test.

From Vygotsky's perspective, what important role does inner speech play?

By giving themselves directions about what to do next, children guide themselves through complex tasks.

Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation? 1. Carol revises her understanding of what clouds are made of when she studies them in science. 2. Betsy is given 10 more addition problems when she does the first 10 carelessly. 3. Donna copies her biology textbook's definitions of various classes of invertebrates (sponges, flatworms, mollusks, etc.) word for word in her notebook. 4. Anne copies down what her teacher writes on the blackboard.

Carol revises her understanding of what clouds are made of when she studies them in science.

Adaptation

Changing one's scheme of a concept to become more efficient in the environment

Name an example that characterizes a central conceptual structure view of children's mathematical development?

Children acquire an understanding of numbers that integrates earlier, separate understandings of quantity, numerals, and counting.

Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory

Children active in own development (learning), but with the use of cognitive tools and the help of others guiding them

What is Piaget's constructivist theory?

Children are active in their development, not just acted upon during it.

Describe a nativist perspective of child development?

Children are naturally disposed to think about their environment in particular ways; in a sense, some basic knowledge about the world is "pre-wired."

Name a statement that is consistent with a sociocultural view of language development?

Children initially use language primarily in their interactions with other people, but increasingly they also use it to help them think more effectively

Name a statement that accurately reflects the concept of distributed intelligence?

Children will behave more intelligently when they can use outside resources as well as their minds.

Equilibriation

Continuing process of reconciling new info with prior experience

What is sociability/attachment in terms of word learning?

Desire to be social promotes word learning

How does information processing occur?

Development occurs through both biological maturation and learning

What is knowledge telling in terms of writing development?

Dumping all knowledge in no apparent systematic format

Which one of the following children is most likely to be classified as having a learning disability?

George, who gets average scores on intelligence tests but has difficulty with certain kinds of memory tasks and is well below average in reading and writing

What can teachers do that will be most likely to encourage self-regulated learning?

Give children regular opportunities to set goals

Standard deviation

How widely scores differ from mean, an indication of how variable the scores are

The original purpose of intelligence tests is still their main purpose today—that is, to:

Identify children who may require special services or interventions

What is the goal of Reciprocal Teaching (An example of promoting dialogue)

Increase personal reading comprehension through the use of strategies and methods provided by the teacher and by communicating with peers on how to best utilize the strategies/methods.

What is Cattell's definition of crystallized intelligence?

Intelligence acquired through experiences

What is Cattell's definition of intelligence with a biological basis?

Intelligence peaks at adulthood because everything has matured.

How does the development of humor aid in our cognitive development?

It helps us identify situations that exemplify cognitive incongruity, a function of cognitive development

Name a statement that accurately describes the nature of knowledge transforming in a child's writing?

It reveals a child's attempt to help the reader truly understand the ideas that the child is trying to communicate.

From a Vygotskian perspective, what is the primary purpose of scaffolding in instruction?

It supports children as they perform difficult tasks.

At the extreme ends of the distribution, what will have a greater impact on the other if it changed? Raw score or percentile score?

It will require a greater difference in raw score to make a difference in percentile score

What is intelligence according to Binet and Simon?

Judgement, good sense, adapting one's self to circumstances, to reason well, to comprehend well.

Name an example of pragmatics in language?

Julie waits until her friend has finished talking before she begins to speak.

From the perspective of contemporary developmental theorists, a script can best be described as:

Knowledge about the typical sequence of events in an activity

Scheme

Mental structure that organizes info and actions

Name an example of dynamic assessment?

Mr. Warren observes and records how Minnie's logical thinking changes over time as she gets assistance and experience in scientific reasoning tasks.

Each of the teachers below has students with misconceptions about the material they are studying. Three of the teachers are using strategies that should help their students correct these misconceptions. Which teacher is NOT using a recommended strategy for changing misconceptions? Ms. Andersen gives students opportunities to do hands-on experiment about the topic. Mr. Bissette presents a situation that students cannot adequately explain using their current beliefs about the topic. Mr. Caro shows students how the true explanation of something is different from, and more plausible than, their existing beliefs. Ms. Darren reminds her students that she will be testing them on the material they are studying.

Ms. Darren reminds her students that she will be testing them on the material they are studying.

Three of the following teachers are employing strategies to promote phonological awareness in their students. Which teacher is using a strategy that, although potentially beneficial for other reasons, will not necessarily promote phonological awareness?

