CHM 115 Chapter 15

Which of the following options correctly defines a saturated hydrocarbon?

A hydrocarbon in which each C atom is bonded to the maximum number of other atoms.

What are hydrocarbons?

Organic compounds containing only C and H atoms.

Which of the following is the major function of nucleic acid?

Protein synthesis

An amine is classified according to the number of ___ groups bonded to the nitrogen. The abbreviation 2degrees indicates a(n) ___ amine, which has _____ alkyl groups bonded directly to the nitrogen.

R; secondary; two

A hydrocarbon containing at least one C=C double bond is called a(n) alkene. Since the carbon atoms in this type of compound are bonded to fewer than the maximum of four atoms each, they are considered to be _____ hydrocarbons.

alkene; unsaturated

A protein is naturally occurring polymer made up of monomers called ____ acids. The linkage between these monomers, which is called a(n) _____ bond, is an example of the _____ functional group.

amino; peptide; amide

Aldehydes and ketones both contain an C=O or ______ group, which is very ______ due to the large electronegativity difference between C and O.

carbonyl; polar

Carbon has the ability to catenate, or form long, stable ____ of carbon atoms. This is because C-C bonds have relatively ______ bond strength and short bond lengths.

chains; high

An addition polymer is formed when two monomers containing _____ bonds react in the presence of a(n) _____ initiator.

double; free radical

Carbon forms covalent bonds in all its compounds, due to its _______.

electron configuration; electronegativity

The distribution of _____ density in a functional group plays a fundamental role in determining the chemical _____ of a compound.

electron; properties

The reaction of an alcohol with aqueous acid is classified as a(n) ______ reaction since an alkene is formed as the product. This reaction can also be called a(n) _____ because it results in the loss of H2O.

elimination; dehydration

When drawing the structure of an organic compound, it is important to remember that carbon can never have more than ____ covalent bonds. In addition, a straight change and a "bent" chain may represent the same carbon ____ since single bonds allow free rotation.

four; skeleton

suffix

functional group or class of compound

substitution

functional groups with both single and double bonds

addition

functional groups with double or triple bonds

substitution or elimination

functional groups with only single bonds

A ____ group is an atom or group of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic properties and reactions of that molecule. This group is the ______ part of the molecule.

functional; reactive

Most reactions involve the interaction between a region of ____ electron density on one molecule and a region of low electron density on another. These regions may be due to the partial charges that occur in polar bonds, or due to the presence of ____ bonds in the molecule.

high, multiple

prefix

identity, location, and number of groups attached to the main chain

C-C

nonpolar; unreactive

root

number of C atoms in the longest continuous C chain

quaternary (protein)

overall arrangement of polypeptide chains, including arrangement of subunits.

C-O

polar, reactive

secondary (proteins)

shape determined by hydrogen bonds between CO and NH groups of peptide backbone.

C-H

short, ver close to non polar, unreactive

Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only ____ bonds between carbon atoms.

single

C-Br

slightly polar, long and weak, reactive

tertiary (protein)

three-dimensional folding of the polypeptide chain

primary (proteins)

unique amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

Place the steps involved in the synthesis o a protein from the DNA code in the correct order.

- A portion of DNA unwinds and acts as a template for the formation of mRNA, transcribing the code. - The mRNA moves out of the nucleus and binds to a ribosome. - The mRNA is translated into transfer RNA (tRNA). - The tRNA shuttles amino acids to the mRNA strand in the correct sequence. - Amino acids are linked by an enzyme to form the protein.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the oxidation of alcohols?

- Alcohols are oxidized to compounds that contain a carbonyl group, C=O - Alcohols that have the OH group at the end of the chain are oxidized to carboxylic acids.

Carbon is able to form a wide variety of stable chain, ring, and branched compounds. Which factors contribute to this behavior.

- C-C multiple bonds form readily and are stable. - C-C bonds are relatively short and therefore strong. - C forms covalent bonds almost exclusively.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the structural formula for a hydrocarbon?

- Carbon forms a maximum of 4 bonds. - a branch pointing up is the same as one pointing down or to the side. - groups joined by single bonds can rotate, leading to apparent "bends" in a chain.

Place the steps for naming an organic compound in the correct order, starting with the first step at the top of the list.

- Find the longest continuous chain of C atoms and give the appropriate root name. - Add the appropriate suffice to the root name by identifying the compound type. - Number the chain so that branches or groups have the lowest possible numbers. - Name and number the groups/branches and list them in the correct order, as a prefix.

Carbon forms exclusively covalent bonds. Which of the following factors contribute to this behavior?

- The formation of a stable ion for carbon is energetically unfavorable. - Carbon's electronegativity is intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals.

Which of the following options correctly describe an amino acid?

- at neutral pH both the NH2 and COOH groups of the amino acid are changed. - an amino acid has an NH2 group and a COOH group bonded to the same carbon atom.

Which of the following options correctly describe a pair of structural isomers?

- structural isomers are different compounds. - structural isomers differ in the way their atoms are connected to each other.

Which of the following are heteroatom frequently found in organic compounds?

-halogens -oxygen -nitrogen