Civil Rights vocabulary and Supreme Court Decisions

Dred Scott v. Sanford

1857 Supreme Court decision that stated slaves were not citizens: slaves were property no matter where they were living and the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

Project C

'c' for confrontation. Starting on April 3, 1963, it will build in waves, first with sit-ins, then a boycott, and finally, non-violent protest marches on a daily basis, which are likely to provoke heavy-handed reactions from police, with mass arrests. The media will cover it, and everyone will see why black people are asking for justice in the South. By the time the plan is launched, Birmingham has become a city with no stable government. Albert Boutwell has just won the city's mayoral election, but his opponent, Bull Connor, is challenging the results. Connor, an out-and-out segregationist with a short fuse, is still in charge of the police force.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Lau v. Nichols

(1974) The failure of San Francisco schools to provide English-language instruction to approximately 1,800 students of Chinese ancestry who do not speak English, or to provide them with other adequate instructional procedures, denies them a meaningful opportunity to participate in the public education program, and thus violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 14th A.

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

(A single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems). Legalized segregation with regard to private property.

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

(ADA) A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.

Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools

(Title 9 suit) Gender based discrimination- Student can seek monetary damages/

John Lewis

(born February 21, 1940, near Troy, Alabama, U.S.), American civil rights leader and politician best known for his chairmanship of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and for leading the march that was halted by police violence on the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, in 1965, a landmark event in the history of the civil rights movement that became known as "Bloody Sunday." Currently - is an American politician and civil rights leader. He is the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 5th congressional district, serving in his 17th term in the House, having served since 1987, and is the senior member of the Georgia congressional delegation.

Baton Rouge Bus Boycott (1953)

-1953, Montgomery modeled after Baton Rouge. The Baton Rouge Bus Boycott did not challenge Jim Crow. They wanted better seating, better treatment and black drivers. They ran an economic bus boycott refusing to ride bus till these laws were fair, had to organize carpool and ride share programs. Compromise went back to original compromise.

Plyler v. Doe

-1982 -no fee should be paid for public education of immigrate children

"I've been to the mountaintop" speech

-MLK, Jr.'s last speech -African Americans must stay unified to accomplish full equality -Must stay nonviolent in nature -MLK has seen impact he has made with his nonviolent protestors and believes that changes are coming -Speech is a call to action, for African Americans to continue to try and extinguish racial inequality "the issue is the refusal of Memphis to be fair and honest in its dealings with its public servants, who happen to be sanitation workers."

Don't ask don't tell

Military policy towards lgtb community under President Bill Clinton.

Betty Friedan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique". Officially sponsored by NOW - National Organization of Woman. In her book, she address the "problem with no name" concerning the image of the idealized happy housewife"

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. born in Arizona

Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada

1939, According to the separate but equal doctrine, a state has to either admit blacks to the law school or establish a separate but equal school for them.

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality Assassinated 21 February 1965 by three Black Muslims

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Brown v. Board of Education II

1955; declared that public school officials could use "all deliberate speed" to comply with the court's 1954 Brown ruling.

Civil rights act of 1957

1957 *First civil rights act since Reconstruction *Stimulated by Brown v. Board of Edu. of Topeka and civil rights activism *Created a panel to ensure that voting rights of African Americans were not violated signed by Dwight D Eisenhower

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

Feminism Second Wave

1960s-1980s; "Personal is political": other issues of inequality, discrimination, oppression; Some inclusion of new groups - racial minorities and lesbians

The "problem that has no name" (Betty Friedan)

1963 book The Feminine Mystique, from which this excerpt is taken, changed the lives of many American women by bringing their restlessness and unhappiness to public attention.

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US

1964 *A motel operator refused to serve an African American customer *The Supreme Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination in schools, places of work, voting sites, public accommodations, and public areas

Selma to Montgomery March

1965 King leads 54-mile march to support black voter registration. Despite attacks from police and interference from Gov. Wallace, marchers reach Montgomery. Pres. Johnson addresses nation in support of marchers

Loving v. Virginia

1967 court case that declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s was an American constitutional lawyer, movement conservative, and conservative activist. American writer and political activist who was best known for her opposition to the women's movement and especially the Equal Rights Amendment.

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Harvey Milk

1st openly gay politician in Calif.; one of only a very few in the US at the time. Assassinated while in office; Helped to erase the stigma of being openly homosexual.

