Circulatory System
77. All the following compensate for a fall in blood pressure below normal except a. increased cardiac output b. decreased total peripheral resistance c. increased heart rate d. venous vasoconstriction e. increased stroke volume
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
1. At rest, which of the following receives the most blood flow? a. heart muscle b. kidney c. brain d. skeletal muscle e. bone
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
14. The microcirculation is composed of a. arteries, arterioles, and capillaries b. arterioles, capillaries, and venules c. arteries, capillaries, and venules d. arteries, arterioles, and venules e. capillaries only
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
19. The pressure measured in the arteries just before the next ventricular ejection of blood is a. systolic pressure b. diastolic pressure c. pulse pressure d. mean venous pressure e. mean arterial pressure
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
25. What force continues to drive blood through the vasculature during ventricular diastole? a. contraction of the ventricles b. elastic recoil of the stretched arteries c. sympathetic-induced vasoconstriction d. skeletal muscles squeezing the blood e. respiratory movements creating a pressure gradient that drives blood forward
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
31. Which of the following does not cause relaxation of smooth muscle within local arterioles? a. carbon dioxide b. endothelin c. nitric oxide d. histamine e. increased osmolarity
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
42. Binding of epinephrine to alpha receptors causes smooth muscle a. relaxation in arteries of the brain b. relaxation in skeletal muscle arteries c. constriction in skeletal muscle arteries d. relaxation in coronary arteries e. to not experience any of the above
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
60. What is the primary reason that edema may occur with serious burns? a. increased venous pressure due to interference with circulation through scarring in the burned area b. lowering of blood osmotic pressure due to the loss of protein-rich fluid from the surface of the burn c. blockage of lymphatic drainage from the burned area d. loss of protein in the urine e. increased tissue hydrostatic pressure
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
68. The venous valves a. actively contract to force blood uphill against gravity b. passively close to prevent the backflow of blood in the veins c. prevent blood from flowing into lymphatic vessels d. primarily prevent blood plasma from moving into the interstitial fluid e. perform all of the above functions
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
69. Heart and venous valves serve a similar function. They prevent a ____ flow of blood. a. forward b. backward c. turbulent d. pulsatile e. laminar
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
120. An athlete who is nearing the end of a 2 kilometer run would be expected to have both an increased mean arterial blood pressure and an increased total peripheral resistance. True False
f
121. During exercise, sympathetic stimulation of the heart and arteriolar smooth muscle is enhanced because of reflexes triggered by elevated mean arterial pressure and elevated pulse pressure. True False
f
122. Hypertension is often treated with drugs that increase total peripheral resistance. True False
f
125. Increased concentrations of plasma proteins, increased venous pressure, and lymphatic obstruction all tend to cause tissue edema. True False
f
127. The function of the platelet plug is to block the blood vessel so that blood cannot flow through it. True False
f
129. A blood clot is essentially an intricate network of interlacing strands of thrombin. True False
f
130. In the clotting cascade, thrombin feeds back and further stimulates its own activation, which is a positive feedback mechanism. True False
f
132. The Starling forces which influence bulk flow of fluid between capillary plasma and interstitial fluid are identical everywhere in the body. True False
f
133. When arterioles constrict it raises arterial blood pressure and increases the volume of forward flow into the veins, while constriction in veins reduces forward flow by decreasing pressure in the atria. True False
f
134. The term AED (Automatic Electronic Defibrillator) refers to a recently developed device used to regulate blood pressure with the surprise benefit of being useful in contraception with some individuals within a narrowly defined age group. True False
f
135. Thrombin is inactivated when it binds to heparin. True False
f
136. The adaptive value of having a complex cascade system for blood clotting is that a defect of one participant in the cascade can be corrected by another enzyme later in the cascade. True False
f
78. The primary stimulus for erythropoietin secretion is decreased iron concentrations in the liver. True False
f
79. All blood vessels that carry well-oxygenated blood are called arteries. True False
f
81. At rest, more blood flows to the skin and abdominal organs than to the lungs. True False
f
86. An ectopic pacemaker is an area of the myocardial conducting system, other than the atrioventricular node, that initiates cardiac depolarization. True False
f
87. The QRS wave of the ECG corresponds to depolarization of the atria. True False
f
88. An electrocardiogram would be definitive for diagnosing diseases involving the valves of the heart. True False
f
90. Sympathetic stimulation of cardiac muscle cells produces stronger and faster contractions because the concentrations of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm are reduced by inhibition of proteins that pump it out of the cell. True False
f
93. The left ventricle has to pump more blood than the right ventricle because the left ventricle has to pump blood through the systemic circulation, which is much larger than the pulmonary circulation. True False
f
95. The only time during the cardiac cycle that the AV valves are open is systole. True False
f
99. The inherent pacemaker discharge rate of the sinoatrial node is 72 beats per minute. True False
f
101. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases action potential conduction veloicity through the AV node. True False
t
104. The Frank-Starling curve for heart muscle is analagous to a length-tension curve in skeletal muscle. True False
t
105. Ventricular contractility is the strength of ventricular contraction at any given end-diastolic volume. True False
t
108. The flow rate of blood through an organ is in part determined by the relative dilation or constriction of arterioles in that organ. True False
t
109. The smooth muscle in arteriole walls can be stimulated either to contract or to relax, thereby either decreasing or increasing the amount of blood flowing through arteriolar beds. True False
t
110. The hydrostatic pressure difference between the plasma inside the capillary beds and the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells favors filtration of fluid. True False
t
114. Valves are important for promoting one-way flow of blood through the heart and some large veins. True False
t
115. The main homeostatically-regulated variable of the cardiovascular system is the mean systemic arterial blood pressure. True False
t
119. The condition of shock is an example of failure of homeostatic mechanisms to compensate when one or more parts of the reflex control system are damaged. True False
t
123. In a failing heart, stroke volume does not increase as steeply when end-diastolic volume increases. True False
t
124. Left ventricular failure often results in increased net pulmonary capillary filtration into the interstitial fluid of the lungs and a resulting decrease in the diffusional exchange of O2 and CO2 between lung and blood. True False
t
126. Hemostatic mechanisms can generally stop blood loss from a small vein that is cut. True False
t
128. Chemical mediators released from platelet granules and plasma membranes stimulate contraction of vascular smooth muscle. True False
t
131. In the clotting cascade, factor Xa helps convert prothrombin to thrombin. True False
t
77. Blood loss is likely to stimulate the secretion of higher than normal plasma levels of erythropoietin. True False
t
80. At rest, more blood flows per minute to the kidneys and abdominal organs than to the muscles and skin. True False
t
82. The myocardial cells receive their blood supply from the coronary arteries that branch off from the aorta. True False
t
83. A major difference between cardiac muscle cells and the cells in the cardiac conducting system is that the contractile cells do not undergo spontaneous depolarization. True False
t
84. The sinoatrial node is normally the heart's pacemaker because it has the fastest spontaneous rate of diastolic depolarization. True False
t
85. The wave of ventricle free wall contraction starts at the apex of the heart and travels toward the base. True False
t
