chp 14 inferential

1. The power of the decision making process is: a. stated by the level of significance. b. the likelihood of rejecting a false null hypothesis. c. the same as a null finding. d. important only if the goal is to retain the null hypothesis.

b. the likelihood of rejecting a false null hypothesis.

1. If a researcher obtains a null finding, then what is the decision? a. The researcher correctly rejected the null hypothesis b. The researcher incorrectly rejected the null hypothesis c. The researcher correctly retained the null hypothesis c. The researcher failed to make a decision

c. The researcher correctly retained the null hypothesis

1. The probability of retaining a null hypothesis that is actually false, is called: a. power. b. Type I error. c. Type II error. d. Type III error.

c. Type II error.

1. Which of the following words best describes certainty? a. Inferential b. Significance c. Confidence d. Precision

c. Confidence

1. Inferential statistics are procedures used to: a. describe a set of scores or observations in terms summary statistics. b. organize a set of scores or observations in a table, graph, or figure. c. make sense of a set of scores or observations by counting how often scores occur in each category. d. make decisions about characteristics in a population based on data measured in a sample.

d. make decisions about characteristics in a population based on data measured in a sample.

1. Which type of hypothesis test can use Cohen's d as an estimate of effect size? a. One sample t-test b. One-way ANOVA c. Factorial ANOVA d. Pearson correlation coefficient

a. One sample t-test

1. A mean difference or discrepancy between what was observed in a sample and what was expected to be observed in the population as stated by a null hypothesis, is called: a. an effect . b. significance. c. power. d. proportion of variance.

a. an effect .

1. All of the following describes a situation in which a non-parametric test is used as an alternative to a parametric test except: a. a researcher records ranked data. b. a researcher recorded ordinal data. c. a researcher determines that the data are positively skewed. d. a researcher determines that the data are negatively skewed.

d. a researcher determines that the data are negatively skewed.

1. A researcher directly controls for the probability of a ________, but does not directly control the probability of a ________. a. Type I error; alpha level b. Type II error; beta level c. Type I error; Type II error d. Type II error; Type I error

c. Type I error; Type II error

1. Which of the following is the standard level of significance for null hypothesis significance testing in the behavioral sciences? a. .05 b. .10 c. .50 d. 1.00

a. .05

1. Which of the following tests is a non-parametric alternative for a test in which the same participants are observed in each of three or more groups? a. Friedman test b. Kruskal-Wallis H test c. Mann-Whitney U test d. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks T test

a. Friedman test

1. If a researcher decides to reject the null hypothesis, then the decision was that: a. an effect reached significance. b. an effect failed to reach significance. c. an effect is small. d. an effect is large.

a. an effect reached significance.

1. A statistical procedure used to determine whether observed frequencies at each level of one categorical variable are similar to or different from frequencies expected, is called the chi-square: a. goodness-of-fit test. b. test for independence. c. test for ordinal data. d. correlation coefficient.

a. goodness-of-fit test.

1. The criteria for a decision regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis is set by the: a. level of significance. b. p-value. c. t-statistic. d. type of research design.

a. level of significance.

1. A point estimate is generally the ____ of a confidence interval. a. midpoint b. lower boundary c. upper boundary d. level of confidence

a. midpoint

1. A point estimate is the ____ precise and the ____ certain estimate. a. most; least b. least; most c. largest; smallest d. smallest; largest

a. most; least

1. A researcher evaluates the number of traffic accidents that occur daily at each of the four most-travelled roads in a local city to determine if one of the roads is more dangerous (i.e., has an unusually high proportion of traffic accidents). What type of analysis is appropriate for this research design? a. One-way analysis of variance b. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test c. Factorial analysis of variance d. Chi-square test for independence

b. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test

1. Which of the following is an example of a measure of proportion of variance? a. Cohen's d b. Cramer's V c. Estimation d. Significance

b. Cramer's V

1. What type of estimate is identified by the interval or range of possible values within which an unknown population parameter is likely to be contained? a. Proportion b. Interval c. Significance d. Point

b. Interval

1. What are the two decisions that researchers can make in hypothesis testing? a. Accept or reject the null hypothesis b. Retain or reject the null hypothesis c. Accept or reject the null hypothesis and retain or reject the null hypothesis d. Assume or justify the null hypothesis

b. Retain or reject the null hypothesis

1. Which of the following is non-parametric alternative for an ANOVA? a. Chi-square test b. Mann-Whitney U test c. Kruskal-Wallis H test d. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks T test

c. Kruskal-Wallis H test

1. The probability or likelihood that an interval estimate will contain an unknown population parameter, is called: a. proportion of variance. b. confidence interval. c. level of significance. d. level of confidence.

d. level of confidence.

