Chp 5: The Renaissance
Lorenzo de Medici
"Lorenzo the Magnificent," ruled as a dictator yet kept up the appearance of having an elected government
Dante's writing - Humans born to go to heaven fall easily because of our lack of will power against temptation/sin.
"O human race, born to fly upward, wherefore at a little wind dost thou so fall?" ― Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy
Renaissance
"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
Renaissance man
"universal man;" men who excelled in many fields
Donatello
(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.
Erasmus
(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.
Michelangelo
(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
Henry VIII
(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.
Ignatius of Loyola
(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.
Elizabeth I
(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.
William Shakespear
(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.
Utopian
(adj.) founded upon or involving a visionary view of an ideal world; impractical
Perspective
(n.) a point of view or general standpoint from which different things are viewed, physically or mentally; the appearance to the eye of various objects at a given time, place, or distance
Patron
(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
Recant
(v.) to withdraw a statement or belief to which one has previously been committed, renounce, retract
Gutenberg invented the printing press in Germany. What was the first book printed on it? What else was printed on it that changes the Church?
*The Bible * The writings of Martin Luther
What were 3 changes made in Renaissance society?
1. Cities grew in size and number 2. Middle class developed - made up of Merchants and Craftsmen 3. Serfdom was ending -farmers moved to cities for better jobs
What behavior was valued and seen as signs of being saved by God?
1. Hard work 2. Honesty 3. Thrift (not spending money)
What were the 3 major ideas that caused and sustained the Renaissance?
1. Interest in the ideas and philosophy of the ancient Greeks and Romans 2. Renewed interest in Education and in Scholarship 3. Intellectual movement called Humanism- the belief in human potential in art, science, literature and in the rebuilding cities and states
Name 6 changes that the printing press caused.
1. Martin Luther's ideas spread 2. Books were more affordable 3. Copies of books were made available quickly 4. It spread Protestant teachings 5. Vernacular language ( language of ordinary people not Latin, the language of the Church) was used more 6. More languages were in print, French, Italian, German depending on the region 7. Other genres of writing were printed and copied
What were Martin Luther's main arguments against the Church ?
1. Misuse of Indulgences - Church making a profit from them 2. Faith = all that a person needs enter into Heaven - the Church required good deeds 3.The Bible is the only authority not the Pope and bishops
A theocracy was developed in Switzerland by John Calvin . What were the rules related to morality?
1. No card playing 2. No dancing 3. No swearing (bad words)
John Calvin
1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.
Martin Luther
95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.
Eucharist
A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine.
Martin Luther
A German monk who tried to change the Catholic Church and eventually left the Catholic Church to start his own Protestant Christian Church.
Nicolaus Copernicus
A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.
Presbyterian
A Protestant Christian religion characterized by governance by a group of elders and traditionally Calvinistic in doctrine
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Calvinism
A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin.
Gravity
A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses.
What was a fresco?
A fresco was a special wall painting done on wet plaster
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
pilgrimage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
Printing Press
A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.
Ghetto
A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions
Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer
A satire about a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral in Kent, England ...the pilgrims all have other reasons for going other than their devotion to God.
Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Leonardo Da Vinci
A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.
Name one Renaissance artist from outside Italy and name one of his works
Albrecht Dürer was a German artist who was influenced by the ideas of the Renaissance He is most famous for his engravings which were prints often made from wood He also completed some wonderful paintings of animals
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
Theses
Arguments
Engraving
Art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints
What made the painting of the Renaissance so unique?
Artists made their paintings more life-like by using perspective to give a sense of depth to their paintings They used oil-based paints Some did painting on wet plaster called frescoes Many of the artists used a technique called sfumato to paint human faces and bodies
Heliocentric
Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe
Humanism
Belief that humans are capable of great achievements
Why was the printing press of such importance during the Renaissance?
Books to be produced quickly and cheaply More people could learn to read and write and important religious and political ideas could be spread quickly over large areas i.e the ideas of Martin Luther in the Reformation were spread quickly all over Germany and beyond
Who was Galileo and why was he so important?