89. Cardiac muscle cannot undergo tetanus because its absolute refractory period lasts almost as long as the muscle twitch. True False
t
91. Parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine onto cells in the atria of the heart, but not onto cells of the ventricles. True False
t
92. The determinant of whether heart valves are open or closed is the pressure difference across them. True False
t
94. The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle because the left ventricle has to pump blood against a higher pressure. True False
t
96. During most of systole, left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure, causing blood ejection. True False
t
97. Long-term studies show that the risk for heart attack and stroke doubles for every 20 mm increase in diastolic pressure and 10 mm Hg in systolic pressure. True False
t
98. Normal heart sounds are produced by vibrations caused by the closing of the AV valves at the end of diastole and the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole. True False
t
23. If the arterial blood pressure is recorded at 132/84, what is the mean arterial pressure? a. 100 mm Hg b. 93 mm Hg c. 108 mm Hg d. 48 mm Hg e. none of these
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Analysis
57. Given the following forces acting at a given point across the capillary wall, _______ will occur with a net ______ pressure of ____ mm Hg. - capillary blood pressure = 32 mm Hg - blood osmotic pressure = 23 mm Hg - interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure = 1 mm Hg - interstitial fluid osmotic pressure = 0 mm Hg a. Ultrafiltration, outward, 8 b. Ultrafiltration, outward, 10 c. Ultrafiltration, outward, 56 d. Reabsorption, inward, 24 e. Reabsorption, inward, 10
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Analysis
12. Which of the following factors would produce the greatest change in blood flow? a. Doubling the radius of the vessel b. Doubling the difference in the pressure gradient within the vessel c. Doubling the viscosity of the blood d. Doubling the length of the vessel e. Halving the viscosity of the blood
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
16. The arteries a. serve as rapid-transit passageways from the heart because of their large radii b. act as a blood reservoir because they have the capacity to store large volumes of blood with little change in their internal pressure c. are the major sites of blood flow resistance in the vasculature d. are the site of exchange between the blood and surrounding tissues e. always carry oxygenated blood
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
3. Resistance increases when a. vessel radius decreases b. vessel length decreases c. blood viscosity decreases d. red blood cell count decreases e. both a and b occurs
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
48. As the total cross-sectional area of the vascular tree ____, the velocity of blood flow ____. a. increases; decreases b. increases; increases c. decreases; decreases d. increases; remains constant e. decreases; remains constant
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
53. Fluid movement into and out of the capillary is dependent on the blood's ____ and ____ working in ____ direction(s). a. hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, opposite b. hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, the same c. ultrafiltration rate, bulk flow rate, the same d. ultrafiltration rate, bulk flow rate, opposite e. protein removal rate, hydrostatic pressure, the same
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
55. What is the primary method by which materials such as O2, CO2, and nutrients are exchanged between the blood and surrounding tissues? a. passive diffusion across the capillary wall down their concentration gradients b. active transport across the capillary wall c. osmotic pressure drawing water and solutes out of the capillary and bringing these dissolved nutrients into contact with the tissue cells d. ultrafiltration and reabsorption e. bulk flow
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
61. Edema could result from a. blockage of lymph vessels b. increased capillary blood pressure c. decreased blood osmotic pressure d. all of the above e. only a and b
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
70. Sympathetic stimulation of veins ____ venous pressure and drives ____ blood into the heart. a. increases; more b. increases; less c. decreases; more d. decreases; less e. None of choices above correctly complete the sentence.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
21. The pulse pressure is the a. difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures b. average pressure throughout the cardiac cycle c. maximum pressure exerted in the arteries d. minimum pressure exerted in the arteries e. change in pressure that can be felt in an artery due to shutting of the aortic valve
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
27. Which of the following properties does not pertain to the arterioles? a. Their radii remain constant. b. Their walls contain a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle. c. They are responsible for the distribution of blood flow to the various organs. d. They are the major vessels that contribute to total peripheral resistance. e. They are richly innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
30. Which local chemical factor is not associated with vasodilation of arterioles? a. decreased nitric oxide b. increased CO2 c. increased acid d. decreased O2 e. increased histamine
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
32. Which statement about nitric oxide is incorrect? a. It increases the total peripheral resistance by its action on arteriolar smooth muscle. b. It relaxes digestive tract smooth muscle. c. It is the direct mediator of penile erection. d. It is released as "chemical warfare" by macrophages of the immune system. e. It serves as a novel type of neurotransmitter in the brain.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
36. The major site of sympathetic blood flow control (resistance changes) is at the a. arterioles b. capillaries c. metarterioles d. arteries e. veins
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
43. Active hyperemia refers to a. arteriolar dilation in response to local chemical changes that accompany increased metabolic activity of the tissue b. local arteriolar mechanisms that are aimed at keeping tissue blood flow fairly constant in spite of wide deviations in mean arterial driving pressure c. the increase in blood flow to a tissue that occurs after removal of an occlusion of its blood supply d. maintaining adequate mean arterial pressure to drive blood forward into a tissue e. none of the above
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
49. In most tissues, glucose, a water-soluble substance, crosses capillary walls through a. water-filled pores b. endothelial cells c. sinusoids d. a and b e. a and c
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
74. Mean arterial blood pressure a. equals stroke volume times heart rate b. is 91 mm Hg when the blood pressure is recorded as 117/78 c. is 97.5 mm Hg when the blood pressure is recorded as 117/78 d. is both a and b e. is both a and c
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Analysis
78. Which of the following is not associated with sympathetic stimulation? a. Constriction of arterioles, which increases peripheral resistance b. Decreased end diastolic volume, which increases cardiac output c. Increased stroke volume, which increases cardiac output d. Constriction of veins, which increases venous return e. Constriction of veins, which increases stroke volume
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Analysis
83. A sudden increase in pressure within the carotid sinus leads to a. increased sympathetic nerve activity b. increased parasympathetic nerve activity c. increased cardiac output d. increased peripheral resistance e. none of the above
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Analysis
62. Each of the following factors promotes the function of the capillaries except a. a blood pressure forcing fluid out of these vessels b. a small total surface area c. an osmotic pressure drawing fluid into these vessels d. pores in the endothelial wall e. thin walls
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
7. Vasoconstriction a. causes a decrease in resistance b. refers to a decrease in the radius of a vessel c. is due to a decrease in sympathetic activity d. is both a and b e. is both b and c
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
8. The major determinant influencing resistance to blood flow is the a. viscosity of the blood b. radius of the vessel through which the blood is flowing c. pressure gradient in the vessel d. concentration of red blood cells in the blood e. amount of plasma protein
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
81. The cardiovascular center responds to rising H+/CO2 by a. dilating arteries b. constricting arterioles c. increasing respiratory rate d. slowing the heart rate e. decreasing venous return
