Chp 3 Smartbook

What are the purposes of reflexes? They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. They are movements that have an evolutionary purpose but are not necessary in the present day. They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment. They help the infant exercise.

They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried. They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment.

True or false: According to Chomsky, children's language acquisition device (LAD) provides them with the ability to form plural words. True false question.

True

The rapid development of the brain in infancy can be attributed to the cephalocaudal principle. differentiation principle. proximodistal principle. plasticity principle.

cephalocaudal principle.

The rapid development of the brain in infancy can be attributed to the plasticity principle. differentiation principle. cephalocaudal principle. proximodistal principle.

cephalocaudal principle.

Any activity that requires finger dexterity would be referred to as a reflexive action. fine motor skill. physical perception. gross motor skill.

fine motor skill.

An infant waving bye-bye is an example of a(n) morphology. receptive vocabulary. gesture. expressive vocabulary.

gesture.

Memory without conscious recollection is known as implicit memory. explicit memory. internalization. infantile amnesia.

implicit memory.

Piaget believed that we build ______ structures that help us understand the world and adjust to new environmental demands. physical scientific three-dimensional mental

mental

Select all that apply Which two of the following are essential for the ability to speak and understand language? muscular strength nervous system vocal apparatus dentition circulatory system

nervous system vocal apparatus

Infants become more vulnerable to distraction when they are not accustomed to an object. objects become familiar. they don't have a choice in object selection. objects appear out of nowhere.

objects become familiar.

A baby's schemes are structured by simple actions that can be performed on objects. themselves. other people.

objects.

What view states that environmental conditions and biological processes influence development? the cognitive intermodal view the ecological view the interactionist view the neuroconstructivist view

the neuroconstructivist view

With what is Broca's area associated? the memory of what words mean language comprehension the production of words the ability to hear others speak

the production of words

At what age do children begin using two-word utterances? 12 to 15 months 18 to 24 months 24 to 30 months 30 to 36 months

18 to 24 months

When infants correctly find an object hidden at location A and then continue to look in location A even when they see the object hidden in a new location, they are engaging in which of the following? violated expectations intermodal perception indiscriminate retrieval A-not-B error

A-not-B error

The perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting is referred to as the ______________ _________________ theory.

dynamic systems

The conscious memory of facts and experiences is called ______ memory. episodic semantic explicit working

explicit

A child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches her the correct terms for the different animals, and the child does not make the mistake again in the future. What Piagetian concept does this example describe? accommodation organization equilibration conservation

accommodation

Perception and ______ are coupled with each other. This is demonstrated through the movement of one's head, hands, arms, and eyes. creation pain cognition action

action

Piaget believed that children ______ their own cognitive worlds. actively absorb passively construct passively absorb actively construct

actively construct

Individuals who experience damage to Wernicke's area will have difficulty producing words correctly. comprehending what others say. speaking fluently. using gestures to go along with words they are speaking.

comprehending what others say.

What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects? concepts schemas categorization habituation

concepts

The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called _______________.

cooing

Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met? gesturing crying cooing babbling

crying

Which of the following is NOT one of the three strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language? recasting labeling gesturing

gesturing

When caregivers and infants frequently engage in ______ attention, infants say their first word earlier and develop a larger vocabulary. sustained joint oriented focused

joint

Reciprocal interaction is one component of joint attention. internalization of schemes. accommodation. sustained attention.

joint attention.

Which of the following gave most humans an edge over other animals and increased the chances of human survival? ingenuity language strength cunning

language

Select all that apply Which of the following are outcomes of breast feeding for children? improved cognitive development less chance of becoming overweight or obese better cardiovascular function increased maturation of the immune system fewer gastrointestinal infections

less chance of becoming overweight or obese increased maturation of the immune system fewer gastrointestinal infections

Which of the following involves the retention of information over time? encoding memory joint attention habituation

memory

Many researchers believe that Piaget was ______ about how infants learn about their world. not specific enough too curious too specific not curious enough

not specific enough

During play, the ball rolls out of view behind a chair. The infant walks behind the chair in search of the ball. This behavior is an example of which of the following? object permanence internalization of schemes organization A-not-B error

object permanence

What is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched? tertiary circular reactions deferred imitation intermodal perception object permanence

object permanence

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used to measure an infant's brain activity? fMRI sonogram EEG functional near-infrared spectroscopy

sonogram

Current research in infant cognition tends to be more ______ than Piaget's theory. comprehensive specialized ambiguous general

specialized

Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill? tying shoes swimming jumping rope walking

tying shoes

In evolutionary time, humans' acquisition of language is considered to be very delayed. very ancient. very recent. slightly delayed.

very recent.

