CIS 350 Final
What is the formula for determining the number of point to point transmission lines under mesh topology?
1+2+3+...+(n-1)
To prevent collision, CSMA/CA uses a three step carrier sense and transmission sequence:
1. A node that wants to transmit sends a ready-to-send (RTS) signal 2. If the wireless access point detects no collision, it transmits a clear-to-send (CTS) signal 3. After receiving the CTS signal, the node transmits its data
When was the Ethernet first developed and as what protocol?
1970s, LAN
describes queries that convert IP addresses into network addresses (e.g., Ethernet MAC addresses)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
The _____ layer includes communication protocols used by programs that make and respond to high level requests for network serves
Application
The __________ MAC protocol is used in wireless networks to prevent most collisions
CSMA/CA
With the __________ MAC protocol, collisions can occur, but they're detected and corrected
CSMA/CD
IEE Networking Standards: 802.3 802.11
CSMA/CD and Ethernet, Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)
_______ is a MAC protocol used in wireless networks. Collisions aren't avoided completely but it attempts to.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
______ is a MAC protocol described in the IEEE 802.3 standard based on a wired bus topology. The basic strategy is not to prevent collisions but to detect and recover from them
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
Procedure to follow when nodes follow CSMA/CD:
-A sending node listens (carrier sense) until no traffic is detected before attempting to transmit -The sending node transmits its message -The sending node listens for a collision during and immediately after transmitting (collision detection) -If the sending node detects a collision, it waits for a random number of clock ticks, then restarts then retransmits
_____ are the core protocols of the Internet
TCP/IP
a "connection" protocol layered over IP that enables: -Detection of transmission errors -Retransmission of missing or corrupted packets
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
IP is an example of a connectionless protocol, in which the sender doesn't't attempt to verify a recipient's existence or ask its permission before sending data
True
T/F: A switch generally has a dozen or more input connections for computers and other network nodes
True
T/F: The transport layer formats messages into packets suitable for transmission over the network
True
The __________ protocol is used with broadcast and multimedia applications when processing overhead needs are low and reliable delivery doesn't need to be guaranteed
UDP
______ provides less reliable transport services than TCP does and lacks TCPs connection management features but, unlike TCP, it supports communication between multiple hosts and senders
UDP
The OSI __________ layer refers to communication protocols used by programs, such as web browsers, that generate requests for network services
application
Includes communication protocols used by programs that make and respond to high-level requests for network services
application layer
Layers of TCP/IP
application, transport, internet, netwrok interface, physical
Where do you connect your NIC?
bus port
______ directly connects every node to a single shared transmission line
bus topology
When multiple nodes attempt to transmit across the same medium at the same time, their messages mix, producing noise that is called a ________
collision
When two messages are transmitted at the same time on a shared medium, a(n) __________ has occurred
collision
sender doesn't attempt to verify a recipient's existence or ask its permission before sending data
connection-less protocol
-Contacts a recipient before sending data to "let it know that messages are coming" -Negotiates communication parameters such as error detection/correction, data encoding, and security -The process is similar to what happens when you dial a telephone number
connection-oriented protocol
a receiver cant detect loss of datagrams if a(n) __________ protocol is used
connectionless
Interface between network software and hardware.
data link layer
are specified in the standards but typical or effective rates can be much lower due to: -Competing traffic from nearby users -Noise -Physical obstacles -Fixed vs. mobile transmitters and receivers
data transfer rates
in the TCP/IP model, a(n) __________ is the basic data transfer unit
datagram
IP accepts messages called _____ from Transport layer protocols and forwards them to their destination
datagrams
IP accepts messages called ______ from transport-layer protocols and forwards them to their destination
datagrams
_____ is the address of a central node to which messages to "unknown" addresses are sent
default gateway
-Same info transmitted via different antennae and frequency bands -Receiver selects the stronger received signal -Useful in noisy/crowded environments
diversity
MIMO can be used in two different ways:
diversity, frequency-division multiplexing
embeds all or part of a datagram in a physical network's message format
encapsulation
An _____ is a device such as a workstation, server, or printer that can be the source or destination of a message
end node
______ is a LAN technology, developed by Xerox in the early 1970s, that closely related to the IEEE 802.3 standard
ethernet
What is the main purpose of a central node?
forward incoming messages from end nodes to the recipient end node or another central node that is one step closer to the recipient end node.