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
9. In an arteriole, if the blood vessel radius is 2 units and is then vasoconstricted to 1 unit, a. blood flow decreases by half b. resistance increases 16 times c. blood viscosity increases d. all of the above will occur e. only b and c occur
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
56. Given the following parameters, what would the reabsorption pressure be? - Blood pressure at arteriolar end of capillary = 35 mm Hg - Blood pressure at venule end of capillary = 15 mm Hg - Blood osmotic pressure = 22 mm Hg - Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure = 1 mm Hg - Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure: 0 mm Hg a. 6 mm Hg b. 7 mm Hg c. 8 mm Hg d. 10 mm Hg e. 22 mm Hg
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Analysis
44. Which of the following is not a characteristic of capillaries? a. thin walls b. short distance between adjacent vessels c. distensible walls d. slow blood velocity e. large total surface area
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
45. The largest total cross-sectional area is found in the a. aorta b. arterioles c. capillaries d. venules e. veins
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
47. The velocity of blood flow in capillaries is a. greater than that for arterioles b. greater than that for veins c. slow enough to favor adequate exchange of nutrients and wastes d. both a and b e. both a and c
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
54. The principle force that causes movement of fluid from the tissues into the capillaries is a. the hydrostatic pressure of the venous blood b. the hydrostatic pressure of the arterial blood c. the osmotic pressure created by the plasma proteins d. the pressure of the lymph in the tissues around the capillaries e. none of the above
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
58. Which change will increase fluid reabsorption by the capillaries? a. Decreased interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure b. Increased capillary blood pressure c. Increased blood osmotic pressure d. Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure e. None of the above
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
86. Hypertension may be caused by all of the following except a. renal disease b. hardening of the arteries c. overactive baroreceptors d. salt imbalances e. adrenal medullary tumors
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
88. Which of the following is not a compensation mechanism for blood loss? a. Fluid shift from ICF to plasma b. Venous vasoconstriction c. Lowered angiotensin II production d. Thirst e. Increased renal reabsorption of salt and water
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
13. Which type of blood vessel consists of only one cell layer? a. arteriole b. artery c. capillary d. vein e. venule
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
22. Mean arterial pressure is: a. diastolic pressure + (systolic/3) b. systolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3) c. diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3) d. pulse pressure - (diastolic pressure/3) e. pulse pressure + (systolic pressure/3)
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
26. What is the most important factor that increases blood flow through a tissue to meet that tissue's needs? a. Vasoconstriction of arteries forces more blood to flow into the tissue. b. Parasympathetic-induced vasodilation of capillaries within the tissue. c. Cellular products cause local vasodilation. d. Widespread venous vasoconstriction allows blood to dam up at the tissue level. e. All except a
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
28. As metabolic activity of an organ or tissue increases, blood flow to that organ increases. This phenomenon is known as a. pressure autoregulation b. tissue anoxia c. active hyperemia d. hypertension e. atherosclerosis
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
29. Which local chemical changes do not occur during a period of increased cell activity? a. increased CO2 b. increased acid c. decreased adenosine release d. increased K+ e. increased osmolarity
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
38. The myogenic response refers to vascular smooth muscle's tendency to a. constrict when blood flow increases b. relax when blood flow increases c. constrict when stretched d. dilate when stretched e. do both b and d
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
46. Through which vessel is the velocity of blood flow the slowest? a. aorta b. arterioles c. capillaries d. venules e. veins
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
5. Which of the following is the correct relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance? a. b. c. d. e.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
67. Which vessels contain the highest percentage of total blood volume? a. pulmonary veins b. pulmonary arteries c. systemic veins d. systemic arteries e. coronary arteries
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
80. Regulation of arterial pressure can be mediated by a reflex mechanism utilizing a pressure receptor called a ______, located in the ____. a. chemoreceptor; carotid sinus b. baroreceptor; heart c. baroreceptor; carotid sinus d. chemoreceptor; skeletal muscles e. baroreceptor; skeletal muscles
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
85. Which of the following does not occur as a compensation for hemorrhage? a. Shift of fluid from the interstitial fluid into the plasma b. Reduced urinary output c. Increased capillary permeability d. Increased cardiac output e. Increased synthesis of plasma proteins
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
24. If the pulse pressure is 44 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is 68 mm Hg, the systolic pressure is ____ mm Hg. a. 22 b. 24 c. 66 d. 112 e. 145
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Analysis
82. When the receptor potential of the baroreceptors decreases, the cardiovascular center responds by bringing about an increase in a. stroke volume b. venous return c. total peripheral resistance d. all of the above e. only a and b
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Analysis
33. Extrinsic control of arteriolar radius is a. accomplished primarily by the sympathetic nervous system b. important in the regulation of arterial blood pressure c. sometimes overridden by local adjustments d. all of the above e. only a and b
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
4. Vasoconstriction a. refers to a decrease in the radius of a vessel b. of an arteriole decreases blood flow through that vessel c. of a vein increases blood flow through that vessel d. is defined in "a" and causes "b" e. is defined in "a" and causes "c"
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
41. Which factor would reduce total peripheral resistance? a. adrenal medulla hormones b. angiotensin II c. red blood cell concentration d. anaphylactic shock e. cardiovascular center activity
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
51. The process of ultrafiltration a. is movement of protein-free plasma from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid b. occurs when capillary blood pressure plus interstitial fluid osmotic pressure exceed blood-osmotic pressure plus interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure c. occurs when capillary blood pressure plus plasma osmotic pressure exceed interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure plus interstitial fluid osmotic pressure d. is both a and b e. is both a and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
10. The larger arteries assist with systemic blood flow to tissues by a. contracting their endothelial layer b. using valves to propel the blood c. providing blood directly to large veins d. elastic recoil of their walls e. continuous vasoconstriction
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
15. Organs that recondition the blood a. receive disproportionately large percentages of the cardiac output b. can withstand temporary reductions in blood flow much better than organs that do not recondition the blood c. must receive a constant blood supply in order to maintain homeostasis d. have characteristics a and b e. have characteristics b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
20. Select the correct statement about veins. a. Their walls are highly muscular. b. Their walls consist of one layer of cells. c. There are only about 40 large ones in the body. d. They serve as a blood reservoir. e. They transport blood away from the heart.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
34. During strenuous exercise, blood flow increases to a. the heart because of local control factors b. the brain because of reflex control factors c. the skeletal muscles because of local control factors d. both a and c e. none of the above; blood flow remains fairly constant to these organs
