Chp 12 kiara

Which one of the following statements reflects a child's autobiographical self?

"I was really scared when I moved here last year."

Chelsea thinks of herself as outgoing and goofy when she's with her friends, but she knows she can be pretty quiet and moody when she's with her parents. She is confused by these very different sides of herself. Chelsea is most likely to be in:

9th grade

Sharon is a 12-year-old who does not believe that she can be academically successful. Considering the textbook's discussion of factors that promote positive self-perceptions, you should:

Put her in situations in which she will experience academic success.

Which one of the following appears earliest in the development of children's sense of self?

Recognition of oneself in the mirror

Luanne's parents are in the process of getting a divorce. She is so distracted and upset by the situation that she sometimes has trouble paying attention in class, and her performance on assignments and quizzes has slipped a bit. She worries that her teachers might think she simply doesn't care about her schoolwork, when nothing could be further from the truth. Luanne is showing:

Recursive thinking

Which one of the following illustrates developmental theorists' notion of the personal fable?

Ryan doesn't use a condom when he is sexually intimate with others because he says, "I won't get AIDS. I've always been a very healthy guy."

Marion puts off doing a project for the science fair until she has so little time to do it that she cannot possibly complete a good project. Such behavior is most consistent with the concept of:

Self-handicapping

Kevin tells himself, "Even though Grandpa just died, I mustn't cry at school today, or the other kids will laugh at me." This situation illustrates which one of the following phenomena?

Self-socialization

What is the tendency to conform to one's own ideas about appropriate behavior?

Self-socialization

When working with youngsters from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds, it is important to keep in mind that:

Some youngsters may simultaneously be active participants in two or more cultural groups.

In talking with a group of 8-year-olds, you discover that they have rigid yet erroneous beliefs about a particular racial group. Which one of the following should you conclude?

Although undesirable, such stereotypes are common for the age-group and reflect a natural tendency to categorize experiences.

Sixteen-year-old Reynelda has known since she was a preschooler that she will become a teacher. Her grandmother was a teacher, and her mother and two aunts are teachers. She's never really even thought about any other occupation. Reynelda can best be described as showing:

Foreclosure

Lamont worries that he has unintentionally hurt another student's feelings. From this information alone, we can reasonably conclude that Lamont:

Has developed a theory of mind

If teachers want to promote social perspective taking in students, probably the best strategy is to:

Have students listen to one another's points of view about an issue.

Adults can most effectively enhance children's sense of self when they:

Hold high yet achievable expectations for children's performance

The formation of children's sense of self is most strongly influenced by:

How other people treat them

As a 17-year-old high school senior, Julian has no sense of direction. Over the past year he has dabbled in auto mechanics, photography, and Buddhism, but nothing has held his interest for more than a month or two. Julian can best be described as showing:

Identity diffusion

You want to foster the development of effective social cognition in a group of children. Which one of the following techniques is leastlikely to be effective?

If the children are age 6 or younger, praise them when they describe certain ethnic groups in stereotypical ways, because stereotypes form a foundation for more flexible views later on.

Elena woke up this morning with a large pimple on her nose. She refuses to go to school, telling her mother, "It looks awful, and everyone will laugh at me." Which one of the following concepts best helps us explain Elena's behavior?

Imaginary audience

Mike desperately wants to do well on the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT), as his scores will affect his chances of getting into his first-choice college. He also knows that many students at his school think that SAT scores are good indicators of how "smart" a person is. Yet the night before the test, rather than get a good night's sleep, Mike goes out with his friends, has a few beers, comes home late, and wakes up with a hangover. With this information in mind, we might suspect that Michael:

Is engaging in self-handicapping

Darien knows that he wants to work with children when he grows up, but he wonders if he'd rather be a pediatrician or a teacher. This situation illustrates what important function that youngsters' sense of self serves?

It helps them think about possible future selves.

In what way might the imaginary audience phenomenon in adolescence be developmentally adaptive?

It helps youngsters behave in ways that others are likely to approve of.

Which one of the following teenage girls appears to have contingent self-worth?

Marlene feels great some days and terrible other days, depending on how many classmates have recently smiled at her in the school corridors.

Which one of the following best describes the role of sense of self as a factor in children's development?

Most youngsters want to believe that they are competent individuals.

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should promote their students' sense of self. Which one probably will not?

Ms. Abrams gives her students easy assignments and praises them for their high performance.