At what age do infants begin cooing? Birth to 1 month 4 to 6 months At birth 2 to 4 months

2 to 4 months

The average North American newborn is ______ inches long. 18 20 21.5 22

20

According to Piaget, at what age does the sensorimotor period end? 24 months 36 months 12 months 15 months

24 months

An fMRI study confirmed capacity of the fetus to hear at ______ into the prenatal period by assessing brain response to auditory stimuli. 33 to 34 weeks 38 to 39 weeks 44 to 45 weeks 40 to 42 weeks

33 to 34 weeks

The average North American newborn weighs ______ pounds. 6.1 8.6 7.5 9.1

7.5

While Piaget believed that deferred imitation doesn't occur until about a year-and-a-half of age, Meltzoff showed that ______ infants could imitate actions they had seen performed 24 hours before. 14-month-old 6-month-old 12-month-old 9-month-old

9-month-old

__________________ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Assimilation

Which of the following statements is true regarding the trend towards overweight infants? Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables. Infants from higher SES backgrounds are more likely to be overweight. Concern for infant weight is not a factor until the baby reaches one year of age. The rate of overweight younger infants (under 6 months of age) exceeds the number of overweight older infants.

Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables.

Which region of the brain is associated with the production of words? Wernicke's area the amygdala Broca's area the temporal lobe

Broca's area

______ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas. Schemas Equilibration Concepts Symbols

Concepts

Select all that apply Which of the following have been linked to infant sleep problems? Consistent bedtime routines Genetic predisposition Maternal depression Screen time

Consistent bedtime routines Maternal depression Screen time

Order the sequence of babies' sounds and gestures during the first year of life, beginning with the earliest form at the top. Babbling Cooing Gestures Crying

Crying Cooing Babbling Gestures

When can sound first be perceived? Immediately at birth During the last two months of pregnancy Sometime during the second trimester of pregnancy Approximately one week after birth

During the last two months of pregnancy

_____________ memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences.

Explicit

True or false: Accommodation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

False

True or false: Infants do not show interest in human faces until they reach 12 months of age.

False

True or false: Intermodal perception involves receiving information from a single sensory modality.

False

___________________ memory is the type of memory that encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically.

Implicit

What was the main finding in Rovee-Collier's experiment regarding infant memory? Operant conditioning is not effective in studies of infant memory. Infants can retain information from the experience of being conditioned. Classical conditioning is an effective tool to use for aiding infant memory. Infants can retain information after conditioning for a few days but not for weeks.

Infants can retain information from the experience of being conditioned.

Select all that apply When caregivers and infants frequently engage in joint attention, how is language development impacted? Infants develop expressive language before receptive language. Infants use more sign language. Infants speak their first words earlier. Infants have a larger vocabulary.

Infants speak their first words earlier. Infants have a larger vocabulary.

______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols. Equilibration Language Interaction Social referencing

Language

__________ is the retention of information over time.

Memory

______________ is the rephrasing or restating of something a child has said, perhaps in the form of a question, for example.

Recasting

______ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors. Locomotion Perception Articulation Sensation

Sensation

If an infant exhibits a lack of pointing in the communication system, which of the following is true? The infant is developing normally, as not all infants point. The infant has a problem in the communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities. The infant has a problem with fine motor development and should be assessed by an occupational therapist. The infant probably does not have caregivers who use pointing as a form of communication.

The infant has a problem in the communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities.

True or false: Recasting, expanding, and labeling are common strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language.

True

True or false: The brain has plasticity and its development depends on context.

True

What is the term for the loss or impairment of language processing? aphasia recasting plasticity lateralization

aphasia

In the study of 3,000 4- to 24-month-olds, up to one-third of the babies ate no vegetables or fruit. were reported to never eat any candy or sweets. ate a well-balanced diet. ate only meat and dairy products.

ate no vegetables or fruit.

Michelle, an infant, is looking intently at her mother as she sings her a song. Which of the following best describes what Michelle is demonstrating? object permanence attention habituation memory

attention

The focusing of mental resources is known as ________________.

attention

What is the term for the production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations? babbling crying gesturing cooing

babbling

A string of consonant-vowel combinations, such as "da, da, da," or "ba, ba, ba, ba," is known as babbling. crying. cooing. gesturing.

babbling.

Some experts view the remarkable similarities in children's language acquisition all over the world as strong evidence that language has a ______ basis. cultural social cognitive biological

biological

The neuroconstructivist view emphasizes the importance of interactions between biological processes and environmental experience. genetic expression. organic factors. personal desires.

environmental experience.

The mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next is referred to by Piaget as organization. object permanence. equilibration. internalization.

equilibration.