1. The larger the value of Cohen's d, the larger the: a. sample. b. estimate. c. significance. d. size of an effect.

d. size of an effect.

1. Which of the following are the two types of estimates using the process of estimation? a. Point estimate and proportion estimate b. Point estimate and interval estimate c. Significance estimate and effect size estimate d. Portion estimate and interval estimate

b. Point estimate and interval estimate

1. If a researcher records the correlation between happiness (high, low) and relationship status (short-term, long-term), then which correlation measure is most appropriate for this analysis? a. Spearman b. Point-biserial c. Phi d. Significance

c. Phi

1. A mathematical formula that allows researchers to determine the likelihood of obtaining sample outcomes if the null hypothesis were true, is called: a. effect size. b. confidence interval. c. test statistic. d. Bayes' theorem.

c. test statistic.

1. A null finding means that: a. the decision was to reject the null hypothesis. b. a null hypothesis was discovered. c. the decision was to retain a null hypothesis. d. a null hypothesis has yet-to-be discovered.

c. the decision was to retain a null hypothesis.

1. All of the following is an example of a parametric test except: a. analysis of variance. b. one sample t-test. c. Pearson correlation. d. chi-square test for independence.

d. chi-square test for independence.

1. When a parametric test is used to analyze data, which of the following research designs, if applied correctly, will then have established both statistical control and experimental control of individual error variation? a. Experimental b. Nonexperimental c. Quasi-experimental d. Case study

a. Experimental

1. A statistical procedure in which a sample statistic is used to estimate the value of an unknown population parameter, is called: a. estimation. b. proportion of variance. c. significance testing. d. entanglement.

a. estimation.

1. If a researcher finds that the coefficient of determination for a set of data is equal to .12, then what is the value of eta-squared for this set of data? a. .01 b. .12 c. .24 d. not enough information

b. .12

1. A researcher computes a correlation coefficient equal to .40. What then is the coefficient of determination for this correlation? a. .04 b. .16 c. .40 d. .80

b. .16

1. A researcher increases their level of confidence from 90% to 95% to estimate the population for a set of data. What will happen to the precision of their estimate for these data? a. The estimate will be more precise b. The estimate will be less precise c. The precision of their estimate will not change d. It depends on the size of the population

b. The estimate will be less precise

1. A criterion of judgment upon which a decision is made regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis, is called: a. absolute value. b. descriptive statistics. c. decisive criterion. d. level of significance.

d. level of significance.

1. The type of regression analysis used when two or more predictor variables are analyzed in the same model is called: a. Pearson correlation coefficient. b. linear regression. c. factorial analysis of variance. d. multiple regression.

d. multiple regression.

1. Inferential statistics includes a diverse set of tests of statistical significance more formally known as: a. non-hypothesis testing. b. random effect hypothesis testing. c. alternative hypothesis testing. d. null hypothesis significance testing.

d. null hypothesis significance testing.

1. The probability of obtaining a sample outcome, if the value stated in the null hypothesis is true, is called: a. effect size. b. significance. c. test statistic. d. p-value.

d. p-value.

1. A measure of effect size in terms of the percent of variability in a dependent variable that can be explained or accounted for by the levels of a factor or treatment, is called: a. estimation. b. significance. c. correlation. d. proportion of variance.

d. proportion of variance.

