China & Japan (Honors World History 2)

Hongwu

(1368-1398) the first Ming emperor who commanded the rebel army against the Yuan Dynasty who worked to restore agricultural lands devastated by war, erase all traces of Mongol past, and promote Chinese power & prosperity (including restoring the civil service exams in the 1370s & Confucianism); lost power through the trust of eunuchs

Ming Dynasty

(1368-1644) dynasty that included leaders such as Hongwu and Yongle

Yongle

(1403-1424) Hongwu's grandson who established prosperous trade & explorations with outside nations and worked to control the Mongols; ended up withdrawing to isolationism

Matteo Ricci

(1602) Italian Jesuit who founded the mission to China; became literate in Chinese & educated in Confucianism; brought in European inventions to China; did not gain too many converts due to claiming its superiority to other religions

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911) dynasty that included leaders such as Kangxi and Qianlong

Kangxi

(1661-1722) the emperor who ruled based on Confucianism & supported the arts & invited Jesuits to his courts; also began conquests throughout much of Asia

Qianlong

(1736-1795) Kangxi's grandson who continued his grandfather's conquests & pushed out invaders from the north; invited more missionaries & merchants into the country; helped the dynasty reach prosperity

Lord George Macartney

(1792) British trade official who refused to "kowtow" to the emperor of China and as a result, he lost the trade opportunity *nmd

Mizuno Tadakuni

(1794-1851) the chief advisor of the shoguns during the Tokugawa bakufu who encouraged peasants to go back to the lands to cultivate rice, abolished merchant guilds, & canceled debts that samurai & daimyo owed merchants for economic reform - failed to alleviate starvation leading to more protest

Hong Xiuquan

(1851-1864) the leader of the Taiping Rebellion who converted to Christianity & used it to gain followers in both the lower & upper classes; he created his own code of law, striving to create a utopian ideology; he took over Nanjing & disrupted its order; ended up putting the revolution aside for his own pleasures as a leader

Matthew C. Perry

(1852-1854) the US commodore who arrived at Tokyo Bay in 1853 to threaten Japan into acquiescing to their demand for diplomatic relations, causing other countries such as Britain, Russia, & the Netherlands to follow, leading to unequal treaties similar to China's

Self-Strengthening Movement (Tongzhi Restoration)

(1861-1875) the movement that tried to modernize China's diplomacy and military while preserving as much Manchu power as possible

Meiji (Mutsuhito)

(1867-1912) the emperor who came to power after the Tokugawa bakufu's downfall, signifying the position of emperor's return to power

sphere of influence

(1885-1895) an area in which an outside power controlled its trade & investment

Guangxu

(1887) the nephew of Empress Dowager Cixi who led the Hundred Days' Reforms to modernize China

Boxer Rebellion

(1900) the antiforeign rebellion led by "The Righteous and Harmonious Fists" that targeted Christian missionaries and Chinese converts as a result of the Empress & Emperor's frustrating reforms; this resulted in China paying a large indemnity for the loss of foreign life & property; caused the realization of the government's lack of responsibility to the public's needs and the importance of resisting foreign intervention (more nationalism)

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) the war fought over imperial ambitions for Manchuria and Korea *nmd

Deng Xiaoping

(1904-1997) the successor to Mao Zedong

May Fourth Movement

(1919) the protest against foreign influence caused by the 1919 Peace Conference in Paris which decided to increase Japan's influence in China, causing China to look toward communism for reform

Jiang Jieshi

(1928) successor of Yatsen in the Guomindang who led political & military offensives throughout China to unify the country, who turned against his former communist allies and declared the Guomindang the official government of China (Nationalist Republic of China), leading to the Chinese Civil War in 1945-1949

Great Leap Forward

(1958-1961) the industrialization and collectivization of China led by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party

Cultural Revolution

(1966-1976) the movement led by Mao Zedong to transform China into a communist society by expelling all remnants of capitalism from Chinese society

Oda Nobunaga

A brutal and ambitious daimyo who defeated his rivals and seized the imperial capital Kyoto in 1568. His motto was "Rule the empire by force." His 3,000 soldiers armed with muskets were the first to successfully use firearms in a battle. *nmd

mean people

China: slaves, indentured servants, entertainers, etc. who served in the military, which was looked down upon by Confucianism

bunraku

Japanese puppet theater

Francis Xavier

Jesuit who traveled to Japan to spread Christianity - his mission was successful in the first couple of decades, but then failed out of resent from government, Buddhists & Confucians which ended up in an anti-Christian campaign