Ms. Noble has the words to, too, and two posted on her wall. When students use those words in their speech, she asks them to point to the one they are using

Disequilibrium

New info doesn't correlate with what we already know.

Raw score

Number of questions correct on a standardized test, likely different than reported scores

Name an example of an informal test

Observation and records

Name a statement that best illustrates the Flynn effect

On average, children today perform better on the Stanford-Binet than children did in the 1980s.

What does assimilating information mean?

One acknowledges that there is a new piece of information put in front of them, but that information does not change any pre-existing schemes that person may have.

Science: confirmation bias

Pay more attention to evidence that supports POV

What are norm referenced tests

Person's score is based on how they rank compared to others (creates bell curve)

What is the difference between Vygotsky's concepts of private speech and inner speech?

Private: process of self talk to help one work through a problem or idea Inner: Thinking of ideas, concepts, and meanings. The ideas one has that he or she can then verbalize into actual words.

In North America, which approach appears to be most effective for teaching English speakers a second language?

Provide intensive English instruction but teach other subjects in the students' native language.

When children practice basic skills over and over again, they can eventually perform them quickly and with little thought or effort. An advantage of such automatization is that the skills

Require less working memory capacity

What does IQ predict?

School performance

What are criterion referenced tests?

Score based on how well one meets a pre-determined criteria (rubric)

Four-year-old Rosemary picks up a picture book and pretends to read it to one of her preschool classmates. "Once upon a time," she says, "there was a fairy princess. She was very beautiful. A handsome prince asked her to marry him. They lived happily ever after. The end." What is the most reasonable interpretation of Rosemary's behavior?

She has acquired a story schema for fairytales.

What do grade equivalent scores measure?

Students performance on test against others in that grade

What are Vygotsky's Cultural/cognitive tools

Symbolic tools that allow for more advanced thinking

Morphology

System of rules for combining language units

What illustrates the phenomenon of infantile amnesia as developmental theorists typically use the term?

Ten-year-old Paulette can't remember the party her parents had for her on her second birthday.

Which one of the following most accurately characterizes IQ scores?

The average score is 100, with more people getting scores near 100 and fewer people getting scores farther away.

In line with Vygotsky's thoery, which one of the following is the best example of a cognitive tool? 1. Scales to measure compounds in a chemistry class 2. Use of natural lighting in a studio art class 3. A jigsaw in a woodworking class 4. The concept of pi (π) in a geometry class

The concept of pi (π) in a geometry class

What is intelligence according to Wechsler?

The global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment

What is scaffolding?

The help of others, with consideration of the appropriate skill level (zone of Proximal Development), so eventually a person can do something with no help.

What does accomodating information mean?

The person's scheme about a concept is completely changed after the new piece of info is presented to them.

In Vygotsky's view, opportunities to engage in pretend play (e.g., playing "house" or "doctor") have what effect?

They allow children to practice adult behaviors.

How do the majority of children who are gifted compare to their peers in social and emotional development?

They tend to be above average in social development, and most are emotionally well adjusted.

How do young children's estimates of their memory capacity relate to reality?

They usually overestimate how much they can remember.

Which one of the following examples best illustrates Piaget's concept of object permanence? 1. Six-year-old Lucas thinks that if you pour water into a taller, thinner glass, that glass will have more water. 2. Ten-year-old Margaret glues the pieces of a vase she has just broken, claiming that she'll make it look "good as new." 3. Two-year-old Jasmine looks for a favorite toy her father has just hidden in a box. 4. Fifteen-year-old Kenneth finally understands his geometry teacher's statement that two parallel lines might go on forever without ever touching.

Two-year-old Jasmine looks for a favorite toy her father has just hidden in a box.

In describing the cognitive abilities of preschoolers and elementary school students, Piaget appears to have:

Underestimated what they know and can do

Science: confounding variables

Understanding that you need to control certain variables to solve a problem (string pendulum)

What is norm referenced scoring?

Used in percentile scores, don't tell raw score, only how score compares to others

If you were interested in how a child's culture influences cognitive development, you would be most likely to consider _______ approach to cognitive development.

Vygotsky's

Describe children's acquisition of new learning and problem-solving strategies?

When children first acquire a new strategy, they use it infrequently and sometimes ineffectively.

What is an example of reciprocal teaching?

Working with a small group, Mr. Bromley gives each student a chance to ask questions of his or her classmates regarding a section of text they are all reading.

