CIS FINAL

data element

The smallest or basic unit of information

data model

logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures. a diagram that represents entities in the database and their relationships

computer aided software engineering

tools are software suites that automate systems analysis, design, and development

Double Spend

- Scenario, in the Bitcoin network, where someone tries to send a bitcoin transaction to two different recipients at the same time. - However, once a bitcoin transaction is confirmed, it makes it nearly impossible to double spend it. - The more confirmations that a particular transaction has, the harder it becomes to double spend the bitcoins.

loops

A loop is used to repeat code in your program.

function

1. A relationship from one set (called the domain) to another set (called the range) that assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range. 2. The action or actions that an item is designed to perform.

data artist

A business analytics (BA) specialist who creates graphs charts infographics and other visual tools that help people understand complex data.

grid computing

A collection of computers, often geographically dispersed, that are coordinated to solve a common problem

record

A collection of fields that appear as a row in a database or table.

virtual reality

A computer-simulated environment that can be a simulation of the real world or an imaginary world

FROM (SQL)

A condition that controls where the operation is executed Syntax: <THIS> <TABLE>

cryptocurrency

A digital currency in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds.

Blockchain

A digital ledger in which transactions made in bitcoin or another cryptocurrency are recorded chronologically and publicly.

Digital Ledger

A digital ledger is a bookkeeping list of assets (money, property, ideas...), identified ownership, and transactions that record the transfer of ownership among participants. All transactions are recorded with a date, time, participant names and other information. It is a linear list to which information can only be added, with older records retained to preserve the full history of each asset.

Primary Key

A field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table

Project Plan

A formal, approved document that manages and controls project execution

Entity Relationship Diagram

A methodology for documenting databases illustrating the relationship between various entities in the database. used to clarify table relationships in a relational database

hash

A number generated by an algorithm from a text string. Also known as a message digest.

Foreign Key

A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables

ETL (extraction, transformation, and loading)

A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse

information scrubbing

A process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information

one-to-many relationship

A relationship between two tables in a database in which one record in the primary table can match many (zero, one, or many) records in the related table.

project

A temporary activity a company undertakes to create a unique product, service, or result

Analytics

A term describing the extensive use of data, statistical and quantitative analysis, explanatory and predictive models, and fact-based management to drive decisions and actions. The science of fact-based decision making

Data Visualization

A term used to describe the use of graphical displays to summarize and present information about a data set. describes technologies that allow users to see or visualize data to transform information into a business perspective

table

An arrangement of data made up of horizontal rows and vertical columns.

Symmetric Encryption

An encryption method whereby the same key is used to encode and to decode the message Symmetric keys must be handed off between people sharing an encrypted file Exchanging a symmetric key securely is typically done face-to-face

What is the primary difference between an entity and an attribute?

An entity (also known as a table) stores information about people, places, or events, whereas an attribute is a column or specific field of the data elements associated with an entity.

Multitasking

An operating system feature that allows more than one application to run at a time.

one-to-one

Each entity in the relationship will have exactly one related entity

What are advantages of Bitcoin ?

Any well-connected node in the Bitcoin blockchain can determine, with certainty, whether a transaction does or does not exist in the data set. A prohibitively high cost to attempt to rewrite or alter transaction history

narrow ai

Artificial intelligence in which a program is written to accomplish a specific task.

CAD/CAM

Computer Aided Drawing-Computer Aided Manufacturing. The instructions stored in a computer that will be translated to very precise operating instructions to a robot, for tasks such as assembling cars or laser-cutting signage.

Decentralization

Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization's hierarchy. the location of a significant amount of authority in the lower levels of the organization

redundant data

Duplicate information in a database.

many-to-many relationship

In databases, a relationship in which one record in Table A can relate to many matching records in Table B, and vice versa. between two entities in which an instance of one entity is related to many instances of another and one instance of the other can be related to many instances of the first entity

JOIN (SQL)

Joins allow you to link data from two or more tables together into a single query result--from one single SELECT statement. Forms relationships between tables ex. SELECT customer_info.firstname, customer_info.lastname, purchases.item FROM customer_info, purchases WHERE customer_info.customer_number = purchases.customer_number;

general ai

Machines that have all the senses (maybe more), all the reason, and think just like people do

Operating System Software

Programs that make the computer work. ex: Windows 8, vista, GUI, Linux.

SELECT (SQL)

Returns the records from the database that match the given input Syntax: <THIS> <DATA> FROM <TABLE> [EXP]

Code Blocks

Segments of code identified by beginning with { and ending with }.

artificial intelligence

Simulates human intelligence such as the ability to reason and learn

peer-to-peer

Software (often free) which allows you to download files directly from a single computer anywhere in the world that also has the same software installed. Sometimes known as P2P, this is a commonly used way of accessing music, software and movies. Sometimes referred to as P2P. A network model where all computers on the network are equal and data may be shared from computer to computer.