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. *nmd

Li Hongzhang

a Chinese general & statesman best known for ending the Nian & Boxer Rebellions and for his role in many of China's treaty negotiations

Ihara Saikaku

a Japanese poet whose poems were based on a new genre of prose literature, which appealed to urban areas due to its lighter reading as opposed to neo-Confucian readings

shogun

a military governor who ruled Japan through retainers who received political rights & large estates in exchange for military service -constantly had turmoil, leading to civil war in 16th century

daimyo

a powerful territorial landlord who ruled most of Japan from his vast landholding

cohong

a specially licensed Chinese firm that was under strict government regulation, limiting trade

civil service examinations

a system in which officials were educated and took tests to determine their spot in the bureaucracy; they were based on Confucianism

mandarin

a traveling imperial official overseeing government policies

Fukuzawa Yukichi

accompanied by Ito Hirobumi, he journeyed to the US & Europe to get ideas for the new Meiji government -he admired the constitutional governments, equality, & educational systems and wanted to bring them to Japan -drew inspiration from Germany's constitution for Japan's

eunuchs

castrated men who were involved in much of the government's affairs, causing corruption

ukiyo

entertainment & pleasure quarters where teahouses, theaters, brothels, & public baths offered escape from social responsibilities and the rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior in Tokugawa society

Guomindang (Nationalist People's Party)

established by Sun Yatsen, the political party that believed in democracy with economic developments, universal suffrage, elimination of privileges for foreigners, & national reunification

zaibatsu

financial cliques that held economic power in Japan

Sun Yatsen

leader of the Revolutionary Alliance & proclaimed China a republic in 1912 & created the Guomindang based on his Three Principles of the People

Diet

legislative branch consisting of house of nobles & elected lower house in Japan

Zhu Xi

neo-Confucian architect & scholar from the Song Dynasty who provided inspiration for the Ming & Qing emperors and emphasized Confucian values

ancestral worship

one of the basic Chinese traditions where the Chinese would revere their predecessors

Christovão Ferreira

one of the leaders of the Jesuit mission in Japan who ended up renouncing his faith due to the anti-Christian campaign

Sengoku

the "Warring States" period that lasted in Japan from 1467-1603

Puyi

the 2-year-old emperor who abdicated the throne, causing revolution to break out and bringing the end of the Qing Dynasty

Nemesis

the British gunboat that advanced the Yangtze River & when it reached the Grand Canal, China surrendered for peace

Yuan Shikai

the Chinese general & politician who got himself elected as the first president of the newly-formed Chinese Republic in 1912; he ruled as dictator until his death

Nurhaci

the Manchu who unified Manchu tribes & created a code of laws, expelled Ming armies, captured Korea & Mongolia, and launched small invasions into China; ended up consolidating Qing power through effective military leadership, the respect from generals and scholars, and the education of the Chinese language & Confucianism

Tiananmen Square

the area in Beijing that had been a place for protest throughout Chinese history (including the May Fourth Movement) - in 1989 a protest led by students against the government which ended up in a huge massacre by the military (known as the June Fourth Incident)

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

the cities that suffered the atomic bombing by the US during WWII in 1945

Revolutionary Alliance

the coalition of anti-Qing republican groups led by Sun Yatsen who incorporated socialism into his ideas; this group gained Chinese followers from other countries & members from the gentry; it instigated at least seven armed uprisings against the Qing, but was suppressed; still continued to gain power after its failures

1919 Peace Conference in Paris

the conference after WWI that students relied on in China to be free of foreign control

Meiji Constitution

the constitution drafted by Ito Hirobumi based on some aspects from European governments which established the Diet and the executive branch (1889)

Twenty-One Demands on China

the document that listed Japan's territorial ambitions on China in 1915 -ambitions were revoked due to Washington Conference treaties

Mukden Incident

the event in Manchuria during Japan's attacks on Manchuria in 1931-1932 when the Japanese blew up some of its railway & the government blamed Chinese troops, which caused war among Chinese & Japanese armies