1. A researcher reduces their level of confidence from 99% to 90% to estimate the population for a set of data. What will happen to the precision of their estimate for these data? a. The estimate will be more precise b. The estimate will be less precise c. The precision of their estimate will not change d. It depends on the size of the population

a. The estimate will be more precise

1. A chi-square test for independence is computed for a study with two categorical factors, each with three levels. What are the degrees of freedom smaller in this example? a. 2 b. 3 c. 6 d. 9

a. 2

1. Procedures used that allow researchers to generalize observations made with samples to the larger population from which they were selected, is called: a. inferential statistics. b. descriptive statistics. c. summary statistics. d. illustrative statistics.

A. inferential statistics.

1. Which of the following is an example of a measure of effect size that described the size of a shift in a population as the number of standard deviations that scores shifted? a. Cohen's d b. Eta-squared c. Cramer's V d. Coefficient of determination

a. Cohen's d

1. The coefficient of determination is used as an estimate of effect size for which null hypothesis significance test? a. Correlation b. Chi-square test c. t-test d. ANOVA

a. Correlation

1. As a general rule, the larger the level of confidence, the ________ precise the interval estimate tends to be. a. more b. less c. equivalently d. zero

b. less

1. A researcher recorded resilience among Marines who were either in the reserves, active duty, and officer corps following a single deployment to a foreign war zone. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation? a. Two-way factorial design b. Within-subjects ANOVA c. Two-independent sample t-test d. Between-subjects ANOVA

d. Between-subjects ANOVA

1. The chi-square test is used to analyze what type of data? a. Continuous b. Interval c. Ratio d. Categorical

d. Categorical

1. All of the following statements about the precision and certainty of an estimate are true except: a. The precision of an estimate is determined by the range of the confidence interval. b. The larger the level of confidence, the more certain the estimate. c. To be more certain that an interval contains a population parameter, we typically give up precision. d. To be more certain that an interval contains a population parameter, we typically enhance precision.

d. To be more certain that an interval contains a population parameter, we typically enhance precision.

1. What is a key distinction between parametric tests and non-parametric tests in terms of scales of measurement? a. Parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data; whereas non-parametric tests are used for nominal and ordinal data. b. Parametric tests are used for ordinal and nominal data; whereas non-parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data. c. Parametric tests are used for ordinal or interval data; whereas non-parametric tests are used for nominal data only. d. There is no distinction; both types of tests are used to analyze data on any scale of measurement.

a. Parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data; whereas non-parametric tests are used for nominal and ordinal data.

1. The Spearman, Point-biserial, and phi correlation coefficients are mathematically equivalent to the ________ correlation coefficient. a. Pearson b. chi-square c. regression d. universal

a. Pearson

1. A researcher test the hypothesis that students will have better recall of words printed in color vs. word printed in black on a white background. To test this hypothesis the researcher has students observe a screen with half the words in color and half the work in black. After 30 second, the screen is turned off and participants are asked to record all words they can recall. The mean number of colored vs. black print words correctly recalled was compared. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation? a. Related samples t-test b. One sample t-test c. Two-independent sample t-test d. Chi-square test for independence

a. Related samples t-test

1. A researcher reports that the value of a null hypothesis is contained within a 95% CI for that data. What then would have been the decision for a hypothesis test at a .05 level of significance? a. Retain the null hypothesis b. Reject the null hypothesis c. Not enough information to make a decision d. Too much information to make a decision

a. Retain the null hypothesis

1. What is the decision for a null hypothesis test when the likelihood of obtaining a sample outcome is greater than 5% if the null hypothesis were true? a. Retain the null hypothesis b. Reject the null hypothesis c. Retain the alternative hypothesis d. Retain and reject the null hypothesis

a. Retain the null hypothesis

1. A researcher computes a test statistic and finds that the p-value for this test is .03. What does this result mean? a. There is a 3% likelihood of obtaining the test statistic value, if the null were true. b. The probability of committing a Type I error if we retain the null hypothesis is 3%. c. The probability of committing a Type II error if we reject the null hypothesis is 3%. d. There is a 3% likelihood that the researchers hypothesis is correct.

a. There is a 3% likelihood of obtaining the test statistic value, if the null were true.