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
37. Each of the following local factors produces the relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle except increased a. acid b. carbon dioxide c. osmolarity d. oxygen e. potassium
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
40. During exercise, blood flow to the _____ remains fairly constant. a. kidney b. heart c. skin d. brain e. liver
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
64. Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? a. Defense against disease b. Return of fluid to the circulatory system c. Transport of fat molecules d. Regulation of sodium balance e. Return of proteins to the circulatory system
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
66. Which vessels can act as a blood reservoir by adjusting their total capacity to accommodate variations in blood volume? a. lymph vessels b. arterioles c. capillaries d. veins e. lymph vessels and veins
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
72. The two determinants of mean arterial pressure are ____ and ____. a. stroke volume; compliance of vessel walls b. heart rate; stroke volume c. heart rate; end-diastolic volume d. cardiac output; total peripheral resistance e. None of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
75. When blood pressure becomes elevated above normal, a. the carotid and aortic baroreceptors increase their rate of firing b. sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels increases c. arteriolar vasoconstriction occurs as a compensatory response d. parasympathetic stimulation of the heart increases e. all of the above occur
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
76. Short-term adjustments in blood pressure are mediated by a. baroreceptor reflexes b. changes in cardiac output c. renal activity d. both a and b e. both b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
90. The carotid sinuses and aorta contain receptors that are sensitive to changes in a. blood pressure b. acid level in the blood c. oxygen level in the blood d. all of the above e. only a and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
52. Reabsorption in capillaries occurs a. when blood osmotic pressure plus blood hydrostatic pressure exceed outward-driving forces. b. when blood osmotic pressure plus interstitial fluid osmotic pressure exceed outward-driving forces. c. when blood hydrostatic pressure plus blood osmotic pressure is less than inward-driving forces. d. under conditions a and c e. None of these
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
59. Which of the following alterations could lead to edema? a. A fall in capillary blood pressure b. A fall in the concentration of plasma proteins c. Blocked lymph vessels d. Both a and b e. Both b and c
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
63. Which of the following conditions might be the cause of edema? a. Extensive burns b. Congestive heart failure c. Blocked lymphatics d. Increased venous pressure e. All of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
11. Which is not true about blood pressure? a. It is maximal during ventricular systole. b. It decreases as blood moves farther away from the heart. c. It increases with increasing resistance. d. It decreases with increasing vessel diameter. e. It can be increased by direct parasympathetic activity.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
17. The major function of the arterioles is to a. regulate flow of blood through capillary beds b. distribute the cardiac output to tissues c. serve as a pressure reservoir d. convert the intermittent flow from the heart to a steady outflow e. perform functions a and b
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
18. Because of their elasticity, arteries act as a(n) ____ for maintaining blood flow during diastole. a. cardiac reserve b. venous reserve c. arterial capacitance d. lymphatic reserve e. pressure reservoir
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
2. Resistance a. is a measure of the hindrance to blood flow through a vessel caused by friction between the moving fluid and stationary vascular walls b. is doubled when the radius of the vessel is reduced by one-half c. increases 16-fold when the radius of the vessel is reduced by one-half d. is both a and b e. is both a and c
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
35. Arterioles in which of the following receive stimulation from parasympathetic neurons? a. liver b. kidney c. brain d. heart e. clitoris
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
39. Which of the following does not cause arteriolar vasodilation? a. decreased sympathetic stimulation b. local decrease in O2 c. histamine d. application of heat e. myogenic response
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
50. The movements of fluid across the capillary wall is influenced by a. capillary blood pressure b. interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure c. plasma osmotic pressure d. interstitial fluid osmotic pressure e. all of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
6. Blood flow is affected by a. pressure differences b. the viscosity of the blood c. the amount of friction in the blood vessels d. the length and diameter of the blood vessels e. all of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
65. The veins a. act as high-resistance passageways for blood flow from the tissues to the heart b. can serve as a blood reservoir by adjusting their total capacity to accommodate variations in blood volume c. contain one-way valves that prevent backflow as blood moves toward the heart d. have characteristics a and b e. have characteristics b and c
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
71. Which of the following factors aids venous return to the heart? a. Sympathetic stimulation of capillaries b. Skeletal muscle pump squeezing blood through veins c. Respiratory pump providing a pressure gradient between the lower and chest veins d. Both a and b e. Both b and c
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
73. Which of the following would promote an increase in blood pressure? a. epinephrine b. aldosterone c. angiotensin II d. water retention e. All of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
79. Receptors that detect changes in the blood pressure are located in a. the carotid sinus b. the aorta c. the hypothalamus d. all of the above e. both a and b
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
84. _______ refers to a chronic state of increased arterial pressure. a. Shock b. Congestive heart failure c. Pulmonary edema d. Angina pectoris e. Hypertension
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
87. Shock may develop from a. loss of blood b. low cardiac output c. decreased venous return d. excessive vasodilation e. all of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
89. Varicose veins develop mainly from the incompetent function of the a. connective tissue lining b. endothelium c. lack of a pressure gradient d. smooth muscle e. valves
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
35. What is described by the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart? A. the relationship between end-diastolic volume and heart rate
B. the relationship between end-systolic volume and stroke volume C. the relationship between length and tension in cardiac muscle cells D. the relationship between sympathetic stimulation and stroke volume E. the relationship between arterial blood pressure and stroke volume c
30. What is indicated by a heart murmur detected between the first and second heart sounds? A. insufficiency of a semilunar valve or stenosis of an AV valve B. insufficiency of an AV valve or stenosis of a semilunar valve C. heart failure D. AV nodal conduction block E. a myocardial infarction
b
10. Which of the following changes would most increase the resistance to blood flow in a blood vessel? A. halving the diameter of the vessel B. doubling the diameter of the vessel C. halving the length of the vessel D. doubling the length of the vessel E. decreasing the hematocrit from 50% to 40%
a
12. The pacemaker of the heart is normally what structure? A. sinoatrial node B. atrioventricular node C. mitral valve D. bundle of His E. left ventricle
a
18. Which of the following statements about membrane potentials in different types of cardiac cells is TRUE? A. Myocardial cells have a resting membrane potential of about -90 mV; pacemaker cells do not have a true resting membrane potential. B. Once threshold depolarization is reached in both myocardial and pacemaker cells, the rapid upswing of the action potential is caused by the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels C. Voltage-gated transient (T-type) Ca2+ channels are present in all of the different types of cells of the heart. D. There are no L-type Ca2+ channels in cardiac muscle cells. E. The upstroke of the action potential is steeper in SA node cells than it is in Purkinje cells.