Manchus

the group of people that seized power from the Ming Dynasty to create the Qing Dynasty & was not really met with opposition due to the corruption of the Ming Dynasty

opium trade

the illicit trade started in the early 1700s that Britain used to reverse its severe trade imbalance with China (first edict against this trade in 1729); caused war against European countries (1839-1842) & resulted in unequal treaties

Zheng He

the leader of Yongle's voyages in 1405-1433

Tokugawa bakufu

the military government that ruled Japan from 1600-1867

Tokugawa Ieyasu

the military leader who created a military government known as the Tokugawa bakufu, which ruled Japan from 1600-1867 -worked to control the daimyo -established relationships with European travelers & learned to use gunpowder and how to manufacture

Long March

the movement of the communist troops from southeastern China to northwestern China (Yan'an) with Mao Zedong as leader

Kellogg-Briand Pact

the pact that Japan signed in 1928 after WWI which renounced war as a national policy instrument

Three Principles of the People

the philosophy developed by Sun Yatsen in 1905 that emphasized the importance of nationalism, people's rights/democracy, & people's livelihood/economic security

Chinese Communist Party

the political party established by leaders such as Mao Zedong in 1921 -promoted women's equality and were against foot binding & arranged marriages and supported divorce

Inukai Tsuyoshi

the prime minister of Japan who was assassinated by a campaign that demanded social & political reforms as a result of Great Depression

Zeng Guofan

the prominent Chinese general, Qing official, & Confucian scholar who helped end the Taiping Rebellion and played a major role in urging reforms during the Tongzhi Restoration

Open Door Policy

the proposal made by the US for China to open its ports to foreign merchants, preserving US trading rights in China & China's freedom from colonization

Manchukuo

the puppet government established by Japan after the Mukden incident which challenged the international peace system, absorbed Manchuria into its empire, & began a war

Taiping Rebellion

the rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan due to widespread starvation consisting of a peasant army (called Society of God Worshipers); captured Nanjing and power was given to multiple leaders, ending up in feuds; outside forces came in to stop the rebellion

The Hundred Days' Reforms

the reforms led by Emperor Guangxu, Kang Youwei, & Liang Qichao from June to September 1898 that changed the structure of the civil service exams, expanded education, raised taxes, developed a state bank, built a railway network, and set up a modern postal system

Empress Dowager Cixi

the ruler of the Qing Dynasty (1861-1908) who was the Xianfeng Emperor's Manchu concubine who seized power upon his death & ruled China; she was known for her conservative learnings

Hanlin Academy

the school funded by the Ming & Qing Dynasties for Confucian research

Constitutional Reforms

the series of reforms led by Cixi to install constitutional principles (Cixi hoped to preserve Manchu power); it was continued by Prince Chun who created the "Royal Cabinet" to give his family power

Reforms of 1901-1905

the series of reforms led by Empress Cixi that included the civil service exam abolition, the establishment of modern schools, the placement of Manchus in prominent government positions, the modernization of the army; they displeased the nationalists in China who feared the reassertion of Manchu power & wanted independence from the Qing

tributary states

the system of subordination of other territories to China; many other countries took control of these and the railway & mineral developments throughout China

communal system

the system that the Taiping adopted instead of allowing the ownership of private land & property

Washington Conference treaties

the treaties that Japan agreed to after WWI that limited naval development, evacuated the Shandong Province in China, & guaranteed China's territorial integrity

Boxer Protocal

the treaty signed in September 1901 that ended the Boxer Rebellion; it included a large indemnity, the restriction on imported arms, the installation of foreign guards, and the ban on civil service exams

Treaty of Nanjing

the treaty that ended the first Opium War in 1842 signed between Britain & China that started a series of unequal treaties (Europe taking advantage of China); forced China to pay a large indemnity, give up Hong Kong, & open 5 coastal cities to the British

Sino-Japanese War

the war during 1894-1895 in which the Japanese defeated China after China faced numerous humiliating defeats from Europe, causing China to realize that it needed to adopt Western technology

kabuki

type of Japanese theater based on improvisational skills (script was only used as a guide) combined with music & dancing

Lin Zexu

worked to destroy the trade & supply of opium, causing war