Chpt 23
b
42) Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. A) 480 B) 180 C) 125 D) 18 E) 1.8
d
43) What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"? A) reabsorption B) excretion C) secretion D) filtration E) micturition
c
44) Where does countercurrent multiplication occur? A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3 E) 2
b
45) Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? A) 2 B) 1 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6
d
46) Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH? A) 1 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 and 6 E) 4, 5, and 6
d
13) The outermost layer of the kidney is the A) renal cortex. B) renal medulla. C) major calyx. D) fibrous capsule. E) renal pelvis.
b
14) The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the A) renal papilla. B) renal pelvis. C) renal medulla. D) renal cortex. E) renal sinus.
a
15) Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) pyramids. B) renal columns. C) renal pelvises. D) nephrons. E) calyces.
d
16) Renal columns are A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. B) expanded ends of the ureters. C) the basic functional units of the kidney. D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
b
17) The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the A) renal sinus. B) renal pelvis. C) renal calyx. D) renal hilum. E) renal corpuscle.
a
18) Major calyces are A) large tributaries of the renal pelvis. B) expanded ends of nephrons. C) basic functional layers of the kidney. D) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla. E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.
e
19) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla? A) releases renin B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid
c
20) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? A) releases renin B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid
c
39) Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except A) hydrogen ions. B) urea. C) proteins. D) amino acids. E) creatinine.
e
40) Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include A) hydrogen. B) penicillin. C) creatinine. D) potassium ions. E) all of the above
e
41) The process of filtration occurs at A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) the distal convoluted tubule. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
c
47) The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers: A) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores. B) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes. C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits. D) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule. E) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.
b
48) The structure known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus is located near the A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) glomerulus. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) renal papilla.
c
49) Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane. A) sodium ions B) glucose C) albumin D) amino acids E) urea
c
50) The process of filtration is driven by A) active transport. B) blood osmotic pressure. C) blood hydrostatic pressure. D) renal pumping. E) solvent drag.
a
51) Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure? A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure B) capsular hydrostatic pressure C) capsular colloid osmotic pressure D) blood colloid osmotic pressure E) urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure
b
52) Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure, BCOP = blood colloidal osmotic pressure, CsHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure.) A) FP = GHP + CsHP - BCOP B) FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP) C) FP = CsHP + GHP - BCOP D) FP = BCOP - GHP + CsHP E) FP = BCOP + (GHP - CsHP)
d
53) Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties? A) depends on changes in the afferent arteriole B) depends on changes in the mesangial cells C) depends on changes in the efferent arteriole D) all of the above E) none of the above
a
54) One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. B) decrease secretion of aldosterone. C) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. E) decrease urinary albumin concentration.
b
55) Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following, except A) produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs. B) increase the glomerular filtration rate. C) increase cardiac output. D) stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction. E) increase systemic blood pressure.
e
56) As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? A) 1 B) 38 C) 63 D) 74 E) 99
e
57) Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except A) active transport. B) facilitated diffusion. C) secondary active transport. D) osmosis. E) stem cell movements.
d
58) What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc) are reabsorbed in the PCT? A) 50 B) 90 C) 25 D) 75
e
59) Secretion of hydrogen ion by the DCT is by the process of A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport. E) countertransport.
d
60) In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce A) a larger volume of urine. B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. E) urine with less glucose.
d
61) Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by A) simple diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport with Na ions. E) countertransport for bicarbonate ion.
d
62) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)? A) relies on countercurrent multiplication B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration in the renal medulla C) enables production of hypertonic urine D) all of the above E) none of the above
b
63) Which of the following is greater? A) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) C) The concentrations at the top and bottom are identical.
d
64) When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, A) more urine is produced. B) less urine is produced. C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases. D) more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases. E) none of the above occurs.
e
65) The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) the distal convoluted tubule. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
a
66) Antidiuretic hormone A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. C) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine. D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary. E) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.
e
67) The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. D) a properly functioning nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) all of the above
b
68) A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to A) excessive ADH secretion. B) absence of ADH. C) hematuric oliguria. D) overproduction of aldosterone. E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.
a
69) ________ is (are) an immediately life-threatening condition, however, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible. A) Acute renal failure B) Chronic renal failure C) Dysuria D) Prostate enlargement E) Kidney stones
d
70) An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is A) glomerulonephritis. B) polycystic kidney disease. C) calculi. D) renal failure. E) hematuria.
b
71) Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible? A) acute renal failure B) chronic renal failure C) dysuria D) prostate enlargement E) kidney stones
c
72) Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? A) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter B) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra D) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct E) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder
d
73) The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. A) stratified squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) simple cuboidal D) transitional E) simple columnar
b
74) The detrusor muscle A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter. D) functions as the external urinary sphincter. E) surrounds the renal pelvis.
a
75) During the micturition reflex, A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord. B) sympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active. C) the internal sphincter is consciously relaxed. D) all of the above E) none of the above
b
76) The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes. A) incontinence B) dysuria C) pyelonephritis D) renal calculi E) urinary retention
true
77) True or False: The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is significantly higher than the capsular hydrostatic pressure.
true
78) True or False: The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.