1. A social psychologist asks men and women to read a vignette describing an immoral act committed for reason of preservation, protection, or self gain. Differences in rating of the person described in the vignette were compared across vignette type and gender. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation? a. Two-way factorial design b. Multiple regression analysis c. Two-independent sample t-test d. Between-subjects ANOVA

a. Two-way factorial design

1. A statement about a population parameter, such as the population mean, that is assumed to be true, is called: a. null hypothesis. b. alternative hypothesis. c. researchers' hypothesis. d. significance hypothesis.

a. null hypothesis.

1. We observe ____ categorical factor(s) in a chi-square goodness-of-fit test; we observe ____ categorical factor(s) in a chi-square test for independence. a. one; two b. two; one c. one; two or more d. two or more; one

a. one; two

1. A significance test that is used to test hypotheses about parameters in a population in which the data in the population are normally distributed and measured on an interval or ratio scale of measurement, is called: a. parametric test. b. non-parametric test. c. effect size. d. confidence interval.

a. parametric test.

1. Inferential statistics allow us to use data recorded in a sample to draw conclusions about: a. populations. b. other samples. c. the sample from which data were recorded. d. subset of participants in a study.

a. populations.

1. The probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis, is called: a. power. b. Type I error. c. Type II error. d. null finding.

a. power.

1. A researcher computes a one sample t-test. What type of research situation describes a situation in which this test is used to analyze the data? a. A study measuring difference in attitudes about morality among people who identify themselves as a democrat vs. republican. b. A study testing whether night shift workers sleep the recommended eight hours per 24-hour period. c. An experiment comparing brain activity levels in rats placed on a continuous vs. an intermittent reinforcement schedule. d. An Honors class is given an assessment at two times during the semester to test if the class is improving academic performance.

b. A study testing whether night shift workers sleep the recommended eight hours per 24-hour period.

1. Which of the following is non-parametric alternative for the t-test? a. Chi-square test b. Mann-Whitney U test c. Kruskal-Wallis H test d. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test

b. Mann-Whitney U test

1. A researcher records the correlation between gender and response speed (in seconds) to a test stimulus (in seconds). Which correlation measure is most appropriate for this analysis? a. Spearman b. Point-biserial c. Phi d. Regression

b. Point-biserial

1. A researcher reports a 95% CI 2.30, 2.50. If the null hypothesis were that the mean in the populaiton equals 2.00, then what would the decision have been for a significance test at a .05 level of significance? a. Retain the null because 2.00 is not contained in the confidence interval. b. Reject the null because 2.00 is not contained in the confidence interval. c. Retain the null because 2.00 is contained in the confidence interval. d. Reject the null because 2.00 is contained in the confidence interval.

b. Reject the null because 2.00 is not contained in the confidence interval.

1. What is the decision for a null hypothesis test when the likelihood of obtaining a sample outcome is less than 5% if the null hypothesis were true? a. Retain the null hypothesis b. Reject the null hypothesis c. Reject the alternative hypothesis d. Retain and reject the null hypothesis

b. Reject the null hypothesis

1. Suppose a researcher wants to make sure that the probability of committing a Type I error is less than 5%. How can the researcher control for this? a. Set the value for a Type II error at .05 b. Set the level of significance at .05 c. Only select 5% of the possible sample from a population d. Only select 95% of the possible sample from a population

b. Set the level of significance at .05

1. A researcher selects a sample of varsity athletes from a population of varsity athletes at a local school. To which group will the researcher generalize his or her findings in a study conducted with the sample? a. The sample of varsity athletes b. The population of varsity athletes at the local school c. The population of varsity athletes worldwide d. The population of students who are not varsity athletes

b. The population of varsity athletes at the local school

1. The probability of rejecting a null hypothesis that is actually true, is called: a. power. b. Type I error. c. Type II error. d. Type III error.

b. Type I error.

1. A developmental psychologist compares the time a small sample of infants spend near their mother in each of three novel contexts. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation? a. One sample t-test b. Within-subjects ANOVA c. Related samples t-test d. Between-subjects ANOVA

b. Within-subjects ANOVA

1. If many groups are observed, then parametric tests also make the assumption that the variance in the population for each group is: a. positively skewed. b. about the same or equal. c. associated with large variance. d. prone to errors in the data.

b. about the same or equal.

1. If a researcher decides to retain the null hypothesis, then the decision was that: a. an effect reached significance. b. an effect failed to reach significance. c. an effect is small. d. an effect is large.

b. an effect failed to reach significance.