a
2. Which of the following does NOT describe erythrocytes? A. contain myoglobin B. have a high surface-to-volume ratio C. carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood D. are red in color E. when mature, have no nucleus
a
21. Which is TRUE about the comparison of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle with that in skeletal muscle? A. Extracellular Ca2+ plays a major role in cardiac but not skeletal muscle. B. The mechanism for Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is the same in both types of muscle. C. Troponin sites are completely saturated immediately after Ca2+ release in both types of muscle. D. There is no net change in total intracellular Ca2+ concentration in either muscle. E. Intracellular Ca2+ stores are necessary for contraction in skeletal muscle, but not in cardiac muscle.
a
25. Which of the following statements regarding the cardiac cycle is TRUE? A. The AV valves are open during mid-to-late diastole. B. The aortic valve is open during isovolumetric ventricular contraction. C. The first heart sound is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves. D. The dicrotic notch is a result of closure of the AV valves. E. Closure of the AV valves occurs when the ventricles reach end-systolic volume.
a
39. Which of the following statements concerning regulation of blood flow is TRUE? A. Increased levels of metabolic waste products and decreased oxygen concentration in tissues promote hyperemia through the tissues. B. If blood flow to a tissue is blocked for a period of time and then the block is removed, the result is a reactive hyperemia in which blood flow through the affected tissue remains low. C. According to flow autoregulation, if blood pressure to an arteriole is decreased, blood flow will not return toward its original level until the original blood pressure is restored. D. High levels of CO2 and metabolites tend to cause contraction in the smooth muscle of arteriole walls. E. The resistance to blood flow in brain and heart vascular beds does not vary in response to changes in local gas or metabolite concentrations.
a
42. Blood flow through most organs is regulated primarily by increasing or decreasing the ________ activity to arteriolar smooth muscles in the organ. Another form of regulation, called ________, depends upon the metabolic activity of the organ. Increased activity leads to increased interstitial-fluid metabolites, which cause ________ of the arterioles. The former is a type of ________ regulation of blood flow; the latter is an example of ________ regulation. A. sympathetic; active hyperemia; dilation; extrinsic; intrinsic B. sympathetic; reactive hyperemia; dilation; intrinsic; extrinsic C. parasympathetic; active hyperemia; constriction; extrinsic; intrinsic D. sympathetic; flow autoregulation; constriction; intrinsic; extrinsic E. parasympathetic; reactive hyperemia; dilation; extrinsic; intrinsic
a
45. Which of the following statements concerning the capillaries is FALSE? A. Increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases the likelihood that filtration will occur. B. Velocity of blood flow is slower in the capillaries than in the arteries. C. It is possible for a capillary to filter fluid at its arterial end and absorb fluid at its venous end. D. Large capillary pores are more likely to be found in liver capillaries than in brain capillaries. E. Large proteins that escape capillaries and enter the interstitial fluid are returned to the circulation via the lymphatic system.
a
5. A female patient has a blood test. One ml of her blood is drawn, spun in a centrifuge, and the plasma volume is measured and found to be 0.6 ml. Two months later the same patient returns to the doctor and, after doing another blood test, the doctor tells the patient that she has become anemic compared to her previous visit. Which of the following is most likely to be the woman's hematocrit on the second visit? A. 35% B. 50% C. 70% D. 100% E. 0.6 ml
a
61. Which of these correctly states differences between a trained athlete and a sedentary individual at rest? A. The athlete would have a lower heart rate and larger stroke volume. B. The athlete would have a higher heart rate and larger stroke volume. C. The athlete would have a lower heart rate and smaller stroke volume. D. The athlete would have a higher heart rate and smaller stroke volume. E. There would be no differences when the individuals were at rest.
a
67. Atherosclerosis is: A. the major cause of heart attacks. B. a thinning in the walls of arteries. C. associated with low blood levels of cholesterol and heavy exercise. D. a disease in which the walls of arteries become more compliant. E. more common in younger people than in older people.
a
72. Which of the following statements regarding blood clotting is TRUE? A. Blood clotting requires activation of thrombin. B. Blood clotting is enhanced by prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and nitric oxide. C. A blood clot is a network of interlacing strands of fibrinogen. D. Blood clotting occurs too rapidly in indivduals with the disease hemophilia. E. Injecting tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) into a patient who is bleeding will aid blood clotting.
a
75. Which of the following is NOT an anticoagulant or stimulator of blood clot dissolution? A. vitamin K B. aspirin C. thrombin D. heparin E. tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
a
11. Action potentials in the heart spread from cell to cell through: A. desmosomes. B. gap junctions. C. interneurons. D. valves. E. coronary vessels.
b
22. Which of the following statements about the absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle cells is TRUE? A. It lasts for the same length of time in cardiac muscle cells as it does in skeletal muscle cells. B. It is much longer than the refractory period of skeletal muscle cells. C. It allows for tetanic contractions of the heart to occur to assure smooth, coordinated ejection of blood from the ventricles. D. Ventricular muscle cells are in the absolute refractory period from the beginning of contraction until the beginning of their next contraction. E. During the absolute refractory period, a larger-than-normal stimulus will result in a premature ventricular contraction.
b
27. Which is TRUE about the function of the aortic valve? A. It prevents the backflow of blood into the aorta during ventricular diastole. B. It prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle during ventricular diastole. C. It prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle during ventricular ejection. D. It prevents the backflow of blood into the aorta during ventricular ejection. E. Its closure causes the first heart sound.
b
28. Which occurs during isovolumetric ventricular contraction? A. Rapid filling of the ventricles occurs. B. No blood enters or leaves the ventricles. C. The maximum volume of blood is ejected. D. Ventricular pressure reaches its maximum value of the cardiac cycle. E. The pressure in the ventricles decreases while the pressure in the atria increases.
b
29. What causes the opening and closing of the heart valves? A. stimulation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves B. a pressure difference on the two sides of the valve C. Na+ and K+ fluxes during ventricular depolarization D. turbulent flow in the atria and ventricles E. the action of the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
b
40. Which of these best describes active hyperemia? A. increased metabolic activity that results in vasoconstriction B. increased metabolic activity that results in vasodilation C. decreased blood flow to tissues that results in vasoconstriction D. decreased blood flow to tissues that results in vasodilation E. increased blood pressure that drives blood more rapidly through tissues
b
47. Distinguishing characteristics of veins include which of the following? A. All veins carry deoxygenated blood. B. All veins carry blood toward the heart. C. All veins have thick, elastic walls. D. Veins have walls consisting only of endothelial cells. E. All veins have valves to ensure one-way movement of blood.