The four teachers below are hoping to improve their students' sense of self. Which one will probably be least effective in doing so?

Ms. Berry often tells her students how wonderful they are.

Which one of the following is most likely to be true for children who have a strong ethnic identity?

On average, they tend to be academically and socially successful.

Marcus likes to drink beer, and he loves to drive fast. He knows that it is generally dangerous for other people to drink and drive, but he believes he is an especially skillful driver and can do so without risk of injury. Which one of the following concepts best helps us explain Marcus's behavior?

Personal fable

As a classroom teacher, you want to actively work on breaking down stereotypes and prejudices. Which one of the following techniques is least likely to be effective?

Play competitive group games.

Given what we know about the development and effects of children's sense of self, three of the following are likely scenarios. Which scenario is not likely to occur?

Almost daily, Ross vacillates between thinking of himself as being very smart and as being extremely stupid.

When Ramona passes William in the hall, she gives him a friendly smile. But he is deeply engaged in a conversation with a friend and so doesn't notice her walk by. Ramona concludes, "Will is a real snob. He never says hello to anyone!" Ramona's conclusion is an example of:

A social-cognitive bias

Which one of the following acquisitions related to theory of mind first appears in the elementary school years?

An awareness that people's actions do not always reflect their true thoughts

Which one of the following best illustrates self-concept rather than self-worth or self-esteem?

Anne says "I am a fast runner."

Which one of the following examples best illustrates how the imaginary audience can be a factor in an adolescent's developing sense of self?

Bernita thinks everyone is looking at her when she walks down the hall with her friends.

Research on gender differences in children's and adolescents' sense of self tells us that:

Boys rate themselves higher in mathematics and emotional well-being.

Which one of the following best illustrates a sense of identity?

Carlos takes pride in his Mexican American heritage.

Children's self-concepts become increasingly stable, and therefore increasingly difficult to change, as they grow older. Using what you have learned about the development of youngsters' sense of self, choose the most likely explanation for the increasing stability of the self-concept over time:

Children behave in ways consistent with their self-concepts, thereby reaffirming their views of themselves.

On average, children who attend schools for gifted students have lower self-esteem than children of equal intelligence who attend regular schools with students of widely varying abilities. If we consider research about factors affecting youngsters' sense of self, we can explain this finding in which one of the following ways?

Children form their self-concepts in part by comparing their own performance to the performance of those around them.

Youngsters begin to think more systematically about what other people might be thinking about them during:

Early adolescence

What can adults do to foster children's theory of mind?

Encourage children to think about other people's thoughts and feelings

As children grow older, they are more likely to:

Evaluate their own performance in terms of how it compares with that of their peers

Given what we know about changes in children's and adolescents' self-esteem over the years, which teachers should be especially careful to help students acquire a positive sense of self?

Junior high school teachers

Which one of these examples best reflects the role that children's and adolescents' sense of self typically plays in their behavior?

Linda knows she is a good reader, so she takes an extra reading class as an elective.

Three-year-old Stacey watches her father put away the groceries he has just brought home. She is particularly interested in the package of Oreo cookies, which he puts in the breadbox just before leaving the room. A few minutes later, Stacey's mother opens the breadbox, exclaims, "Goodness, these Oreos belong in the cupboard!" and moves them to the correct spot. At lunchtime Stacey asks her father for an Oreo cookie. Given the typical development of theory of mind in 3-year-olds, which one of the following will she expect him to do?

Look for the cookies in the cupboard

Which one of the following is the best example of social cognition?

Luke tries to predict how Sheila might respond if he backs out of the science project the two of them have agreed to do together.

Which one of the following reflects intentionality as an aspect of an infant's theory of mind?

When Angie's father starts running water in the bathtub, she knows that he's getting ready to give her a bath.

Three of the following statements accurately describe how sense of self changes over the course of childhood and adolescence. Which statement is not accurate?

With age, children's self-appraisals become less and less accurate.

Marietta is a high school student. Considering what developmental theorists have learned about the effects of gender schemas, and without knowing anything else about Marietta, in which subject area would you expect her to be most interested?

nursing

Ten-year-old Mark is overheard telling tasteless jokes about the homeless people he sees on city sidewalks. When his teacher confronts him about his intolerant remarks, he responds, "All those people are just lazy. They need to get a job!" Mark's response is a good example of:

stereotype