Each central node maintains a table of node addresses and transmission lines or connection ports called a _______
forwarding table
-Available unlicensed bands vary from country-to-country -Standards often specify multiple bands so that they'll have at least one viable implementation in various parts of the world
frequency bands
-Sender transmits different data streams across different bands at the same time to increase throughput -Useful when noise and other traffic isn't present
frequency-division multiplexing
A ____ is a central connection point for nodes in a LAN
hub
if the address is ______ the central node forwards it to the corresponding directly-connected node
local
each network covering a floor or building is called a ______
local area network
________ forward message to the next central node
local node to nonlocal node
______ is the path messages traverse as they travel between end and central odels
logical topology
Nodes sharing a common transmission medium follow a ____ protocol to determine how to share the medium efficiently
media access control
_________ determines how to share the medium efficiently
media access control
______ is where every node pair is connected by a point-to-point link
mesh topology
The term_______ describes transmission situations involving multiple senders and receivers
multicasting
______ describes transmission situations involving multiple senders and receivers
multicasting
devices that use multiple antennae and supporting electronics in a single devices
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
The OSI _____ layer forwards messages to their correct destinations
network
A device that connects a node, such as a computer or network printer, to a network transmission cable is called a ________
network interface card (NIC)
An end node's hardware interface to a network transmission medium is called a(n) __________
network interface card or NIC
Forwards messages to their correct destinations. Those within central node interact with one another to exchange routing information and update internal tables
network layer
______ refers to the spatial organization or network devices, physical routing of network cabling, and flow of message from one network node to another
network topology
Where communication between devices actually takes place. Includes hardware devices that encode and decode bit streams and the transmission lines that transport them
physical layer
_______ is the physical placement of cables and device connections to these cables
physical topology
A ____ is TCP connection with a unique integer number
port
A _____ is a TCP connection with a unique integer number. Added to the end of an IP address
port
ensures that data transmitted by one network node is interpreted correctly by the other network node. Converts and formats data
presentation layer
in CSMA/CA a node that wants to transmit sends a _____ signal
ready-to-send (RTS) signal
______ directly connects every node to two other nodes with a set of links forming a loop or ring
ring topology
A _________ intelligently forwards messages between two or more networks
router
_______ forwards messages between two or more networks. It stores messages in a buffer, examinees their contents, and applies decision rules to determine where to forward messages
router
The OSI ______ layer establishes and manages connections between clients and servers
session
establishes and manages communication sessions. Negotiates protocol parameters.
session layer
How many layers does an OSI have?
seven
A _____ is the combination of an IP address and a port number
socket
_______ is where TCP connects are establish and is the combination of an IP address and a port number
socket
a network using a physical __________ topology connects all end nodes to a central node
star
_________ directly connects every node to a shared hub, switch, or router
star topology
The ____ topology is most common in wired networks, and the ____ topology is most common in wireless networks
star, bus
Most large-scale delivery services use a ______ system to connect source and destination nodes.
store and forward
______ examines the destination address of each incoming message and temporarily connects the sender's transmission line to the receiver's line. It breaks the connection as soon as the message has reached its destination
switch
a physical connection between two different networks is implemented by using a(n) __________, __________, or __________
switch, router, wireless access point (or wireless AP)
formats messages into packets suitable for transmission over the network. Places messages in a packet data area and adds header/trailer information. Gives packets to network layer for delivery
transport layer
A ____ connects a wireless network to a wired network
wireless access point (WAP)
A ______ connects all LAN central nodes in a group of buildings, a _____ connects each zone network to the campus backbone network and a ______ connects the campus backbone network to the Internet. The entire campus network is a ______
zone network, zone central node, campus central node, WAN
The original __________ standard transmits at 10 Mbps over twisted-pair cabling. Current standard versions support 1, 10, and 40Gbps transmission over twisted-pair and fiber-optic cable
Ethernet
What is the name of these port numbers? 21 23 80
FTP Telnet HTTP
The Network Interface layer of the TCIP/IP model roughly corresponds to the OSI Network Layer
False
T/F: A network covering a floor or building is generally called a wide area network (WAN)
False (LAN)
the oldest and most widely used VoIP protocol suite is __________
H.323
the _____ standards define many aspects of physical networks
IEEE 802
__ is connection-less and ____ and ____ is connection-oriented
IP, TCP, UDP
The 32 bit addresses assigned to an IP node are defined in ______ and written in the form ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd with ddd represent a decimal number between 0 and 255
IPv4
The _____ protocol is an updated version with larger addresses and improved support for multicasting and multimedia data
IPv6
A set of messages/responses used to report and diagnose errors
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
a packet format that defines the content of a datagram, including: -Data content -Sequencing of multiple-packet messages -Addressing and routing information
Internet Protocol (IP)
A network protocol or device that supports __________ enables higher data transfer rates using multiple sub channels simultaneously or improved reliability via diversity
MIMO
A(n) __________ protocol defines the rules governing a network node's access to a transmission medium
Media Access Control or MAC
the __________ defines conceptual software and hardware layers for networks.
OSI model
______ is useful as a general model of networks, a framework for comparing networks, and an architectural roadmap that enhances interoperability between different network architectures and products
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
The ____ layer is where communication between devices actually take place
Physical
describes broadcast messages that inform routers and other devices of network addresses and their corresponding IP addresses
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) describes broadcast messages that inform routers and other
-Defines how datagrams are routed from sender to receiver -Defines how routers exchange routing information
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