b
51. Which of the following is most likely to be a cause of hypotension? A. an increase in blood volume B. sweating, vomiting, or emotional responses C. decreased firing of the arterial baroreceptors D. increased release of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla E. a sudden decrease in firing of the parasympathetic nervous system
b
52. Jane donates a pint of blood to a blood bank. A few minutes later, which of the following would be increased compared to pre-donation values? A. her stroke volume and total peripheral resistance B. her heart rate and total peripheral resistance C. her heart rate and mean arterial pressure D. the percentage of her cardiac output flowing to her kidneys E. the blood flow to her brain
b
60. Which is the most likely effect of physical endurance training on a person's cardiac performance? A. a decrease in cardiac output B. an increase in maximal stroke volume C. an increase in maximal heart rate D. an increase in resting heart rate E. an increase in cardiac output when the person is at rest
b
64. Which of the following drugs might be prescribed to alleviate hypertension? A. an alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist B. a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist C. a cholinergic antagonist D. a drug that increases L-type Ca2+ channel currents E. a drug that increases T-type Ca2+ channel currents
b
68. What is hemostasis? A. the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the internal environment B. the prevention or stoppage of blood loss C. a disease in which blood clot formation is impaired D. a protein inside red blood cells that binds oxygen with high affinity E. the set point for normal arterial blood pressure
b
69. Which of the following occurs first in hemostasis? A. activation of the fibrinolytic system B. platelet aggregation C. a clotting cascade that leads to the conversion of fibrinogen to stable fibrin D. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin E. conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
b
8. Deficiency of which of the following results in the condition, pernicious anemia? A. iron B. vitamin B12 C. erythropoietin D. vitamin D E. bilirubin
b
9. Consider the equation F = P/R. It describes the flow (F) of fluid in a tube in which there is a pressure difference (P) between the two ends and a resistance (R) to flow. Based on this equation, which is a correct conclustion? A. The flow of fluid in a tube depends upon the absolute pressure at the beginning of the tube. B. The rate of fluid flow in a tube will increase if the pressure at the beginning is increased while the pressure at the end of the tube stays the same. C. The greater the resistance to flow in a tube, the greater the rate of flow for any given pressure difference. D. If both the resistance and the pressure gradient in a tube increase, the flow must also increase. E. The rate of flow in a tube will decrease if the resistance to flow is decreased.
b
14. Which of the following statements concerning the differences between action potentials in skeletal muscle cells and in ventricular cardiac muscle cells is TRUE? A. Like skeletal-muscle cells, ventricular cardiac-muscle cells have a resting membrane potential closer to the sodium equilibrium potential than to the potassium equilibrium potential. B. Unlike skeletal-muscle cells, the initial depolarization of ventricular cells is mainly due to calcium influx, not sodium influx. C. After sodium influx through voltage-gated channels occurs in ventricular cells, a prolonged influx of calcium occurs. No such calcium influx occurs in skeletal muscle cells. D. Action potentials in skeletal muscle cells are longer in duration than action potentials in cardiac muscle cells. E. The efflux of K+ repolarizes skeletal muscle cells after an action potential, while repolarization in cardiac muscle cells is due to the efflux of Ca2+.
c
15. Which of the following statements is true concerning the diastolic depolarization phase of a cell in the SA node? A. The cell will not depolarize until it receives sympathetic stimulation. B. The pacemaker potential is caused by Ca2+ entering the cell via L-type Ca2+ channels. C. The pacemaker potential is slower in achieving threshold when acetylcholine is applied to the SA node cells. D. During diastolic depolarization, there is a gradually increasing permeability to K+. E. The slope of the diastolic depolarization is decreased when norepinephrine is applied to the SA node cells.
c
16. Which would NOT occur as a result of the blockage of action potential propagation through the bundle of His? A. There would be a slowing of the frequency of contraction of the ventricles. B. The atria would contract more frequently than the ventricles. C. The SA node would no longer set the pace for atrial contraction. D. The atria and ventricles would no longer beat in synchrony. E. The Purkinje fibers would not receive their typical action potentials from the bundle branches.
c
17. The plateau of the action potential in cardiac ventricular cells results from the opening of voltage-gated long-lasting ___________ channels in the plasma membrane of the cell. A. Na+ B. K+ C. Ca2+ D. Cl- E. glucose
c
19. What best represents the QRS complex in an electrocardiogram? A. depolarization of the atria B. repolarization of the atria C. depolarization of the ventricles D. repolarization of the ventricles E. the delay at the AV node
c
23. Which of the following statements about the refractory period of neuronal or muscle membranes is TRUE? A. In nerve cells, the absolute refractory period coincides with the period of increased K+ permeability. B. In skeletal-muscle cells, the absolute refractory period lasts about as long as the twitch. C. In ventricular cells, the absolute refractory period coincides with the period of increased Na+ and Ca2+ permeability. D. The relative refractory period in neuronal membranes lasts about the same length of time as the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cell membranes. E. The refractory period in an alpha-motor neuron membrane is much briefer than the refractory period in a skeletal muscle cell membrane.
c
24. Which of the following statements about the cardiac cycle is true? A. The duration of systole is greater than that of diastole. B. During isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, blood flows from the atria into the ventricles. C. Closure of the atrioventricular valves occurs at the onset of ventricular systole. D. The QRS complex occurs at approximately the same time as the closure of the semilunar valves. E. The first valves to go from closed to open after the atrial kick are the atrioventricular valves.
c
3. What is the term that describes the production of red blood cells? A. hemaglutination B. erythrocytosis C. erythropoiesis D. erythroblastosis E. hemostasis
c
32. Sinoatrial node cells: A. reach threshold only when action potentials generated by the AV node arrive through gap junctions. B. exhibit spontaneous depolarization that is speeded by activation of their cholinergic receptors. C. exhibit spontaneous depolarization that is speeded by activation of their beta-adrenergic receptors. D. exhibit a steep upstroke due to the presence of the same type of Na+ channels found in neuronal membranes. E. are in-between atrial muscle cells and cells of the bundle of His.