1. We use null hypothesis significance testing to identify _______; we compute effect size to identify ________. a. the size of an effect; if an effect exists b. if an effect exists; the size of an effect c. significance; if an effect exists d. significance; significance

b. if an effect exists; the size of an effect

1. A significance test that is used to test hypotheses about data that can have any type of distribution and to analyze data on a nominal or ordinal scale of measurement, is called: a. parametric test. b. non-parametric test. c. effect size. d. confidence interval.

b. non-parametric test.

1. A researcher tests the hypothesis that music played at a fast speed and major scale will enhance arousal more than music at a slow speed and minor scale. The researcher finds that the data supports his hypothesis, therefore the decision for a null hypothesis significance test must have been: a. retain the null hypothesis. b. reject the null hypothesis. c. both retain and reject the null hypothesis. d. neither retain nor reject the null hypothesis.

b. reject the null hypothesis.

1. To apply NHST, we state a null hypothesis, and then set a criterion upon which we will decide to: a. retain or accept the null hypothesis. b. retain or reject the null hypothesis. c. accept or reject the null hypothesis. d. retain or reject the alternative hypothesis

b. retain or reject the null hypothesis.

1. The denominator for each estimate of Cohen's d is: a. sample mean difference. b. sample standard deviation. c. standard error. d. proportion of variance.

b. sample standard deviation.

1. A statistical procedure used to determine whether frequencies observed at the combination of levels of two categorical variables are similar to frequencies expected, is called the chi-square: a. goodness-of-fit test. b. test for independence. c. analysis of variance. d. correlation coefficient.

b. test for independence.

1. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks T test are both non-parametric alternatives for: a. the chi-square test. b. the t-test. c. the ANOVA. d. the correlation coefficient.

b. the t-test.

1. A researcher decides at a .05 level of significance to reject the null hypothesis that the value of a population mean is equal to 12. Which of the following CIs is consistent with this conclusion? a. 95% CI 11, 13 b. 95% CI 8, 12 c. 95% CI 9, 11 d. 95% CI 11.5, 12.5

c. 95% CI 9, 11

1. Two researchers identify an effect in a population. Researcher A reports Cohen's d = .09 and Researcher B reports Cohen's d = .19. Which researcher reports a small effect size based on Cohen's conventions? a. Researcher A b. Researcher B c. Both researchers report a small effect size d. None of the researchers report a small effect size

c. Both researchers report a small effect size

1. A researcher evaluates preference for each of three advertisements aimed at children. He asks 60 parents to choose their favorite advertisement and records their choice. What type of analysis is appropriate for this research design? a. One-way analysis of variance b. Three-way analysis of variance c. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test d. Chi-square test for independence

c. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test

1. Which of the following is an example of a non-parametric test? a. Analysis of variance b. The t-tests c. Chi-square test d. Pearson correlation

c. Chi-square test

1. A measure of proportion of variance that is used as an estimate of effect size for the chi-square test for independence, is called: a. eta-squared. b. Cohen's d. c. Cramer's V. d. coefficient of determination.

c. Cramer's V.

1. The coefficient of determination is mathematically equivalent to what other measure of proportion of variance? a. Cohen's d b. Cramer's V c. Eta-squared d. Omega-squared

c. Eta-squared

1. Which of the following words best relates to inferential statistics? a. Describe b. Summarize c. Interpret d. Illustrate

c. Interpret

1. What type of estimate uses a sample mean to estimate a population mean? a. Proportion b. Interval c. Point d. Significance

c. Point

1. A researcher identifies the following conclusion: "The data show the number of patients who complete counseling depends on, or is related to, whether a patient participated in family or individual counseling sessions." What type of chi-square test was computed in this example? a. Factorial analysis of variance b. Goodness-of-fit test c. Test for independence d. Either b or c could be correct

c. Test for independence

1. What formula is computed to determine the likelihood or probability of obtaining a sample outcome, if the value stated in the null hypothesis is true? a. Effect size b. Confidence interval c. Test statistic d. Bayes' theorem

c. Test statistic

1. A researcher computes a within-subjects ANOVA. What type of research situation describes a situation in which this test is used to analyze the data? a. A social psychologist compares measures of social loafing among traditional and non-traditional college students. b. a college professor compares final exam grades among students in three separate sections of a research methods' class. c. a biopsychologist tests the time course for the release of a neurohormone before, during, and following a task thought to cause its release. d. a sports psychologist compares mental function scores in a sample of athletes from four different sports.

c. a biopsychologist tests the time course for the release of a neurohormone before, during, and following a task thought to cause its release.

