CHPTR 9 Inflammation, Davis. Adv. Assessments w/ Pre & Post

Which term refers to the release of chemicals that dispatch white blood cells and platelets to areas of injury? Stricture Contracture Chemotaxis Phagocytosis

Chemotaxis

_________________ are inflexible shrinkages of wound tissue as the body closes the wound. Keloids Transudates Contractures Adhesions

Contractures

You believe John is suffering from poor wound healing and inflammation due to infection of the surgical wound site. This does not appear to be a long-term, or chronic, inflammatory response, but rather an acute response to an infectious agent. Thus, anti-microbial medications, rather than long-term anti-inflammatory agents such as________________, are prescribed. opioids corticosteroids beta blockers analgesics

Corticosteroids are prescribed to reduce chronic inflammation associated with certain diseases, such as asthma. Corticosteroids work by suppressing inflammatory gene expression and inflammatory mediators. Opioids are used to relieve pain, while beta blockers are used to manage cardiac arrhythmias. Analgesics lessen pain.

To reduce pain and swelling, John had been taking an anti-prostaglandin medication. Which enzyme is involved in the formation of prostaglandins associated with pain and swelling? Lipooxygenase Cyclooxygenase-1 Cyclooxygenase-2 Arachidonase

Cyclooxygenase- 2 is an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. The prostaglandins formed are associated with inflammation and swelling.

Although John's medication reduces swelling and inflammation, he is complaining that it is hurting his stomach. Which enzyme is involved with the production of protective prostaglandins that help maintain the health of the gastric mucosa? Lipooxygenase Cyclooxygenase-1 Cyclooxygenase-2 Arachidonase

Cyclooxygenase-1 is involved with prostaglandin synthesis that stimulates the formation of mucus in the GI tract. If this pathway is disrupted, for example by anti-prostaglandin medications, patients may complain of GI upset.

In addition, mediators of inflammation, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and _________________, were shown to be elevated. PT ALT ESR AST

ESR, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate, along with CRP are generic markers of inflammation. Although they are not specifically diagnostic, elevation in these factors can be used to assess the presence of inflammation due to infection or autoimmune diseases. PT refers to "prothrombin time" and is used to assess blood clotting. ALT and AST are liver enzymes that may elevate in the blood with liver damage.

When you examine the wound, you note the appearance of redness and warmth. Fluid appearing to contain cells and proteins, known as _________, is seeping from the edges of the wound. eschar abscess exudate transudate

Exudate is fluid that contains proteins and cells. Transudate is clear fluid, as found in a blister. Eschar is dead tissue that falls off from healthy skin. An abscess is a walled-off area of infection.

You inform John that you are not surprised his wound is healing slowly. Which of the following is the most important cause of delayed healing? Poor surgical technique Infections Too much protein in the diet Adequate oxygen delivery to the injury area

Infection is the single most important cause of delayed healing. A wound's susceptibility to infection is influenced by the patient's immune strength, the type of wound present, and conditions of injury. The presence of infection perpetuates the inflammation phase and delays the formation of granulation tissue and collagen synthesis.

Laboratory analysis of John's blood reveals an elevated white blood cell count of 12,000 cells per microliter, known as ___________. leukemoid reaction neutropenia leukocytosis leukopenia

Leukocytosis is an elevation in total white blood cell number. This often occurs with illness and infection. Leukopenia is a reduction in total white blood cell number. A leukemoid reaction is extremely elevated WBC levels (above 50,000 cells/microliter).

John, age 37, appears at your clinic complaining of pain and soreness in his knee. Several days prior, John had undergone knee surgery to repair a tear in the medial meniscus. The surgical laceration is considered a _________________ intention. primary secondary tertiary

Primary intention

John's body temperature is slightly elevated. You know that fevers are a common sign of infection caused by ___________, chemical signals that reset the hypothalamic thermostat. chemotaxis leukotrienes pyrogens histimine

Pyrogens are exogenous or endogenous chemical signals that cause fever.

Which of the following are associated with inflammation? Select all that apply. Swelling Increased blood flow Increased vascular permeability Redness Warmth

Swelling Increased blood flow Increased vascular permeability Redness Warmth

Leukotrienes are

inflammatory mediators released by white blood cells.

Which chemical resets the hypothalamic thermostat, causing fever? chemotaxis histamine platelet-activating factor pyrogen

pyrogen

Chemotaxis refers to

the movement towards a chemical signal,