Circulatory Exam Review
What are the general functions of the circulatory system? List 8
1) Carries food molecules to all of our cells (sugar, amino acids) 2) Carries oxygen to all of our cells. 3) Carries carbon dioxide away from all of our cells. 4) Carries waste (ammonia, uric acid and urea) from our cells to the kidneys. 5) Maintains our body temperature and pH. 6) Blood also clots to heal wounds. 7) Carries white blood cells, antibodies to fight infections. 8) Carries control chemicals (eg. horomones).
What are three different methods of circulations in different types of organisms?
3 different methods of circulation in different types of organisms is diffusion, open circulatory system and closed circulatory system.
How many types of leukocytes exist? Where are they formed?
5 main types of leukocytes exist. They are formed in the bone marrow (granular WBC) and in lymploid tissue (non-granular WBC).
Explain a closed double circulatory system.
A closed double circulatory system is where blood is pumped through the body by a series of vessels.
What is agglutination? When does it occur?
Agglutination is where clumping occurs, this happens when antigens and antibodies of the same type come togather.
What is considered an average blood pressure and pulse for adults?
An average blood pressure for an adult is between 120 (systolic) to over 80 (diastolic).
Angioplasty
Angioplasty is the surgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel.
Compare arteries and capillaries. What are the similarities? What are the differences?
Arteries- thick muscular wall. much elastic tissue, small lumen relative to diamger, capable of constriction, not permeable, valves in aorta and pulmonary artery only, transports blood from the heart, oxygenated blood except in the pulmonary artery, blood under high pressure (10-16 kPa), blood moves in pulses, blood flows rapidly, and it is deep under the skin. Capillaries- no muscle, no elastic tissue, large lumen relative to diamter, not capable of constriction, permable, no valves, links arteries to veins, blood changes from oxygenated to deoxygenated, blood pressure reducing (4-1 kPa), no pulses, blood flow slowing, and deep and near surface.
Compare arteries, and veins. What are the similarities? What are the differences?
Arteries- thick muscular wall. much elastic tissue, small lumen relative to diamger, capable of constriction, not permeable, valves in aorta and pulmonary artery only, transports blood from the heart, oxygenated blood except in the pulmonary artery, blood under high pressure (10-16 kPa), blood moves in pulses, blood flows rapidly, and it is deep under the skin. Veins- thin muscular wall, little elastic tissue, large lumen relative to diameter, not capable of constriction, not permeable, valves throughout all veins, transports blood to heart, deoxygenated blood except in pulmonary vein, blood under low pressure (1 kPa), no pulses, blood flows slowly, and it is near the surface of the skin.
What are arterioles and venules?
Arterioles are tiny branches of arteries that lead to capillaries, they transport blood from arteries to capillaries and are the main regulators of blood flow and pressure. Venules are minute vessels that drain blood from capillaries into veins. They unite to form a vein and drains blood from capillaries into veins and then returns to the heart.
Name 8 different circulatory disease? What are they? What causes them? How are they treated?
Arteriosclerosis- stiffining of the arteries, loss of elasticy. Angina Pectoris- chest pain of heart muscle "strangling feeling in the chest" (heart attack). Myocardial Infarction- commonly known as a heart attack. Arrhythmia- irregular heartbeat, beats too fast or too slow. Heart Inflammation- inflamation of the heart. Aneurysm- blood filled ballon like bulge in the blood vessel. Thrombosis- formation of blood clot, disturbing the flow of blood. High Blood Pressure- can lead to coronary heart diseas, too much pressure against artery walls. Anemia- decrease in number of red blood cells, hemoglobin in blood. Hemophilia- blood clotting "Royal Disease" excessive clotting. Leukemia- cancer of the blood in the bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature WBC.
Describe and list the function of the atria, ventricle, heart valves?
Atria- has 2 chambers where blood enters the heart, they contract at the same time, and are thin walled- not much force is generated. Ventricles- thick, muscular wall that pushes blood to blood vessels and capillary beds. Heart Valves- prevents blood from flowing the wrong way in the heart, between the atrium and the ventricles.
How is blood moved through the veins?
Blood is moved through the veins using nearby muscular contractions to move the blood along.
What are the constituents of blood plasma?
Blood plasma is made of water (90%), proteins (8%)[Albumin- regulates blood volume, Gamme Globulin- helps antibody formation, Firbrinogen- takes part in blood clotting process, Hormones, Antibodies, and Enzymes], Organic acids (1%), and Inorganic ions (1%).
coronary bypass
Coronary bypass is an open-heart surgery in which the rib cage is opened and a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart.
Where does blood go in coronary, renal, and hepatic portal circulation?
Coronary- blood is taken directly to the heart. Renal- blood is carried to and from the kidneys so waste can be removed. Hepatic Portal- blood is transporte from the digestive tract to the liver then to the heart.
electrocardiogram
ECG (electrocardiogram) is a display of the different electrical impulses produced by the heart.