Application Software

Software that performs some useful task such as word processing or playing a game for a user.

WHERE

The "Where" SQL clause can be used to link two tables.

AND

The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by AND are TRUE.

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

The overall process for developing information systems from planning and analysis through implementation and maintenance

Conversion

The process of transferring information from a legacy system to a new one.

Bitcoin uses encryption to maintain the integrity of transactions, which is why it is called a ________________.

cryptocurrency

knowledge base

a body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area

fuzzy logic

a branch of mathematics that deals with uncertainties by simulating the processes of human reasoning. a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information

Big Data

a broad term for datasets so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate.

neural network

a category of AI that attempts to emulate the way the human brain works

information integrity

a measure of the quality of information

DBMS (Database Management System)

a program used to create, process, and administer a database. a product used for the storage and organization of data that typically has defined formats and structures

field

a single characteristic of data that appears in a table as a column

Multi-tenancy

a single instance of a system serves multiple customers

Bitcoin

a type of digital currency in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds, operating independently of a central bank.

data scientist

an individual who searches through multiple, disparate data sources in order to discover hidden insights that will provide a competitive advantage. extracts knowledge from data by performing statistical analysis, data mining, and advanced analytics on big data to identify trends, market changes, and other relevant information

SQL (Structured Query Language)

an international standard language for processing a database

legacy system

an old system that is fast approaching or beyond the end of its useful life within an organization

Business Intelligence

analyzing large amounts of data for strategic decision making. Information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and industries that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making

Structured Query Language (SQL)

asks users to write lines of code to answer questions against a database

A doctor notices that a patient is due for a certain medical procedure or test. The doctor initiates a transaction marked with the patient's unique digital identity within the individual's ______ wallet.

blockchain

information cube

common term for the representation of multidimensional information

data mart

contains a subset of data warehouse information

data dictionary

contains the logical structure for the information in a database. compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model

Database Management System (DBMS)

creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security

Metadata

data that describes data

bugs

defects in the code of an information system

business rule

defines how a company performs certain aspects of its business and typically results in either a yes/no or true/false answer

project scope

describes the business need (the problem the project will solve) and the justification, requirements, and current boundaries for the project

By issuing concert tickets on the blockchain, fans can verify transfer of ownership from one digital wallet to another, rather than worrying whether the PDF (or paper) ticket they received was sold to 10 other people. This is an example of how blockchain solves the ____________ problem.

double-spend

Single-tenancy

each customer or tenant must purchase and maintain an individual system

dirty data

erroneous or flawed data

Cardinality

expresses the specific number of instances in an entity

Process Modeling

graphically representing the processes that capture, manipulate, store, and distribute information between a system and its environment

Data

is the raw material that computers receive, store, manipulate, transform and deliver as part of an activity. By organizing and providing context, data becomes information. Information can be applied to specific tasks where it can inform and guide decisions, or simply entertain.

Database

maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)

Algorithm

mathematical formulas placed in software that performs an analysis on a data set.

software customization

modifies software to meet specific user or business requirements

distributed computing

processes and manages algorithms across many machines in a computing environment

integrity constraints

rules that help ensure the quality of information

Virtualization

running multiple systems simultaneously on one physical computer. the practice of sharing or pooling computing resources, such as servers and storage devices

entity

stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event

Cloud Computing

stores, manages, and processes data and applications over the internet rather than on a personal computer or server

Off-the-shelf application software

supports general business processes and does not require any specific software customization to meet the organization's needs

fast data

the application of big data analytics to smaller data sets in near-real or real-time in order to solve a problem or create business value

data aggregation

the collection of data from various sources for the purpose of data processing

attribute

the data elements associated with an entity

information redundancy

the duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places

Mutation

the process within a genetic algorithm of randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success or failure of the outcome.

Business requirement

the specific business requests the system must meet to be successful

augmented reality

the viewing of the physical world with computer-generated layers of information added to it. A combination of our normal sense of the objects around us with an overlay of information displayed.

Deep Learning

understanding the "why" and "how" behind the details Involves developing the tools of critical thinking and applying them to whatever challenges you encounter now and in the future.

natural language processing

uses AI techniques to enable computers to generate and understand natural human languages, such as English

Miners

who complete complex mathematical problems. When all miners arrive at the same unique solution, the transaction is verified and recorded as a new 'block'. New transaction blocks are added to the digital ledger in a chained fashion, forming a 'blockchain'. The distribution of miners means that the system cannot be hacked by a single source. If anyone tries to tamper with one ledger, all of the nodes will disagree on the integrity of that ledger and will refuse to incorporate the transaction into the blockchain