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

More commonly referred to as the Hate Crimes Act or the Matthew Shepard Act, this federal law gives the U.S. Department of Justice the power to investigate and prosecute defendants who selected their crime victim based on race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. The law, passed in October 2009, is named for hate crime victims Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr.

United States v. Windsor

2013 (5-4 decision) Federal government must provide benefits to legally married same-sex couples.

Shelby County v. Holder

2013 (5-4 decision) States and localities do not need federal approval to change voting laws.

"I Can't Breathe" Protest

2014 - Protesters are flooding the streets of New York and elsewhere -- chanting, blocking traffic and demanding change after the decision not to indict in the chokehold death of Eric Garner. Demonstrators staged a "die-in" in Brooklyn, New York, late Thursday. They lay in the middle of Atlantic Avenue. An eerie silence descended as the protesters, who had cardboard coffins, stopped chanting.

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores

2014 court decision that the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 does allow a for-profit company to deny its employees health coverage of contraception based on the religious objections of the company's owners to which the employees would otherwise be entitled to have under the ACA.

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores

2014 court decision that the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 does allow a for-profit company to deny its employees health coverage of contraception based on the religious objections of the company's owners to which the employees would otherwise be entitled to have under the ACA. 5-4 Ruling Christian for-profit company refused to provide employees contraception (birth control pills) health coverage based on religious objectives

Eric Garner Case

2014 states island New York sparked "I can't breathe protest" after video emerges that show police choking him and he saying he couldn't breathe.

Maya Angelou (1928-2014)

20th century African-American writer, poet and activist. Best-known for her work "I Know Why A Caged Bird Sings".

One, Inc. v. Olesen

355 U.S. 371, is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision for LGBT rights in the United States. It was the first U.S. Supreme Court ruling to deal with homosexuality and the first to address free speech rights with respect to homosexuality.

Shelley v. Kraemer

A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans, Asian Americans, and other minorities. Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing, unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.

Hernandez v. Texas

A 1954 Supreme Court decision that extended protection against discrimination to Hispanics.

Jesse Jackson

A black candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 1988 election who attempted to appeal to minorities, but eventually lost the nomination to Michael Dukakis. -is an American civil rights activist, Baptist minister, and politician. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988 and served as a shadow U.S. Senator for the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1997 Civil rights leader and two-time Democratic presidential candidate Jesse Jackson (1941-) became one of the most influential African-Americans of the late 20th century. He rose to prominence working within Martin Luther King Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and was at the Memphis hotel with King when he was assassinated. Through PUSH, the organization he founded in 1971, Jackson pressed for broader employment opportunities for African-Americans. During the 1980s and 1990s he negotiated the release of dozens of international hostages and prisoners. In his 1984 and 1988 presidential campaigns, Jackson won 16 state contests and millions of votes, making him the first viable African-American candidate for president. - The National Rainbow Coalition (Rainbow Coalition for short) was a political organization that grew out of Jesse Jackson's 1984 presidential campaign. During the campaign, Jackson began speaking about a "Rainbow Coalition", an idea created by Fred Hampton, regarding the disadvantaged and welcomed voters from a broad spectrum of races and creeds.[10] The goals of the campaign were to demand social programs, voting rights, and affirmative action for all groups that had been neglected by Reaganomics.[8]

defiance

A daring or bold resistance to authority or to any opposing force.

Southern Manifesto (1956)

A document that repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and supported the campaign against racial integration in public places Also known as Declaration of Constitutional Principles

#MeToo Movement

Movement against sexual harassment and assault.

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Langston Hughes (1902-1967)

A gifted African-American poet, novelist, and playwright, who became one of the foremost interpreters of racial relationships in the United States and the name most often associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Influenced by the Bible, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Walt Whitman, Hughes depicted realistically the ordinary lives of black people.

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Boycott

A group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

Fred Shuttlesworth

A head preacher in the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, who convinced Martin Luther King, Jr. and his SCLC to visit Birmingham. With King's help, he was able to plan boycotts and demonstrations to rid "the most segregated city in America" of its hate and prejudice.

Crisis Magazine

NAACP Journal, founded and edited by W.E.B. DuBois, used art for their publications

Moral Majority

A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism.

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities initiated by President Lyndon Johnson to improve opportunities.

Klu Klux Klan

A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in the South after the Civil War.