In a middle school science lab activity, students are looking at how much water objects of varying sizes and weights displace. Lab partners Jack and Jennifer have just put two equal-size balls—one made of plastic and one made of lead—into separate beakers of water and measured how high the water rose in each one. They've observed that the water rose the same amount in the two beakers. Jack says, "That can't be right. The lead ball should push the water up more because it's heavier." Jennifer responds, "We must have measured wrong. Let's try the experiment again." The two students' reasoning reflects

a confirmation bias.

As three-month-old Isabella lies in a comfortable infant seat, a researcher shows her a variety of pictures on a video screen. If Isabella is typical of children her age, which one of the picture is apt to hold her attention the longest?

a smiling face

What is Cattell's definition of Fluid intelligence?

ability to learn new things quickly and adapt quickly

When do most youngsters begin to understand historical time and attach meaning to historical dates?

about fifth grade

basic number principle: part-whole

addition/subtraction, taking parts from whole/adding parts to whole and determining what's left or what's the new total

In Piaget's theory, a scheme can best be described as:

an organized set of similar thoughts or actions.

What is knowledge transforming in terms of writing development?

awareness of audience and that writing helps focus/unleash ideas

What is an authentic performance test

based on student performance

A number of test items unfairly penalize some individuals because of their backgrounds. Which of the following is the best term for this unfair penalty?

cultural bias

Measurement error

difference between true and actual score

basic number principle: order irrelevance

doesn't matter how objects are arranged, as long as you can count correctly

Basic number principle: one-to-one

each number symbol corresponds to an object

Name an example of a summative test

end of unit tests

What are standardized tests?

everyone gets same instructions and standard testing scale

During Piaget's __________ stage, individuals become capable of abstract, hypothetical thought and deductive reasoning.

formal operational

Three-year-old Robert is visiting the local zoo with his preschool class. When his teacher exclaims, "Look at the giraffe!" Robert first looks at the teacher's face and then follows her gaze to the strange creature she is looking at. Robert's behavior in this situation reflects:

intersubjectivity

As Valerie grows older, she becomes increasingly proficient in a variety of tasks involving spatial reasoning, including drawing three-dimensional figures, solving geometry problems, and predicting where balls are apt to go when she hits them in a tennis game. From a neo-Piagetian perspective, Valerie's simultaneous progress in these diverse areas suggests that she

is developing her central conceptual structure for spatial relationships

Examples of cooperative learning

jigsaw, student teams, cooperative scripting

Basic number principle: cardinality

last number you say is how many objects you have

What is cognitive incongruity?

outcome of situation isn't what we logically expect it to be

Janis uses the term teddy to refer to all of her stuffed toys, including teddy bears, stuffed bunnies, stuffed birds, and even a stuffed lizard. In doing so, she is showing

overextension

What is a traditional test

pen and paper

Name an example of a formative test

pre-tests

After looking up the word rhinoceros in the dictionary, Miguel repeats the letters over and over to himself to help him remember them. Which strategy does Miguel's behavior illustrate?

rehearsal

True score

score an individual would get on a perfectly valid and reliable test

Name a task that is most likely to require fluid intelligence rather than crystallized intelligence?

solving a new kind of puzzle

Karin and her mother live on welfare in a poor, inner-city neighborhood in Detroit. Karin is quite bright and highly motivated, and she really wants to get a college education. However, she knows that, on average, students from low-income homes perform more poorly on a college aptitude than students from wealthier homes. When she takes the test, she is so nervous that she has trouble concentrating on the test items, and so her scores are disappointingly low. What concept best explains what has happened to Karin?

stereotype threat

What has research shown about aptitude testing

studies do not show any benefit of matching teaching to individual learning styles

Semantics

system for understanding the meaning of words

Syntax

system of rules for organizing words into phrases/ sentences

pragmatics

system of rules for using language in society

Phonology

system of sounds used in a language

Measures of center

tell where "typical" score is, mean/mode/median

In terms of a response set, what is functional fixedness?

tendency to think of objects as having only one use

Aptitude test

test of a person's underlying ability/skill (visual, kinesthetic, auditory)

The one-to-one principle states

that there must be one and only one number name for each object that is counted.

What is automaticity?

the fast, effortless word recognition that comes with a great deal of reading practice

Creativity is different from intelligence, but both typically reflect a person's ability to

use familiar mental processes fluidly and dynamically.

Charles Spearman's conception of the g factor is that

we have a general ability that is used in a wide vareity of situations.