Child Physical Abuse

How does California define child abuse?

- A child who is subjected to one or more of the following six categories (physical, sexual, emotional, denial of critical care, presence of illegal drugs, manufacture/possession of dangerous substances) by the person responsible for the care of the child.

What is the social learning theory?

- Adults who abuse children were abused themselves. Learned parenting styles, attachment styles, observational learning

What characteristics to physically abusive parents show?

- Anger control problems - Hostility - Low frustration tolerance - Depression, - Low self esteem - Deficits in empathy - Rigidity - Substance abuse

What is the most common type of physical injury?

- Bruises

What are the signs of physical abuse?

- Burns, bruises and fractures that are not accidental.

What are the biological stress reactions due to CPA?

- Causes disruption of neurotransmitters and hormones

What is shaken baby syndrome?

- Child's brain moves inside of the skull, stretching and tearing blood vessels. (Damage may include: blooding in the eye or brain, damage to spinal cord and neck, rib or bone fractures.)

What are the physical indicators of mental injury/neglect?

- Clothes (ill fitting, filthy, inappropriate for weather) - Hygiene is consistently bad (unbathed, body odor, unwashed/matted hair) - Untreated injuries - Physical injuries

How is sexual abuse defined?

- Commission of a sexual offense with or to a child as the result of these acts or failure to act by person responsible for the care of child.

What are the negative outcomes associated with corporal punishment in childhood into adulthood?

- Deficits in moral internalization - Poor mental health - Increased aggression - Antisocial behavior - Abusive behavior toward others

What is the parent child behavior model?

- Difficult child behaviors interact with specific parental behaviors to result in CPA

What are some of the possible reasons for cognitive deficits in CPA children?

- Direct physical injury (head injuries) - Environmental Factors (low levels of stimulation + communication) - Combination of both

How do you prevent child abuse?

- Early childhood intervention - Home visitation - Parenting programs - Family strengthening and support - Youth development programs - Shelters _ Welfare assistance

What type of parents are common with sexually abused children?

- Emotionally unavailable

What are the 4 types of sexual abuse?

- Engaging in sexual act with child - Forcing child to perform sexual act - Having child view sexual acts. - Commercial exploitation of child

What are some behavioral indicators of physical abuse?

- Extreme aggression, withdrawal, seductive behaviors, being uncomfortable with physical contact or closeness.

How is denial of critical care defined?

- Failure of person responsible for the care of a child to provide food, shelter, clothing, care needed for childs health and welfare when able to do so.

What are some of the mediators and moderators that help explain the variability of effects of CPA?

- Frequency, severity, and duration of abuse> severe,chronic=neg outcome - Polyvictimization > greater numbers of abuse = neg outcome - Prior involvement with CPS - Child attributions + perceptions = predict psychopathology - Family stress + psychopathology = neg outcomes - Sociocultural factors - Childs intellectual functioning + supportive parent = protective - Relationships between the victim and abuser - Trauma Symptoms - Childs temperament - Social support

What is one of the most dangerous CPA injuries?

- Head injury

What is the harm standard of child physical abuse?

- If child has observable injuries that last at least 48 hours.

What is the endangerment standard of child physical abuse?

- If they are deemed to be substantially at risk for injury.

What are the 5 types of mental injury?

- Ignoring and failing to validate worth - Isolating from human contact - Verbal assaults that create fear, hostility,anxiety - Corrupting by encouraging/reinforcing destructive, antisocial behavior until child is unable to function in normal environment - Over pressuring to grow up to fast, achieve to early/higher in academics, physical/motor skills, social interaction (PARENTIFIED CHILD)

How is mental injury (emotional abuse) defined?

- Injury to a child's intellectual or psychological capacity, evidenced by impairment in child's ability to function within normal range of performance and behavior as result of acts or failure to act by the person responsible for care of child.

What is the quality of the parent child bond in infants exposed to CPA?

- Insecure attachment Irresolvable paradox - parent is source of safety and protection as well as danger and harm

What are the negative consequences of child abuse?