Black Consciousness Movement

A social and political movement inspired by the Black power movement in the US that pressed for increased rights and an end to separate development; the movement succeeded in winning young followers until it was banned in 1977

Russell Means

Native American leader in 1960s and 1970s; helped organize the American Indian Movement (AIM) and the 1973 Wounded Knee occupation.

poll tax

A tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote

The longest walk

Native Americans protest in which they walked from San Francisco to Washington DC.

literacy test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

Brown Berets

Activist group formed in 1967 in response to police treatment of Mexican Americans.

Ralph Bunche

African American diplomat who won Noble Prize for helping negotiate armistice between Israelis and Arabs.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Double V Campaign

African American strategy to defeat Hitler's racism abroad as well as racism at home

Little Rock Nine (1957)

African American students admitted to Central High School, governor of Arkansas, prevent African American students, from attending the school and sent the Arkansas National Guard to the school. President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by sending federal troops to school, and school was integrated.

Ralph Ellison

African-American writer who explored the theme of the lonely individual imprisoned in privacy.

Equal Rights Amendment (1972)

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution giving women equal rights under the law. Although the amendment was approved by Congress, it failed to achieve ratification by the required 38 states Never ratified

Dwight D. Eisenhower

American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe. On September 9, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Originally proposed by Attorney General Herbert Brownell, the Act marked the first occasion since Reconstruction that the federal government undertook significant legislative action to protect civil rights.

Scottsboro Boys

Nine black boys were accused of raping two white women near Scottsboro, Alabama

Scottsboro Boys

Nine young black men between the ages of 13 to 19 were accused of of raping two white women by the names of Victoria Price and Ruby Bates. All of the young men were charged and convicted of rape by white juries, despite the weak and contradictory testimonies of the witnesses

David Halberstam

American journalist = works reflected the Civil Rights movement (covered movement for the NY Times) traveled with MLK

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

James Baldwin (1924-1987)

American poet and novelist (The Fire Next Time)

Lucy Stone

American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association.

passive resistance

Nonviolent action or opposition to authority, often in accord with religious or moral beliefs

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

An African-American woman who achieved nationwide attention as leader of the anti-lynching crusade. A writer, she became part-owner of a newspaper, the Memphis Free Speech. In May 1892, in response to an article on a local lynching, a mob ransacked her offices and threatened her life if she did not leave town. Moving to Chicago, Wells continued to write about Southern lynchings. While investigating, she would go directly to the site of a killing, sometimes despite extreme danger. In 1895, she published The Red Record, the first documented statistical report on lynching. Wells was also a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. She stands as one of America's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy.

Gloria Steinem

An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.

Huey Newton

An American political and urban activist who founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The Black Panther Party worked for the right of self-defense for African-Americans in the United States.

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

An association that promoted black pride and black unity. It also encouraged African Americans to move permanently to Africa. Marcus Garvey's organization

Black Lives Matter Movement

An ideological and political intervention in a world where black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise.

Chicago riots in 1968

Assassination of Martin Luther King then Riots broke out

March on Washington (1963)

August - 200,000 demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement. (putting pressure on the federal government to pass civil rights legislation)

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

August 28, 1963, rally by civil rights organizations in Washington, D.C., that brought increased national attention to the movement. Where MLK gave his "I have a Dream Speech".

Lorraine Hansberry

Author of A Raisin in the Sun; the play made her the youngest American, fifth woman, and the first black playwright to win the Best Play of the Year Award of the New York Drama Critics (1959 at age of 29) - a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959. The title comes from the poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.

16th Street Baptist Church Bombing

Church that was bombed by the KKK two weeks after the march on Washington, killing 4 teenage girls

Stokely Carmichael

Coined the phrase "black power" and led SNCC away from a nonviolent approach.

Commission on the Status of Women

Commission appointed by President Kennedy in 1961. The commission's 1963 report, American Women, highlighted employment discrimination against women and recommended legislation requiring equal pay for equal work regardless of sex.

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Confederate cavalry leader who later became a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan

Bowers v. Hardwick

Court ruled that the constitution did not protect the practice of sodomy between homosexuals, and that the states could ban sodomy.

Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson

Court ruling that first held that sexual harassment violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 regardless of whether it is quid pro quo or hostile environment harassment.

5th Amendment

Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain; Double Jeopardy; Protection from Self incrimination

New York Times v. Sullivan

Decided in 1964, this case established the guidelines for determining whether public officials and public figures could win damage suits for libel. To do so, individuals must prove that the defamatory statements were made with "actual malice" and reckless disregard for the truth.