Born in Pisa he was a professor of maths and an astronomer, he invented the telescope He supported Copernicus theory that all the planets travelled around the sun. When he refused to renounce his views the Church put him under house arrest for the rest of his life.
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
Canterbury Cathedral
Canterbury Cathedral is one of the oldest Christian churches in England and it continues to play a central role in English Christianity. Originally founded in 602.
Florence, Italy
Center for Art during the Renaissance Home of the Medici's
Reformation
Changes to the Catholic Church and the development of other protestant religions; part of the Renaissance
Copernicus and Galileo's achievements
Copernicus -Heliocentrism ; Gaileo proved it. Galileo - the basic principle of relativity (the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line)
Name some famous Renaissance patrons and explain why they were so important
Cosimo de Medici was the ruler of Florence and he paid for many new public buildings Also Pope Julius II who paid Michaelangelo to work in St Peter's church in Rome eg He painted the ceiling of the Sistine chapel
Catholic Cathedrals built during the Renaissance
Craftsmen, builders, stonemasons ....new middle class built these majestic buildings.
A TIP
DON'T FORGET TO REVIEW THE LAST PAGE OF 17.2 BECAUSE IT GIVES AN OVERVIEW OF THE LEGACY OF THE RENAISSANCE
Rene Descartes
Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures
Printing Press
Developed in the 1400's by Gutenberg, this machine allowed books to be made easier and cheaper which led to more reading and writing and education.
Literacy
Due to the printing press, reading and writing increased.
Isaac Newton
English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.
Frances Bacon
English noble stressed experiment and observation
Tudors
English royal family, dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs; Elizabeth
Shakespeare
English writer and playwright famous for penning such classics as Romeo & Juliet and Hamlet.
Vernacular
Everyday language of ordinary people
The Last Supper
Famous Renaissance painting by Leonardo Da Vinci of Jesus and the Twelve Disciples from the Christian New Testament Bible.
Mona Lisa
Famous Renaissance painting by Leonardo Da Vinci of a European woman.
The Creation of Adam
Famous painting by Michelangelo of the biblical story of the beginning of man.
David
Famous statue by Michelangelo of the Biblical character who defeated Goliath and became a Jewish King.
Name a famous Renaissance architect
Filippo Brunelleschi who designed the dome for the cathedral in Florence It took sixteen years to complete and was the largest dome in the world at the time
The Spanish Armada
Fleet assembled by King Philip II of Spain to invade England
Predestination
God determines who will be saved and who will be condemned before a person is born.
Thomas More
He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.
Anne Boleyn
Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.
Why are the notebooks of da Vinci so important?
His notebooks contain all the information and drawings he made of things that he was interested in For example, detailed drawings of veins, muscles, as well as many of his ideas for making new weapons etc
Calvinism
In addition to Luther's ideas John Calvin preached "predestination" .
Scapegoats
Individuals or groups blamed for wrongs that were not of their doing
Johann Gutenberg
Invented the printing press
Raphael
Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars
Boccaccio
Italian writer who wrote the Decameron, a book about the plague that presents both tragic and comic views of life
Who were two writers who benefited from the printing press?
Italian writer,Dante wrote Divine Comedy. Geoffrey Chaucer, English, wrote The Canterbury Tales.
The Renaissance began in which country? What were 2 important cities during the Renaissance?
Italy 1. Rome 2. Florence 3. Venice
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
Italy was at the centre of the main trade routes, Italians traded with the cultures of the Chinese and the Arabs Italian Rulers were very wealthy and they sponsored works of art for their own cities Also the countryside was filled with ruins and statues which served as models for artists and architects
Kabuki Plays
Japanese - elaborate costumes, dances and songs in dramatic performances
Why was Johann Gutenberg so important?
Johann Gutenberg was born in Germany He was a goldsmith and he invented movable metal type which meant that single letters in metal could be used over and over again
Explain how Leonardo da Vinci was such a genius
Leonardo da Vinci is considered a genius of the Renaissance because he was a painter, a sculptor and an inventor He also studied anatomy, astronomy and geology
Annul
Make void or null, cancel, abolish (usually of laws or other established rules)
Michaelangelo
Mary holding Jesus after the Crucifixion
Secular
Non-religious
Predestination
Often associated with Calvinism in the Protestant Reformation, it is the doctrine that God has already chosen who will be saved and become Christian and that people have no actual choice in the matter.
Bloody Mary
Oldest daughter of Henry VIII. Queen of England from 1553-58. Known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the Anglicanism in attempting to re-Catholicize England. She married Spain's Philip II.
Protestants
People who left the Catholic Church to start their own Christian churches and communities.
Martin Luther
Reasons for the Reformation
Michelangelo
Renaissance artist and sculptor famous for his painting of Adam in the Sistine Chapel and his statue of David.
Da Vinci
Renaissance inventor and artist who painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
Baptism
Sacrament necessary for entrance into the Church
Reformation
Some Christians tried to change, or reform, the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. This time period is called the ___________________.
Miguel de Cervantes
Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form
Theology
Study of God
Church of England (Anglican)
The Church of England is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the worldwide Anglican Communion.
What was the first book to be printed?
The Holy Bible There are 47 copies still in existence today
Leo deNardo DaVinci -Renaissance artist
The Last Supper
Name one famous da Vinci painting and describe it
The Last Supper was painted on the wall of a monastery and it depicts the reaction of the twelve apostles when Jesus had just told them that one of them would betray him Amazing facial expressions
Greece and Rome
The Renaissance was considered a rebirth of learning and culture from these two classical civilizations.
What were some of the main changes that took place in architecture?
The architects based their ideas from the ruins of old Roman buildings They used impressive decorated columns, domes and rounded arches
What does the word 'Renaissance' mean?
The word renaissance means 'rebirth' because people's interest in things from ancient Greece and Rome was reborn
Craftsmen
These individuals contributed greatly to new inventions and new ways of making things.
Explain why the Medici family were so wealthy
They had made a fortune as merchant bankers in the city of Florence
Briefly describe pre-Renaissance paintings?
They were usually flat and lifeless - not really lifelike or realistic and the figures were not to scale - mostly were paintings of religious scenes and were painted onto wood panels
Trade
This economic activity led to the sharing of culture among the civilizations of Europe, the Middle East, and Asia (India and China).
What was sfumato?
This was a 'smoky' technique which made human skin look amazingly realistic
Renaissance
Time of renewed interest and advancements in science, art, and education from the 1300's to the 1700's.
Circumnavigate
To navigate around: to travel around the world- Magellan
Heresy
To speak out against an established religion; punishable by law ; a crime in places that don't have religious freedom ( Martin Luther)
When was this period in history and what occurred?
Took place between 1300 AD to 1650 AD and a new civilisation began which was based on the culture of Greece and Rome
Arab Muslims
Trade with this group of people from the Middle East helped reintroduce advances in science and culture to Europe.
Witch Hunts
What were some results of the Catholic Reformation?
Name a famous Renaissance writer and one of his written works
William Shakespeare Born in Stratford-on-Avon in England He wrote both poems and plays, many of which are based on stories and legends from Ancient Greece and Rome
Indulgence
Within the Catholic Church, this is the remission punishment for ones sins. Such as for a sin that has already been forgiven by God but which still carries with it some kind of punishment. Centuries ago the Church would sell certificates that would get a person out of purgatory. This practice contributed to the Protestant reformation.
