Chpt. 9 Nutrients Involved in Bone Health

Cigarette smoking ______ bone density. has little effect on increases decreases has no effect on

decreases

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) provides a measure of bone _______. growth placement maturity density

density

Many osteoporosis medications are based on the role of _______ in bone health. vitamin D estrogen prolactin progesterone

estrogen

Muscle spasms and convulsions can be caused by ______. low blood sugar excessive fluoride consumption high blood phosphorus levels vitamin D deficiency

high blood phosphorus levels

If you consume a diet _____ in calcium, your body's ability to absorb calcium _____. high; decreases low; decreases high; stabilizes high; increases

high; decreases

The body's inability to regulate blood calcium can result in _______. osteomalacia hypercalcemia rickets diabetes

hypercalcemia

Osteoporosis can increase a person's risk for _______. hypercalcemia hypocalcemia cancer infection

infection

Calcium supplements can contain dangerous amounts of _____. mercury vitamin D polycholorinated biphenyls (PCBs) lead

lead

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by _____. low bone mass respiratory problems excessive fat accumulation poor muscle mass

low bone mass

Trabecular bone is ____ and accounts for about _____ of our skeleton. porous; 20 percent compact; 35 percent compact; 20 percent porous; 80 percent

porous; 20 percent

Research shows that vitamin D supplementation has been shown to _____. reduce risk of premature death pose no risk for toxicity reduce the risk of fractures in older adults be the most cost-effective way to get enough vitamin D

reduce the risk of fractures in older adults

Which statement regarding calcium is FALSE? -Most of the calcium in our bodies, 99 percent, is found in bones and teeth. -When dietary calcium is low, calcium is removed from the bone to maintain blood calcium levels. -Calcium makes up approximately 2 percent of body weight. -Approximately 50 percent of calcium is found in the blood.

-Approximately 50 percent of calcium is found in the blood.

Our bodies can not absorb more than ____ of calcium at any one time. 1,000 mg 250 mg 500 mg 1,200 mg

500 mg

About _____ of bone tissue is made up of minerals. 65 percent 40 percent 20 percent 15 percent

65 percent

Ultraviolet rays react with _____ in the skin to begin the process of forming vitamin D. calcidiol 7-dehydrocholesterol calcitriol cholecalciferol

7-dehydrocholesterol Ultraviolet rays react with 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. This is the first step in the formation of vitamin D.

In the United States, women comprise about ______ of osteoporosis sufferers. 75 percent 90 percent 60 percent 80 percent

80 percent

A vitamin D deficiency disease that occurs mainly in children is _____. osteomalacia osteoporosis tetany rickets

rickets

Bone modeling determines the _____ of our bones. lifetime growth size composition shape

shape

Receiving a T-score of -2.7 based on the DXA procedure to assess bone health would be interpreted as evidence that ____. the individual has osteoporosis the individual's bone density is normal the individual has osteoclasts the individual has low bone mass

the individual has osteoporosis

Good sources of fluoride include dental products and _______. sunshine citrus fruits supplements water

water

True/False: Calcium is actively absorbed in the upper small intestine with the aid of 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D.

True

True/False: The thyroid hormone calcitonin inhibits the effects of vitamin D on calcium metabolism and works to lower calcium levels in the blood.

True

When do humans generally achieve peak bone density? Thirty to thirty-five years of age Puberty Twenty to thirty years of age Forty to forty-five

Twenty to thirty years of age

Among other things, calcium assists in maintaining healthy __________. blood pressure mental capacity digestion lung function

blood pressure

The active form of vitamin D, also known as a hormone, is called _____. calcitriol calcidiol 7-dehydrocholesterol cholecalciferol

calcitriol

Which statement(s) correctly describe(s) the role of hormones in calcium metabolism? Be aware that all statements may be correct. -Calcitonin is released when blood calcium levels are high and increases the activity of osteoclast cells in bone, releasing calcium from bone into the blood. -Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin stimulate calcium reabsorption by the kidneys. -Parathyroid hormone is released when dietary calcium levels are low. -Intestinal absorption of calcium depends on the level of active vitamin A that we have in our body.

-Parathyroid hormone is released when dietary calcium levels are low.

Healthy adults absorb only about _____ of the calcium from most foods. 30 percent 60 percent 50 percent 10 percent

30 percent

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis? Body weight Fractures as an adult Age Family history

Body weight

Which patient is likely at greatest risk for osteoporosis? -Caucasian male who is overweight with an immediate relative with osteoporosis -Caucasian female who is overweight with an immediate relative with osteoporosis -Female of Middle Eastern descent who is normal weight but has a grandmother with osteoporosis -Caucasian female who is underweight with an immediate relative with osteoporosis

Caucasian female who is underweight with an immediate relative with osteoporosis

True/False: Once absorbed into the blood, the cholecalciferol travels to the kidney for the final step in activation.

False

Which is part of the body's response to high blood calcium levels? Increased reabsorption by the kidneys Activation of vitamin D Secretion of calcitonin by thyroid gland Breakdown of bone

Secretion of calcitonin by thyroid gland

Which meal is the highest contributor to dietary vitamin K intake? -Yogurt and granola for a snack -Spinach salad with broccoli, red peppers, and ranch dressing at lunch -Oatmeal with milk and blueberries at breakfast -Chicken marinated in one tablespoon canola oil served with sweet potatoes and cauliflower for dinner

Spinach salad with broccoli, red peppers, and ranch dressing at lunch

Which of the following nutrients supports increased calcium absorption? Vitamin D Oxalates Calcium Phytates

Vitamin D

A protein that forms strong fibers in bone and connective tissue is _______. calcium collagen adenosine triphosphate (ATP) fatty fish

collagen

The female athlete triad is a disorder characterized by coexistence the following three conditions: osteoporosis, low energy availability, and _______. sleeplessness menstrual cycle disruption mood swings depression

menstrual cycle disruption

About 35 percent of bone tissue is made up of ______ substances. inorganic organic nutritive water-soluble

organic

Bone formation involves the action of _______. osteoblasts fluorosis blood movement osteoclasts

osteoblasts