Christian Reformations

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) a German monk who, in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them; his actions began the Reformation

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531) Swiss humanist, priest and disciple of Erasmus. Founded the reform church in Switzerland. Much like Luther's but differed over nature of Communion. Believed it to be purely a symbolic act - commemorating the last supper and christ's sacrifice for mankind. Luther, on the other hand, believed there was a spiritual presence in the bread and wine at the time of communion. This difference became apparent at the time of the Marburg Colloquy in 1529. Zwingli tried to simplify the Christian belief and practise even more than Luther.

John Calvin

(1509-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented.

predestination

(theology) being determined in advance especially the doctrine (usually associated with Calvin) that God has foreordained every event throughout eternity (including the final salvation of mankind)

transubstantiation

Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist : that when the bread and wine (the elements) are consecrated by the priest at Mass, they are transformed into the actual Body and Blood of Christ.

German peasant revolts (1525)

Twelve Articles, 1525: peasants demanded end of serfdom and tithes, and other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry. Many of these peasants were inspired by Luther

Charles V

ruled from 1519 to 1556 and ruled over the Holy Roman Empire, parts of Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Burgundy. Best remembered for opposing the Reformation and opposing the Ottomans.

pluralism

the abuses of the Catholic church in which officials held multiple positions to gain wealth, while subcontracting pastoral duties to unqualified clergymen. ex Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, grandson and cardinal-nephew of Pope Paul III, held sixty-four benefices simultaneously.

Jesuits

A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the CHurch during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

Lord's Supper

Eucharistic doctrine espoused by Swiss reformer Zwingli whereby the Eucharist is a memorial of the Last Supper, but no changes occur in the elements

Roman Inquisition

Papal Inquisition. Estab. in Rome 1542 under permanent committee of cardinals called Holy Office. Goal to fight Protestantism/heresy. Both Sp. & Roman Inqu. employed: torture, secret witnesses, hearsay and rumor as evidence - all to get conviction.

preacherships

Preacherships became Protestant leaders and were found in Stuttgart, Reutlingen, Eisenach, and Jena. Many preachers in the towns as Stuttgart, Reutlingen, Eisenach, and Jena after 1517, became Protestant leaders, as they were attracted by Martin Luther's ideas during the Protestant Reformation.

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

The Counter Reformation

period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements: Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration Religious orders Spiritual movements Political dimensions Peter Paul Rubens was the great Flemish artist of the Counter-Reformation; he painted Adoration of the Magii in 1624

The Imitation of Christ

spiritual classic authored by Thomas a Kempis (c. 1380-1471) urging Christ as the model of Christian life and simplicity in living; widely read by laypeople, as well as by clergy.

ecumenical council

A gathering of the Church's bishops from around the world to address pressing issues in the Church. Ecumenical councils are usually convened by the Pope or are at least confirmed or recognized by him.

Anabaptists

A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life. They were ruthlessy persecuted by state sanctioned Protestant and Catholic religions

indulgences

A pardon for sin for oneself or one's dead relative or friends. The granting of an indulgence could help speed deceased sinners from purgatory to heaven. In Martin Luther's time,the Catholic Church sold indulgences.

Protestant

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

The Council of Trent

An assembly of high church officials summoned by the Catholic Church to clarify doctrine and address reform in response to the challenges raised by the Protestant Reformation.

Book of Common Prayer (1559)

Archbishop Thomas Cranmer simplified the liturgy into stately English and included the order for all services of the Church of England.

Diet of worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Henry the VIII

Broke away from the Catholic Church and the Pope to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Became the head of the Church of England.

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

John Calvin's publication that was the cornerstone of his theology; provided the belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity

consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only

Holy Office

Official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy and to promote sounds doctrine on faith and morals.

Elizabethan Settlement

Outward conformity to Church of England & uniformity in ceremonies - but in private ok to be Protestant; created by Queen Elizabeth to promoted peace in England