Strom Thurmond

Democratic governor of South Carolina who headed the State's Rights Party (Dixiecrats); he ran for president in 1948 against Truman and his mild civil rights proposals and eventually joined the Republican Party.

Bloody Sunday 1965

Demonstration March from Selma to Montgomery Alabama. Protest against voting rights. Peaceful March is turned violent by police violence

Black Muslims

Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers.

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Moved to Jackson to become NAACP leader

Freddy Gray Protests

On April 12, 2015, Baltimore Police Department officers arrested Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African American resident of Baltimore, Maryland. Gray sustained injuries to his neck and spine while in transport in a police vehicle. On April 18, 2015, after Gray's subsequent coma, the residents of Baltimore protested in front of the Western district police station.

Robert Moses

One of SNCC's most influential leaders. Recruited black and white volunteers to help rural blacks register to vote

Freedom Summer (1964)

Effort by civil rights groups in Mississippi to register black voters during the summer of 1964

Who was president when this happened

Emmitt Till trial - Eisenhower Little Rock Nine - Eisenhower Woolworth Sit ins - Eisenhower Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott - Eisenhower Freedom Rides - John F. Kennedy Old Miss rejection of James Meredith - JFK

Jonathan Daniels

Episcopal Seminarian and Civil Rights Activist who was assassinated at whites only store for trying to get water; his was a minister

Ella Baker (SNCC)

Established the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Executive order 9981

Establishes equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all race, religions, or national origins

Executive Order 9981

Establishes equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all race, religions, or national origins Truman's order to desegregate the military.

Delano Grape Strike, 1965-1969

Filipino workers walked out on Grape Growers in Delano Cali. A week later they were joined by Cesar Chavez and Latino migrant workers.

Hector Perez Garcia

First Mexican-American to serve on the US commission on civil rights

Adam Clayton Powell

Flamboyant Congressman from Harlem and chairman of the House and Labor Committee, he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1968, but removed from office for alleged misuse of funds.

Harry Belafonte

Folk singer of Jamaican and West Indian parentage who popularized calypso music in the mid-1950s.

Muhammad Ali

Formerly Cassius clay, famous black boxer and heavyweight champion of the world changed his name when he joined is Islam faith.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, NOW was inspired by Betty Frieden, a reform organization that battled for equal rights with men by lobbying and testing laws in court. NOW wanted equal employment opportunities, equal pay, ERA, divorce law changes, and legalized abortion.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Organized in the fall of 1960 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. as a student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins, it challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote. You will hear it called "snick" in the book.

Bobby Seale

Organized the militant group the Black Panthers & Hugh Newton wanted black rights through violence.

Elijah Muhammed (born Elijah Poole)

Founder of the Nation of Islam - was a black religious leader, who led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. He was a mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan and Muhammad Ali, as well as his own son, Warith Deen Mohammed.

Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)

Georgia was allowed to ban homosexual sexual activity

Orval Faubus (1910-1994)

Governor of Arkansas 1955-1967; 1957 ordered Arkansas National Guard to stop 9 African Americans from integrating Little Rock High School (The Little Rock Nine); Eisenhower sent US troops to enforce integration and protect students

Lester Maddox (1915-2003)

Governor of Georgia. As a restaurant owner, Maddox refused to serve African Americans.

Ross Barnett (Civil Rights)

Governor of MS from 1960 to 1964, supported racial segregation.

Ross Barnett

Governor of Mississippi who tried to prevent James Meredith from entering Ole Miss, was extremely racist

14th Amendment (1868)

Grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"; it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws." Most important law ever passed besides original Constitution and Bill of Rights. It has been the vehicle for the expansion of civil rights, women's rights, gay rights among other movements. It also allowed for the "incorporation doctrine" which means the application of the national Bill of Rights to the states.

Mahatma Gandhi

Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines. MLK used Gandhin's non violence methods of passive resistance.

Feminism: Third Wave

Greater focus on women in less industrialized nations; Values in work are being challenged (cooperation vs. competition); More openness in women experiencing love and pleasure

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

Group that sent its own delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to protest discrimination against black voters in Mississippi

Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968

Guaranteed Indians the rights granted to other citizens in the Bill of Rights while at the same time recognizing the legitimacy of tribal laws.

Shelly v. Kraemer (1948)

Outlawed "restricted covenants" that discriminated against blacks & