CHM125: Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids

mrna

5% of RNA is ___, which carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes

rrna

80% of RNA is ___, which is the most abundant types of RNA; it is combined with proteins to form ribosomes

insertion mutation

A base is inserted into the normal order of bases in the template strand of DNA.

exons, introns, introns, ribosomes

A newly formed mRNA in eukaryotes (or pre-mRNA) produced by DNA in the nucleus contains sections known as ____ that code for proteins along with sections called ____ that do not code for proteins. Before the pre-mRNA leaves the nucleus, it is processed to remove the ____ and produce a functional mRNA that leaves the nucleus and takes the genetic information to the ______

molecule, transcription

A transcription factor is a ____ that binds to DNA and regulates ____

retrovirus

A virus that contains RNA as its genetic material is a?

amino acids

Codons are base pair sequences that code for

ligase

DNA __ joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication

2, 3

DNA contains complementary base pairs in which adenine is always linked by _ hydrogen bonds to thymine and guanine is always linked by _ hydrogen ions to cytosine

3, 2

G forms ___ hydrogen bonds to C, and A forms ___ hydrogen bonds to T.

sugar, phosphate, sugar, hydroxyl

One end of a nucleic acid polymer consists of a ___ with a free 5' ___ group, and the other end consists of a ___ with a free 3' ___ group.

virus

Small living particles, with 3 to 200 genes, that cannot replicate without a host cell are called

introns

Some sections of a DNA molecule do not code for protein synthesis. These segments are called

double helix

Structural features of DNA include that it is shaped like a

hydrogen

The bonds that link the base pairs in the DNA double helix are _______ bonds

alternating sugar and phosphate groups

What components join together to form the backbone of a nucleic acid?

replication

What is the process in which the DNA double helix unfolds, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand?

trna

What is the smallest RNA?

either dna or rna

What type of genetic information is found in a virus?

rna polymerase

__ uses the DNA template strand to for the new mRNA using bases that are complementary to the DNA template

pre-mrna

a ___ containing copies of the exons and introns from the gene, is processed to remove the introns to form a mature mRNA that codes for a protein

transcription factor

a group of protein complexes called __ must recognize and bind to promoter segments

ribosome

a typical ___ consists of a small subunit and a large subunit

atp

adding a phosphate group to ADP forms the triphosphate ___

adp

adding a phosphate group to AMP forms the diphosphate ___

purine

base in dna and rate with 2 rings, each containing 2 nitrogen atoms

pyrimidine

base in dna and rna with a single ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms

3-5

direction of replication for the lagging strand

5-3

direction of replication for the leading strand

5-3

during DNA replication, the polymerase moves in what direction, catalyzing the formation of nee phosphodiester linkages

helicase

during DNA replication, this unwinds the parent DNA in several sections

1', ribose or deoxyribose sugar

he nitrogen base is bonded to____ carbon atom of the ________ in the backbone of the nucleic acid.

separate

in DNA replication, the strands in the original or parent DNA molecule do what to allow synthesis of complementary DNA strands?

transcription

in __, a section of DNA containing the gene unwinds

adenine, guanine

in dna, the purine bases with double rings are what?

cytosine, thymine

in dna, the pyrimidine bases with single rings are what?

exons, introns

in eukaryotes, DNA contains __ that code for proteins and __ that do not code for proteins

adenine, guanine

in rna, the purine bases with double rings are what?

cytosine, thymine

in rna, the pyrimidine bases with single rings are?

primase

in the lagging strand 3'-5': this synthesizes short RNA segments called primers that are starting points for DNA polymerase

phosphodiester linkages

in the primary structure of RNA A,C,G, and U are connected by 3',5' ____

base

in the primary structure of nucleic acids, each sugar in a sugar-phosphate backbone is attached to a ___

phosphodiester

in the primary structure of nucleic acids, the nucleotides are joined by ___ bonds

sugar phosphate, opposite

it contains a ______ backbone, the nitrogen-containing bases are hydrogen bonded between strands, and the strands run in ______ directions.

noncoding introns

mRNA processing: a pre-RNA is formed that includes __ and then they are removed

exons

mRNA processing: the __ are joined to form mRNA, which goes to the ribosomes with the information for the synthesis of protein

protease inhibitor

prevent synthesis of viral proteins.

transcription

regulation of mRNA synthesis is controlled at the __ level by a specific mRNA that is synthesized when the cell retires a particular protein

okazaki fragments

short segments formed on the lagging strand

lagging strand

the ___ (growing in the 3-5 direction) is synthesized in short sections called Okazaki fragments

dna polymerase

the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds of complementary bases

ligase

the enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments

helicase

the enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix

mrna

the genetic information in DNA is replicated in cell division and used to produce ___ that codes for amino acids used in protein synthesis at the ribosomes

replication forks

the lagging strand is formed from these

cytosol

the mRNA molecules move out of the nucleus into the ___, where they bind with the ribosomes

breaking hydrogen bonds

the process of DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the double helix by doing what between the complementary bases?

okazaki fragments

the starting point for synthesis in unwound DNA sections

translation

the tRNA molecules convert the information in the mRNA into amino acids in a process called __

rna polymerase

the transcription of a gene requires __ to bind to DNA in plants and animals

phosphodiester linkages

these are formed between the nucleotides as the hydrogen bonds form between the base pairs

replication forks

these are open DNA sections during DNA replication

single strand binding protein

these attach to the separated parent strands to keep them apart and the bases exposed

helicase

this breaks the hydrogen bonds of the parent DNA strands at the replication forks, which gives 2 separate DNA strands

dna polymerase

this catalyzes the replication process at each of the open DNA sections

cytoplasm

transcription: synthesis of mRNA the newly formed mRNA moves out of the nucleus to ribosomes in the ___

true

true or false: Human DNA contains many nucleotides that are not used in genes.

true

true or false: Messenger RNA carries protein synthesis information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

true

true or false: Okazaki fragments are short segments formed by DNA polymerase in the daughter DNA strand that runs in the 3' to 5' direction.

true

true or false: The enzyme helicase separates the two DNA strands.

dna, rna

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids

restriction enzyme

what cuts a large DNA double helix into smaller fragments.

nitrogen containing base, sugar, phosphate group

what does the general structure of a nucleotide include?

deoxyribose with no o on c2

what is the 5 carbon sugar in dna?

ribose

what is the 5 carbon sugar in rna?

3, 5 phosphodiester bond

what is the name of the bond that links one nucleotide to another?

transcription

what is the process called when DNA goes to RNA

translation

what is the process called when RNA goes to protein

double helix

what is the structure of DNA

restriction enzyme

what is used in the preparation of recombinant DNA?

phosphorous, oxygen

which atoms are involved in the 3, 5 phosphodiester bond

guanine, cytosine

which base-pair forms 3 hydrogen bonds

dna

which molecules are bigger, DNA molecules or RNA molecules

datp, dttp, dgtp, dctp

within the nucleus, what nucleoside triphosphates on the template strand form hydrogen bonds with their complementary bases?

chargaffs rule

*scientists have determined that adenine is varied with and guanine is paired with cytosine this relationship, known as ___, can be summarized: - number of purine moles = number of pyrimidine molecules

nucleoside

- composed of a nitrogen containing base and a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose - has as base linked by a beta-N-glycosidic bond to C1' of a sugar

nucleotide

- has a phosphate group attached to the C5' -OH group of a nucleoside - the addition of a phosphate to a nucleoside forms this

dna, transcription

- in the nucleus, genetic information for protein synthesis is copied from a gene in ___ -makes mRNA in a process called ___

rna

- this makes up most of the nucleic acid found in the cell - transmits genetic information from DNA to operate the cell

trna

15% of RNA is ___, which translates the genetic information in mRNA into the amino acid sequence for the protein

hydrogen bonds

DNA has 2 strands of nucleotides that are held together by what

phosphate group, ribose or deoxyribose

The free 5' end is determined by the free ______ on the 5' carbon of ______ of a nucleic acid.

recombinant dna

The insertion of new DNA into the plasmid DNA of a bacterium produces

phosphodiester

The nucleotides in the backbone of DNA are held together by __________ bonds.

dna fingerprinting

The polymerase chain reaction is used in?

map the locations of all the genes in human DNA.

The purpose of the human genome project was to

promotor region, front, binding, transcription

Transcription factors recognize and bind to a ______ on DNA in ______ of the start site for the gene. Once activated, the transcription factor complex regulates the ______ and activity of the RNA enzyme needed for ______.