Assimilation occurs when children use ______ schemes to deal with new information or experiences. independent new existing dependent

existing

The field of developmental cognitive neuroscience promotes the idea that infants are less competent than Piaget thought. utilizes Piaget's theory as the main framework for its research. promotes the core knowledge approach and the importance of nature in cognitive development. explores connections between the brain, cognition, and development.

explores connections between the brain, cognition, and development.

Statistical learning requires exposure. instruction. reinforcement. feedback.

exposure.

Which of the following studies infants' brain activity related to face processing, perception, attention, and memory by using near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen? fMRI EEG MEG fNIRS

fNIRS

Research has found that the MOST important visual stimuli in children's social environment are quite possibly shapes. colors. faces. objects.

faces.

The __________________ view emphasizes that language acquisition occurs because of both biological and environmental influences.

interactionist

The integration of information from two or more sensory modalities is called habituation. intermodal perception. perceptual constancy. sensory accommodation.

intermodal perception.

When watching a hockey game, spectators can hear the sound of the stick hitting the puck and see the puck slide across the ice. This ability is known as temporal-occipital integration. visio-auditory integration. intermodal perception. multisensory perception.

intermodal perception.

A baby learns how to use a spoon. He later learns how to use a fork and knife. He relates these behaviors together into a higher-order system. What Piagetian concept does this example describe? organization equilibration assimilation accommodation

organization

In Piaget's theory, ________________________ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.

organization

One day, a child takes a drumstick and hits a toy drum. Several days later, she is presented with a drumstick and toy xylophone. Then, she is given a smaller stick and a triangle. Based on his previous experiences with the other instruments, she hits the triangle with the stick. What Piagetian concept does this example describe? accommodation tertiary circular reactions equilibration organization

organization

Which strategy do parents use when they respond to a child's utterance by rephrasing it as a grammatical sentence? labeling child-directed speech recasting expanding

recasting

The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is the evolutionary behavior view. the dynamic systems view. the genetic determination view. the passive systems view.

the dynamic systems view.

Which theorist believed that humans are biologically programmed to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way? Michael Tomasello Albert Bandura Noam Chomsky Roger Brown

Noam Chomsky

Shaken baby syndrome causes swelling and hemorrhaging of the __________________.

brain

Terry's mother is playing ball with him. She takes the ball and hides it behind the chair. Terry crawls over to the chair and gets the ball. Terry's mother then hides the ball behind the door. Terry crawls back to the chair and looks there for the ball. What concept describes Terry's actions? intermodal perception object permanence A-not-B error imitation

A-not-B error

The main theme of the ecological approach of Eleanor and James J. Gibson is that ______ and action are coupled. perception sensation instinct

perception

The eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin are all considered to be sensory receptors. organs. sensory input devices. input mechanisms.

sensory receptors.

Which of the following is considered a baby's scheme? balancing a budget completing an algebra problem learning how to drive a car a baby sucking its thumb

a baby sucking its thumb

Which of the following is a result of shaken baby syndrome? ADHD stunted growth brain hemorrhaging inability to go to sleep

brain hemorrhaging

Select all that apply Which two of the following strategies do parents typically use with infants to direct joint attention? pointing gaze following reinforcement modeling

pointing gaze following

True or false: The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs in the middle trunk and progresses outward to the head and feet.

False

An interactionist view emphasizes that both ______ contribute to language acquisition. linguistics and cognition sociology and psychology biology and experience motivation and effort

biology and experience

Which sound do infants demonstrate first? crying babbling cooing gesturing

crying

Which form of infant communication involves showing and pointing? babbling crying gesturing cooing

gesturing

In the field of perceptual development, those who emphasize the role of nature are referred to as ecologists. constructivists. nativists. empiricists.

nativists.

One of the key debates in developmental psychology as it relates to perceptual development is the longstanding issue of free-will versus determinism. nature versus nurture. reductionism versus holism. idiographic versus nomothetic.

nature versus nurture.

What ability must an infant have as a foundation for gross motor skill development? the ability to hold utensils spatial skills postural control eye-hand coordination

postural control

Which of the following describes the vocalization known as babbling? sounds that may signal distress strings of consonant-vowel combinations smacking sounds made with the lips gurgling sounds made in the back of the throat

strings of consonant-vowel combinations

Select all that apply Which of the following can be inferred as an outcome of the research by DeCasper and Spence (1986) in which mothers read The Cat in the Hat to their fetuses and then to the children post-birth? Fetuses can learn. Infants do not remember sounds heard prenatally. Infants are capable of localizing sound. Fetuses can hear.

Fetuses can learn. Fetuses can hear.