1. The upper and lower boundaries of a confidence interval given within a specified level of confidence, is called: a. point estimate. b. level of significance. c. confidence limits. d. level of confidence

c. confidence limits.

1. The null hypothesis typically ________ the researchers' hypothesis. a. confirms b. supports c. contradicts d. predicts

c. contradicts

1. A statistical measure that allows researchers to describe how far scores shifted in a population, or the percent of variance in a dependent variable that can be explained by the levels of a factor, is called: a. estimation. b. significance. c. effect size. d. null hypothesis significance testing.

c. effect size.

1. In hypothesis testing a researcher can never: a. compute a test statistic before making a decision. b. make decisions about the null hypothesis. c. prove that their hypothesis is correct. d. know the likelihood of obtaining a sample mean if the null hypothesis were true.

c. prove that their hypothesis is correct.

1. A researcher computes a two-independent sample t-test. What type of research situation describes a situation in which this test is used to analyze the data? a. A graduate student selects a sample of participants to test if the time spend on task is greater than 30 minutes. b. A researcher matches right- and left-handed siblings to test if right-handed siblings express greater emotional intelligence than their right-handed counterparts. c. A professor tests whether students who repeat a course perform better on the first or second time they complete the course. d. A professor tests whether students who always sit in the front row of class score higher on class exams than students who always sit in the back row of class.

d. A professor tests whether students who always sit in the front row of class score higher on class exams than students who always sit in the back row of class.

1. A police academy records the number of men and women who pass or fail their physical training test, which a cadet must pass to become a police officer. To identify if there are gender differences in the pass-fail rate on the physical training test, what type of statistical test should be computed? a. One-way analysis of variance b. Chi-square goodness-of-fit test c. Factorial analysis of variance d. Chi-square test for independence

d. Chi-square test for independence

1. All of the following are examples of a measure of effect size except: a. Cohen's d. b. eta squared. c. coefficient of determination. d. Cronbach's alpha.

d. Cronbach's alpha.

1. A chi-square test for independence is computed for a study with two categorical factors, each with four levels. The researcher compute Cramer's V = .29. What is the size of the effect in this example? a. Trivial b. Small c. Medium d. Large

d. Large

1. All of the following correlation coefficients were mathematically derived from the Pearson correlation coefficient except: a. Spearman b. Point-biserial c. Phi d. Mean

d. Mean

1. A researcher reports a 95% CI -.02, .04. If the null hypothesis were that the mean in the population equals 0, then what is the effect size for this confidence interval? a. Effect size = .01 b. Effect size is between 0 and .04 points c. Effect size is between -.02 and .04 points d. No effect size can be reported for this CI

d. No effect size can be reported for this CI

1. A researcher reports no effect in the population, when in truth there is an effect. What type of error has the researcher made? a. No error b. Type I error c. Type III error d. Type II error

d. Type II error

1. In hypothesis testing, a researchers decision is all of the following except: a. is based on a probability. b. depends on the level of significance for a hypothesis test. c. can be to retain or reject the null hypothesis. d. based on assumption.

d. based on assumption.

1. A measure of proportion of variance used to describe effect size for data analyzed using a correlation coefficient or regression, is called: a. estimation. b. significance. c. correlation. d. coefficient of determination.

d. coefficient of determination.

1. Many non-parametric tests are called ________ because they make no assumptions regarding the shape of the distribution in the population. a. parametric tests b. skewed-distribution tests c. significance-free tests d. distribution-free tests

d. distribution-free tests

1. A decision made in null hypothesis significance testing: a. is always correct. b. is never correct. c. always reveals the truth. d. is always associated with some probability of error.

d. is always associated with some probability of error.