- Juvenile Delinquency (pregnancy, prostitution, alcohol/drug abuse) - Psychological Problems (depression, low self esteem, eating disorders, PTSD >> 80% suffer in this category) - Adult Criminal Tendencies (84% men, 36% women in prison were abused as kids) - More likely to abuse children as an adult

What are the behavioral indicators of mental injury/neglect?

- Low self-esteem - Anti-social mannerisms - Depression - Stealing - Extreme fear - Hostility - Anxiety (CREATES DELINQUENCY)

Is physical punishment for correction considered physical abuse?

- NO - there is no intent of injury.

What is physical abuse?

- Non-accidental physical injury suffered by child as result of the acts or failure to act by person responsible for care of child.

How do religious beliefs impact critical care?

- Person legitimately practicing religious beliefs who does not provide medical treatment for that reason alone is NOT considered abuse.

What are the long term effects associated with CPA?

- Physical - head and abdominal injuries, burns, chronic pain - Mental - depression, overweight, high blood pressure, - Criminal - arrests for delinquency, adult criminality, violent criminal behavior - Violence - likely to receive and inflict dating violence, marital violence - Genetics - variations in a gene that regulates neurotransmitters are implicated in antisocial behavior - Substance abuse - early use of substances

What are the six catagories of child abuse according to the state of california?

- Physical abuse - Sexual abuse - Mental injury (emotional abuse) - Denial of critical care - Presence of illegal drugs - Manufacturing or possession of a dangerous substance

What are some of the behavior problems associated with CPA children?

- Physical aggression - Antisocial behavior - Drinking and drugs - Noncompliance - Defiance - Fighting in and out of home - property offenses and arrests

What are children who experience physical maltreatment more likely to exhibit?

- Physical, Behavioral, Emotional impairments

How does CPA effect academic performance?

- Poor school achievement and adjustment - More special education services needed - Score lower on reading and math - More learning disabilities - More likely to repeat a grade

What are the characteristics of bullies?

- Rank high in antisocial behavior and aggression - increases over time associated with anger, impulsivity, and depression Lower-quality parental attachment increases likelyhood Risk factors: parental/partner, sibling bullying, personal maltreatment

What are some of the areas of lower intellectual and cognitive functioning exhibited in CPA children?

- Verbal facility - Memory- - Dissociation - Verbal language - Communication ability - Problem-solving skills - Perceptual motor skills

What are the family and interpersonal difficulties of perpetrators?

- Verbal/physical conflict with family members - higher levels of spousal disagreement and tension - Deficits in family cohesion and expressiveness

What are the signs of sexual abuse?

- bruised or bleeding genitalia, - venereal disease - pregnancy.

What are the risk factors associated with CPA?

- frequent spanking - spanking the buttocks with an object - polyvictimization

What perpetrator population did the data show to have the highest rate of child abuse?

- single parents who had a cohabitating partner

What are the psychiatric disorders associated with CPA?

- social dysfunction - somatization - revictimization - ADHD - Borderline - Bipolar - PTSD - Depression

Who are the most vulnerable targets of bullies?

- submissive/nonassertive - ind that deviate from norm - different because of sexual orientation, race, disability Victimization - low self esteem and depression, lower prosocial behavior

What are the protective factors associated with CPA?

- supportive family - nurturing parenting skills - household rules - family protective community -child monitoring - parental employment - adequate housing - access to healthcare - extended family support

What percentage of parents are perpetrators of child abuse?

-80%

What are the behavioral indicators of sexual abuse?

-Knowledge of sexual matters beyond developmental age - Seductivness - Inappropriate relationships with peers or adults

What is bullying?

-Use of power and aggression to distress a vulnerable person. Verbal or physical actions exclusion and ostracism

What are the 3 types of adult children of alcoholics?

1) Control Freak - angry, critical 2) Victim - needs strokes 3) Pleaser Psychoeducate ACOA's

What are 4 components of treatment in adults?

1) Parenting skills 2) correcting distorted cognitions/attributions 3) Coping strategies that are adaptive and non-violent 4) Better emotional regulation

How does the federal law define child abuse?

Any act, or failure to act, on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation.

What are some of the neurobiological consequences of CPA head injuries and compromised brain development?

DEFICITS IN: - language skills - Memory - Spacial skills - Attention - Sensorimotor functioning - cognitive processing - overall intelligence