c
37. Which of the following is NOT an effect of sympathetic stimulation of the heart? A. an increase in heart rate B. a decrease in the duration of systole C. a decrease in the slope of the pacemaker potential D. an increase in the amount of Ca2+ entering cardiac muscle cells E. an increase in the rate of cross-bridge cycling in ventricular muscle cells
c
46. Which of the following correctly compares the factors involved in bulk flow of fluid in systemic and pulmonary capillaries? A. The protein oncotic pressure inside pulmonary capillaries is significantly greater. B. There are no lymphatic vessels to remove fluid from lung interstitial fluid. C. The hydrostatic pressure inside pulmonary capillaries is significantly lower. D. The protein oncotic pressure is lower in pulmonary interstitial fluid than in typical systemic interstitial fluid. E. The Starling's forces overwhelmingly favor reabsorption all along the length of pulmonary capillaries.
c
56. How would a hemorrhage immediately affect the activity of the baroreceptors? A. The baroreceptors would increase their rate of firing to all medullary cardiovascular center cell types. B. The baroreceptors would increase their rate of firing to cells in the medulla oblongata that activate sympathetic pathways and decrease their rate of firing to cells in the medulla oblongata that activate parasympathetic pathways. C. The baroreceptors would decrease their rate of firing to all medullary cardiovascular center cell types. D. The baroreceptors would decrease their rate of firing to cells in the medulla oblongata that activate sympathetic pathways and increase their rate of firing to cells in the medulla oblongata that activate parasympathetic pathways. E. A hemorrhage would not affect the activity of the baroreceptors.
c
57. Which of the following is most likely to occur when a soldier stands at attention--very still, with legs and spine straight? A. decreased pressure in the capillaries of the feet B. increased absorption of interstitial fluid by the capillaries of the feet C. increased storage of blood in the veins of the feet and legs D. increased venous return E. increased blood flow to the brain
c
58. During exercise, there is a decreased flow of blood to: A. the brain. B. the skin. C. the abdominal organs. D. the skeletal muscles E. the heart.
c
59. Which of the following does NOT contribute to increased stroke volume during exercise? A. increased contractility of cardiac muscle B. increased venous return C. increased length of filling time during diastole D. increased sympathetic stimulation of ventricular muscle E. increased end-diastolic volume
c
62. Which of the following does not describe hypertension? Hypertension A. refers to a chronic state of elevated blood pressure. B. is usually defined as a systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg. C. is usually a result of chronically elevated cardiac output. D. may be caused by kidney disease. E. can sometimes be treated with drugs that increase excretion of water in the urine.
c
65. Which of the drug treatments listed below is INCORRECTLY matched to a mode of action in treating hypertension? A. alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers - reduce TPR by decreased stimulation of arteriolar smooth muscle B. beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists - reduce cardiac output by slowing heart rate and reducing contractility C. antagonists of parasympathetic receptors - reduce TPR by decreased stimulation of arteriolar smooth muscle D. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - reduce TPR by reducing angiotensin 2 concentrations E. diuretics - reduce blood volume by increasing excretion of sodium and water in urine F. calcium channel blockers - reduce speed and force of contraction in vascular smooth muscle G. ACE inhibitors - lowers peripheral resistance by promoting vasodilation
c
71. Which is an intermediary protein that enables platelets to adhere to collagen? A. tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) B. ATP C. von Willebrand factor (vWF) D. arachidonic acid E. activated protein C
c
73. Which of the following statements about blood clotting is NOT true? A. It is the formation of a thrombus. B. It occurs after formation of a platelet plug in a damaged vessel. C. It requires the presence of erythrocytes. D. It is a result of a cascade of enzyme activation. E. It involves positive feedback by thrombin.
c
13. Which is correct about the contraction sequence of the heart? A. The contraction and relaxation of of all four chambers happen at the same time. B. The right atrium and ventricle contract at the same time, and as they are relaxing the left atrium and left ventricle begin to contract. C. Contraction begins in this order: right atrium then right ventricle then left atrium then left ventricle. D. The two atria contract at the same time, and as they are relaxing, the two ventricles contract together. E. The atria and ventricles begin their contractions at the exact same time, but the atrial contraction only lasts half as long as the ventricle contraction.
d
20. Which of the following would be most likely to be determined with a patient's ECG recording? A. a heart murmur B. stroke volume C. cardiac output D. blockage of conduction of electrical signals between the atria and the ventricles E. a leaky atrioventricular valve
d
26. During the cardiac cycle: A. the volume of blood leaving the left side of the heart is greater than that leaving the right side. B. the pressure of blood leaving the right ventricle is greater than that leaving the left ventricle. C. the duration of systole is greater than that of diastole. D. the duration of diastole is greater than that of systole. E. the contraction of the atria overlaps in time with with ventricular systole.
d
34. The frequency of action potentials generated by the SA node is: A. increased by parasympathetic stimulation. B. decreased by sympathetic stimulation. C. increased by acetylcholine. D. increased by epinephrine. E. increased by an increase in blood pressure.
d
36. According to the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart: A. the left ventricle ejects a larger volume of blood with each systole than the right ventricle. B. the intrinsic rate of the heart's pacemaker is 100 beats/min. C. cardiac output increases with increased heart rate. D. stroke volume increases with increased venous return. E. both ventricles contract simultaneously.
d
38. Which of the following statements about blood vessel structure and function is FALSE? A. Veins are more compliant than arteries. B. The aorta and other large arteries serve as a pressure reservoir for the circulatory system. C. Arterioles are small vessels whose resistance to blood flow can be varied. D. Arterioles, capillaries, and veins all have valves that allow only one-way flow of blood. E. If your blood pressure is 100/70 your mean arterial blood pressure is ~80 mm Hg
d
41. Which of the following statements concerning control of blood flow through arterioles is TRUE? A. Beta-adrenergic receptors are more abundant on most arteriolar smooth muscle than are alpha-adrenergic receptors. B. Binding of epinephrine to alpha-adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation. C. Increased stimulation of vascular smooth muscle by the parasympathetic nervous system causes increased vasoconstriction. D. If the arterial blood pressure to an organ suddenly decreases, arterioles in the organ will dilate in response. E. Body-wide constriction of arterioles results in a decrease in the total peripheral resistance (TPR).
