cis 2010 test 3

prescriptive analytics

The set of analytical techniques that yield a best course of action.

data element

The smallest or basic unit of information

Predictive Analytics

extracts information from data and uses it to predict future trends and identify behavioral patterns

data model

logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures

computer aided software engineering (CASE)

tools are software suites that automate systems analysis, design, and development

data dictionary

compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model

primary key

A field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table

Double-Spend

- Scenario, in the Bitcoin network, where someone tries to send a bitcoin transaction to two different recipients at the same time. - However, once a bitcoin transaction is confirmed, it makes it nearly impossible to double spend it. - The more confirmations that a particular transaction has, the harder it becomes to double spend the bitcoins.

Data mining process

1) Business understanding 2) Data understanding 3) Data Preparation 4) Data Modeling 5) Evaluation 6) Deployment

Data mining analysis techniques

1) Estimation analysis 2) Affinity Grouping Analysis 3) Cluster Analysis 4) Classification Analysis

Digital Ledger

A bookkeeping list of assets (money, property, ideas...), identified ownership, and transactions that record the transfer of ownership among participants

Management Information Systems

A business function, like accounting and human resources, which moves information about people, products, and processes across the company to facilitate decision-making and problem-solving

Peer-to-peer

A controller network that simply connects computers to each other or to a device such as a printer, but a server is not necessary

Cryptocurrency

A digital currency in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds.

project plan

A formal, approved document that manages and controls project execution

System

A group of parts that work together as a whole

data warehouse

A logical collection of information - gathered from many different operational databases - that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks

foreign key

A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables

information scrubbing

A process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information

boolean

A single value of either TRUE or FALSE

project

A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.

Blockchain

A type of distributed ledger technology consisting of data structure blocks that may contain data or programs, with each block holding batches of individual transactions and the results of any executables. Each block contains a time stamp and a link to a previous block.

table

An arrangement of data made up of horizontal rows and vertical columns.

project manager

An individual who is an expert in project planning and management, defines and develops the project plan, and tracks the plan to ensure the project is completed on time and on budget

multitasking

An operating system feature that allows more than one application to run at a time.

array

Arrays contain a specific number of elements of a particular type.

structured data

Data already in a database or a spreadsheet

attributes

Data associated with an entity.

Input-Process-Output

Describes the structure of an information processing program or other process. It is the most basic structure for describing a process.

data analytics

The science of examining raw data with the purpose of drawing conclusions about that information

Decentralization

Each node in the participating computer network has a full copy of the digital ledger. This avoids the need to have a centralized database managed by a trusted party. Transactions are broadcast to the network. Network nodes can validate transactions and add them to their copy, then broadcast those additions to other nodes.

Entity relationship diagram

a technique for documenting the entities and relationships in a database environment

Dirty data problems

Incomplete, outdated, or otherwise inaccurate data

Relational databases (advantages)

Increased flexibility Increased scalability and performance Reduced information redundance Increased information integrity Increased information security

Business Intelligence

Information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and industries that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making

barriers

Obstacles that interfere with the understanding of a message

common sql commands

SELECT, FROM, WHERE, ORDER BY,

Software distribution methods

Software updates and upgrades

AND

The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by AND is TRUE.

WHERE

The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT operators.

Normalization

The process of applying rules to a database design to ensure that information is divided into the appropriate tables.

project scope

The work performed to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and functions.

Miners

Transactions are authenticated by a network of 'miners' who complete complex mathematical problems. When all miners arrive at the same unique solution, the transaction is verified and recorded as a new 'block'.

Big data

a broad term for datasets so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate.

Field

a characteristic of a table

information integrity

a measure of the quality of information

extraction, transformation & load

a process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse.

data quality audit

a structured survey of the accuracy and level of completeness of the data in an information system

cluster analysis

a technique used to divide an information set into mutually exclusive groups such that the members of each group are as close together as possible to one another and the different groups are as far apart as possible

DBMS tool (SQL)

a tool that asks users to write lines of code to answer questions against a database.

Bitcoin

a type of digital currency in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds, operating independently of a central bank.

Systems thinking

a way of monitoring the entire system by viewing multiple inputs being processed or transformed to produce outputs while continuously gathering feedback on each part

System Restore

allows your computer's configuration settings to be reset to those of another earlier time

Legacy system

an old system that is fast approaching or beyond the end of its useful life within an organization

strings

any combination of letters, numbers, etc... that are enclosed by "quotations"

One-to-Many relationship

between two entities in which an instance of one entity can be related to many instances of a related entity

One-to-One relationship

between two entities in which an instance of one entity can be related to only one instance of a related entity

Many-to-many relationship

between two entities in which an instance of one entity is related to many instances of another and one instance of the other can be related to many instances of the first entity

records

collection of related data

information cube

common term for the representation of multidimensional information

Application Software

computer software created to allow the user to perform a specific job or task

data mart

contains a subset of data warehouse information

System Software

controls how the various technology tools work together along with the application software

Operating systems software

controls the application software and manages how the hardware devices work together

bugs

defects in the code of an information system

data visualization

describes technologies that allow users to see or visualize data to transform information into a business perspective

estimation analysis

determines values for an unknown continuous variable behavior or estimated future value

dirty data

erroneous or flawed data

data scientist

extracts knowledge from data by performing statistical analysis, data mining, and advanced analytics on big data to identify trends, market changes, and other relevant information

process modeling

involves graphically representing the processes that capture, manipulate, store, and distribute information between a system and its environment

JOIN

joins table

database

maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)

unstructured data

nonnumeric information that is typically formatted in a way that is meant for human eyes and not easily understood by computers

software updates

occur when the software vendor releases updates to software to fix problems or enhance features

software upgrades

occurs when the software vendor releases a new version of the software, making significant changes to the program

Open Systems

organizations that are affected by, and that affect, their environment

Hash

plaintext that has been transformed into short code

distributed computing

processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a computing environment

Utility Software

provides additional functionality to the operating system

affinity grouping analysis

reveals the relationship between variables along with the nature and frequency of the relationships

integrity constraints

rules that help ensure the quality of information

SELECT

selects data from a database

Subsystems

smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system

FROM

specifies which table is a key used to link two tables together

entities

stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event

off-the-shelf application

supports general business processes and does not require any specific software customization to meet the organization's needs

Feedback loops

system structure that causes output from one node to eventually influence input to that same node.

feed forward loop

term describing a element or pathway within a system that passes a controlling signal from a source in its external environment to a load elsewhere in its external environment.

information redundancy

the duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places

data mining

the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone

classification analysis

the process of organizing data into categories or groups for its most effective and efficient use

conversion

the process of transferring information from a legacy system to a new system

business requirement

the specific business requests the system must meet to be successful

tools

things people use to help them do a job

DBMS (Database Management System)

this creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security.

business rule

this defines how a company performs certain aspects of its business and typically results in either a yes/no or true/false answer

DBMS tool (query by example)

this is a tool that helps users graphically design the answer to a question against a database.

Metadata

this provides details about data. For example, for an image this could be size, resolution, and date created.

relational databases

this stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables

common characteristics of big data

variety, veracity, volume, velocity