Which of the following statements regarding child-directed speech is NOT true? Parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby. Child-directed speech has the outcome of capturing infant attention and maintaining communication. Four-year-olds will speak in simpler ways to two-year-olds than they will to other four-year-olds. As soon as adults start talking to a baby, they tend to shift into child-directed speech.

Parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby.

True or false: Piaget believed that children are like sponges and passively absorb information from the world around them.

False

Which of the following are characteristics of child-directed speech? Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences Language spoken in a low, quiet pitch with simple words and sentences Parental imitation of words that the child speaks Language spoken only by children to other children their same age that is simple and in telegraphic form

Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences

Select all that apply Which of the following are reasons language scholars believe that language has a biological basis? Infants can hear sounds and voices prenatally. Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language. Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language. Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world.

Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language. Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language. Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world.

_______________ categorization is the type of categorization that is based on similar features of objects, such as size, color, and movement.

Perceptual

Reading and performing music are generally believed to involve ______ of the brain. the left hemisphere both hemispheres the right hemisphere

both hemispheres

Research has shown that ______ has multiple benefits for infants, such as a lower risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections. back-sleeping breast feeding shared sleeping bottle feeding

breast feeding

Which of the following social interactions is important in language development? equilibration caregiver responsiveness educational TV programming intensive instruction

caregiver responsiveness

The ______ pattern of growth is reflected in the fact that infants can see an object before they can control their torso. cephalodistal differentiation cephalocaudal proximodistal

cephalocaudal

Andrew is an 18-month-old boy. His mother has been cleaning the house. Andrew watches her vacuum, wash the windows, and sweep the kitchen floor. The next day his mother watches as Andrew takes his toy vacuum and pretends to vacuum the floor. What cognitive technique is Andrew demonstrating? explicit memory repetitive modeling deferred imitation habituation

deferred imitation

Gross motor skills involve large-muscle activities. involve the hands and fingers. develop after fine motor skill development. begin with the Moro reflex.

involve large-muscle activities.

According to Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, if an infant's behavior is followed by a rewarding stimulus, the behavior will stop completely. is less likely to recur. is likely to recur. will change into a new behavior.

is likely to recur.

Which of the following concepts refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex? lobe distinction alternation differentiation lateralization

lateralization

After an infant babbles, her mother immediately smiles and touches her. According to the environmental influence perspective, what behavior will the infant most likely display following her mother's response? sounds signifying distress silence sounds signifying hunger more speech-like sounds

more speech-like sounds

The most common infant sleep-related problem is insomnia. sleep apnea. nighttime waking. hypersomnia.

nighttime waking.

Baby Amir has demonstrated that he can put all the red blocks in one pile and all the blue blocks in a different pile. What area of categorization has Amir demonstrated? perceptual cognitive conceptual recall

perceptual

Lack of _________________, a type of gesture, may indicate a problem in a baby's ability to communicate.

pointing

Before babies can hold on to furniture and "walk" around the room by grasping onto objects, they must have parental encouragement. the ability to crawl. eye-hand coordination. postural control.

postural control.

A child says, "I like play with Sophie." Her teacher asks, "What do you like to play with Sophie?" This is an example of expanding. negating. labeling. recasting.

recasting.

Behaviors that are built-in reactions to stimuli that allow infants to respond to their environment before they have learned the behavior are called reflexes. rooting. grasping. motor skills.

reflexes.

Which of the following activities is NOT considered a fine motor skill? buttoning a shirt grasping a toy sorting shapes in a shape-sorting toy riding a tricycle

riding a tricycle

Select all that apply Which of the following are components of language? (Choose every correct answer.) perceptual categorization rules for varying words rules for combining words words used by a community

rules for varying words rules for combining words words used by a community

Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of ______, according to Piaget. strategies schemes accommodations encoding

schemes

In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called schemes. classifications. equilibration. habituation.

schemes.

The ______ stage is the name of the Piagetian stage that occurs between birth and 2 years of age. formal operational sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational

sensorimotor

Equilibration is the name Piaget gave to the mechanism by which children resist moving to the next stage of thought. skip stages of thought that are too easy. shift from one stage of thought to the next. use primitive methods to weigh objects.

shift from one stage of thought to the next.

In examining the connection between attention and habituation in infancy, objects that become familiar will result in attention becoming _____________________.

shorter

Select all that apply Which of the following are characteristic of child-directed speech? simple words higher pitch faster tempo exaggerated intonation

simple words higher pitch exaggerated intonation

As infants extract an increasing number of potential word forms from the speech stream they hear, they begin to associate these with concrete, perceptually available objects in their world. This is referred to as object permanence. infinite generativity. statistical learning. a tertiary circular reaction.

statistical learning.