d
117. Increasing the mean arterial pressure or the pulse pressure in the carotid artery will cause decreased firing of action potentials in the afferent neurons associated with the baroreceptors. True False
f
44. Normally, the hydrostatic pressure difference between capillary fluid and interstitial fluid favors movement of fluid ________ a tissue capillary. The protein osmotic pressure difference between capillary fluid and interstitial fluid normally favors movement of fluid __________ a tissue capillary. A. into; into B. into; out of C. out of; out of D. out of; into
d
50. Which of the following factors would NOT tend to increase systemic arterial blood pressure? A. increased sympathetic stimulation of the blood vessels B. increased blood volume C. increased venous return D. increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart E. increased activity of the skeletal muscle pump
d
53. Jane donates a pint of blood to a blood bank. A few minutes later, which of the following would be decreased compared to pre-donation values? A. her stroke volume and total peripheral resistance B. her heart rate and total peripheral resistance C. her heart rate and mean arterial pressure D. the percentage of her cardiac output flowing to her kidneys E. blood flow to her brain
d
55. Following hemorrhage, reflexes are triggered that attempt to compensate for the blood loss. As a result of the blood loss and the reflex mechanisms, which of the following will be true, compared to prehemorrhage values? A. Both cardiac output and total peripheral resistance will be increased. B. Both cardiac output and total peripheral resistance will be decreased. C. Cardiac output will be increased and total peripheral resistance will be decreased. D. Cardiac output will be decreased and total peripheral resistance will be increased. E. Hematocrit will be increased.
d
6. A male patient complains of physical weakness and fatigue. A blood test shows his hematocrit to be 30%. Which of the following diagnoses is the least likely to explain his symptoms? A. internal bleeding B. dietary iron deficiency C. dietary vitamin B12 deficiency D. lung disease E. kidney disease
d
7. Where is most of the iron in a person's body located? A. in the bone marrow B. in the liver C. in the cytochromes D. in erythrocytes E. in the kidneys
d
70. Platelets participate in hemostasis by: A. aggregating to form a plug and manufacturing fibrinogen. B. secreting nitric oxide and releasing chemicals that promote vasoconstriction. C. secreting prostacyclin, which prevents platelet aggregation on blood vessel endothelium. D. aggregating to form a plug and releasing chemicals that promote vasoconstriction. E. secreting tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) whenever they come into contact with collagen.
d
1. Which of the following is NOT primarily a function of blood plasma? A. transport of hormones B. being in osmotic balance with red blood cells C. having plasma proteins that exert an osmotic pressure favoring fluid absorption into the capillaries D. providing clotting factors that are ready to be activated E. transport of oxygen
e
31. Which best defines the cardiac output? A. the end-diastolic volume minus the end-systolic volume B. the output of the aortic arch baroreceptors C. the volume of blood in the arterial tree at any moment in time D. the stroke volume divided by the heart rate E. the product of the heart rate and the volume ejected from the ventricle during a cardiac cycle
e
33. Which is TRUE regarding the regulation of heart rate? A. Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves to the heart causes a slowing of heart rate. B. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the heart causes an increase in heart rate. C. A person whose heart lacks autonomic innervation has a faster heart rate at rest than a person with a normally innervated heart. D. The slope of diastolic depolarization in SA node cell action potentials determines the heart rate. E. All of the choices are true.
e
4. Which is TRUE about the condition anema? A. It can be caused by too little iron in the diet. B. It can be caused by kidney failure. C. It can be caused by abnormal hemoglobin. D. It results in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. E. All of the above are true.
e
43. If the arterial blood pressure in the brain is suddenly decreased, the flow through arterioles in the brain will immediately fall and then which of these will occur next? A. Brain arterioles will constrict to accelerate blood flow through the brain capillaries. B. Brain arterioles will dilate due to a decrease in levels of CO2. C. Blood flow will remain at the new, lower level due to reactive hyperemia. D. Blood flow will rise to levels above normal due to excess O2 levels. E. Blood flow will return toward its original level due to flow autoregulation.
e
48. What determines the movement of blood in systemic veins? A. The blood pressure difference between systemic capillaries and the right atrium. B. The contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles. C. The decrease of thoracic pressure and increase of abdominal pressure due to diaphragm movement. D. Valves in the veins. E. All of the above.
e
49. Which of the following is a result of increased sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle? A. Filtration of fluid from capillaries to interstitial fluid increases. B. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) decreases. C. The percentage of blood volume in the veins increases. D. Blood flow to the brain decreases. E. Venous return of blood to the heart increases.
e
118. The medullary cardiovascular center is the only part of the brain involved with the regulation of blood pressure. True False
f
54. Which is a typical response of the body to hemorrhage? A. decreasing the heart rate below normal B. decreasing total peripheral resistance to below normal levels C. raising mean arterial pressure to above normal D. increasing cardiac output to above normal levels E. increasing bulk flow reabsorption of fluid into capillaries
e
63. Arterial systolic pressure occurs ____________________ while arterial diastolic pressure occurs_____________________. A. at the same time as closure of the semilunar valves; at the same time as closure of the atrioventricular valves B. during the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle; during the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle C. at the same time as the P-wave of the electrocardiogram; at the same time as the T-wave of the electrocardiogram D. when the the ventricle reaches end-systolic volume; when the ventricle reaches end-diastolic volume E. during the middle of the phase of ventricular ejection; just before the semilunar valve opens
e
66. Which of the following is NOT likely to result in edema? A. blockage of lymph vessels B. prolonged standing C. liver disease D. heart failure E. elevated plasma protein concentrations
e
74. Which of the following statements regarding the dissolving of blood clots is FALSE? A. Activation of the reactions that lead to blood clotting ultimately lead to blood clot dissolution. B. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is secreted by endothelial cells. C. Blood clots are digested by plasmin. D. Plasminogen is an inactive precursor of the enzyme plasmin. E. It involves aggregation of soluble fibrin fragments into fibrin.
e
76. Which correctly describes functions of Protein C? A. It activates platelets and converts prothrombin to thrombin. B. It activates clotting factor XII and platelets. C. It binds to tissue factor and activates clotting factor VII. D. It inactivates thrombin and converts fibrinogen to fibrin. E. It inhibits clot formation and inactivates factors Va and VIIIa.
e
100. Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves releases epinephrine into the blood plasma. True False
f
102. The Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart states that an increased venous return will normally result in a higher heart rate. True False
f
103. The stroke volume of the heart can be increased by recruiting more cardiac muscle fibers into activity. True False
f
106. Systolic pressure is the peak pressure in systemic arteries and occurs at the beginning of systole. True False
f
107. Mean arterial pressure is most accurately calculated by determining the average of the systolic and diastolic pressures. True False
f
111. The protein osmotic pressure difference between the plasma inside the capillary beds and the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells favors filtration of fluid. True False
f
112. The amount of nutrients and waste products moved across the capillary wall by bulk flow is greater than the amount that diffuses across under normal conditions. True False
f
113. Strong vasoconstriction of arterioles will probably result in greater filtration of fluid from the plasma of capillary beds downstream. True False
f
116. Total peripheral resistance in the circulatory system is primarily determined by the degree of vasoconstriction in the veins. True False
f