Where are erythrocytes formed? How long do they live? Where do they die? By What?
Erythrocytes are red blood cells formed in bone marrow. After 120 days they are trapped and broken down into spleen, they are broken down mostly by pagocytic cells.
What is the structure and function of erythrocytes?
Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus, bi-concave disc shape and contain hemoglobin. They carry oxygen from lungs to the body cells and carry carbon dioxide from the body cells back to the lungs.
What is effect of exercise on blood pressure and pulse? Why does this occur?
Excercise causes your heart/pulse rate to increase gradually depending on what type of excercise you do. The blood pressure rises because your heart is working more and beating faster.
What is the difference between a granular and non-granular WBC?
Granular white blood cells have granules in their cytoplasm while non-granular do not.
Where in the brain is the heart beat regulated?
Heart beat is not regulated in the brain the hearts peacemeaker does.
Explain the immune response performed by leukocytes.
Leukocytes are the first line of defence in the immune response system. Histamine is released which causes blood vessels at the site to dilate and become more permeable.
What is the difference between a macrophage and a lymphocyte?
Macrophage- the first line of defense against a foreign substance. The cell envelopes and begins to break down the foreign substance into smaller pieces allowing the lymphocytes (T and B cells) to attack and destroy the foreign substance. Lymphocyte- a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring esp. in the lymphatic system.
What is phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and ameboid protozoans (absorb).
What is plaque?
Plaque is the blocking of an artery where blood cannot flow.
What is the structure and function of platlets?
Platelets are small bits of cells produced in the bone marrow and are involved in the clotting mechanism when blood vessels are injured (as they collect they release chemicals that combine with others to eventually make fibrin which makes the clot).
Describe the pulmonary circulation?
Pulmonary Circulation is circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs. Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle.
What the difference between the S-A node and A-V node? What do they control?
S-A node- is the impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of normal sinus rhythm. A-V node- is a part of the electrical control system of the heart that coordinates the top of the heart. It electrically connects atrial and ventricular chambers.[1] The AV node is an area of specialized tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart, specifically in the posteroinferior region of the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus, which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
Why are some blood groups incompatible?
Some blood groups are incompatible because they don't recognize the antigens in the blood so their blood antibodies go against the donors making this incompatible.
Describe the systemic circulation?
Systemic Circulation is circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs. Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Aorta -> Capillaries -> Veins -> Right Atrium.
What is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?
Systolic Pressure- the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart Diastolic Pressure- the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) after the contraction of the heart while the chambers of the heart refill with blood)
What are the three main circulatory paths in humans?
The 3 main circulatory paths in humans is cardiac circulation, pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation.
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
The 3 main types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries.
What are three requirements for the circulatory system?
The 3 requirments for the circulatory system is plasma (a fluid in which materials are dissolves), vessels (a network of tubes or body spaces where the fluid flows), and a pump (a method of driving or moving the fluid).
Why can the heart beat be detected as a pulse?
The heart beat can be detected as a pulse because pressure waves are generated by cardiac systole which move the artery walls, which are pliable and compliant. These properties form enough to create a palpable pressure wave.
Which valve has three flaps? Two flaps?
The pumonary valve has 3 flaps and the aortic valve has 2 flaps.
What is the purpose of capillaries?
The purpose of capillaries is to provide oxygen and nutrients to the surrounding areas where the veins can't reach, it connects togather and makes the blood oxigenated.
How many liters of blood are in the body?
There are 5.5 litres of blood in the human body.
Label 16 components of the heart. Label 4 different coronary arteries.
Use diagrams.
Compare veins, and capillaries. What are the similarities? What are the differences?
Veins- thin muscular wall, little elastic tissue, large lumen relative to diameter, not capable of constriction, not permeable, valves throughout all veins, transports blood to heart, deoxygenated blood except in pulmonary vein, blood under low pressure (1 kPa), no pulses, blood flows slowly, and it is near the surface of the skin. Arteries- thick muscular wall. much elastic tissue, small lumen relative to diamger, capable of constriction, not permeable, valves in aorta and pulmonary artery only, transports blood from the heart, oxygenated blood except in the pulmonary artery, blood under high pressure (10-16 kPa), blood moves in pulses, blood flows rapidly, and it is deep under the skin.
What are WBC cells structure and function?
WBC cells are large cells have no nuclei and contain no hemoglobin. There are five different types of blood cells and each has a specific function. The granulocytes, which have granules in the cytoplasm are the neutrophil, the basophil and the eosiniphil. Agranulocytes, those leukocytes without granules are the lymphocytes and monocytes.
What can change your heart beat? How they detected?
You can change your heart beat by drinking caffeine, smoking, loss of blood, drink alchohal, eating, excercise, and increase in body temperature. They can be detected when you test your blood pressure.