Predestination
Your life has already been planned, the outcome has been decided by God..you can't change your fate no matter how good you are
Catholic Reformation
a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation
Andreas Vesalius
a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)
Albrecht Durer
a German artist whose popularity helped spread Renaissance styles and he influenced
humanism
a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
The Prince
a book by Niccolo Machiavelli that examines the imperfect conduct of human beings
The Courtier
a book written by Castiglione that taught people how to become "Renaissance men" and "Renaissance women"
Denomination
a branch of Christianity- Protestant : Methodist, Baptist, Lutheran, Episcopalian, Presbyterian)
Theocracy
a government run by religious leaders
Leonardo da Vinci
a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist - true Renaissance man; painted the Mona Lisa
School of Athens
a painting by Raphael that showed the value of humanism and depicts the greatest Greek philosophers
Indulgence
a payment to get pardoned or forgiven by God for a sin. The payment went to the Catholic Church ( bribe/extortion)
Renaissance
a period of European history, lasting from from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and world views
the Medici
a powerful banking family that came to rule Florence during the Renaissance; Cosimo de Medici was the first ruler and gained his position after giving loans to the members of the ruling council
Michelangelo
a sculptor, poet, architect, and painter that emphasized a realistic style when depicting the human body
Compromise
a settlement of differences in which each side gives up something
merchants
a social class that dominated politics, did not inherit their social ranks, and in order to succeed in business they needed to be smart; many successful merchants believed they deserved power based on their individual merit
Niccolo Machiavelli
a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)
utopia
actual translation is "no place," but it has evolved to mean an ideal place
perspective
an artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface
Medici's
an important family of bankers in Florence, Italy who controlled Florence and used their wealth to support artists and scientists.
Anatomy
bodily structure of an animal, plant or human: Skeletal, muscular, circulatory and other systems in the body
Commerce
buying and selling goods and commodities(services)
Scientific inventions
clock, improved lenses for the telescope and microscope; screwdriver, wrench, submarine
Humanities
collectively, areas of study that focus on human life and culture, such as history, literature, and ethics
secular
concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
Mary Tudor
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics
The Inquisition
established by the Fourth Lateran Council that made bishops responsible for destroying heresies within their dioceses
Vittoria Colonna
female author who helped publish The Courtier
Jan van Eyck
first great Flemish Renaissance painter who used new techniques to reveal realistic details and the personality of subjects
Chiaroscuro
in Art, a sharp contrast between light and dark shadows to make subject look life-like
Perspective
in Art, making a painting or drawing look 3D
Secular
interested in the world more than in religion
Johann Gutenberg
inventor of the printing press
Excommunication
kicked out of the Catholic Church ( Priests and nuns )
Raphael
learned from Michelangelo and Leonardo
printing press
made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply; made books cheap enough for people to buy; helped spread literature
Donatello
made sculptures more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personality; created the famous statute of David
Elizabethan Age
mid-1500s; when the Renaissance spread to England; Queen Elizabeth I was very supportive of English art and literature
Francesco Petrarch
one of the earliest and most influential humanists; "Father of the Renaissance"; great poet who wrote sonnets
Christine de Pizan
one of the first female writers to earn a living as a writer; one of the first to question the different treatment of boys and girls
Isabella d'Este
one of very few women who had political power; when her husband was taken captive, she defended Mantua and won his release
patrons
people who support artists, especially financially
William Shakespeare
regarded as the greatest playwright of all time; performed at the Globe Theater
Doctrine
religious teachings and rules
English Reformation
result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom
A novel is a ___ book ( secular) or (religious)
secular
Patron
synonyms: sponsor, benefactor - a person or family who financially supports someone or an institution( The Medici family supported the artists in Florence)
vernacular
the everyday language of people in a region or country
Sofonisba Anguissola
the first woman artist to gain an international reputation
Christian Humanism
their focus was to reform society and they promoted the education of women and founded schools attended by both boys and girls
Canonize
to declare a person a saint; raise to highest honors
Diplomacy
using words to deal with other countries, not force
Renaissance woman
women were expected to inspire art, but not to create it; Renaissance women were better educated than medieval women but had little influence in politics
95 Thesis
written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.
Erasmus
wrote Praise of Folly and he believed that in order to improve society all people should read the Bible
Thomas More
wrote Utopia about an ideal place where greed, corruption, and war no longer existed
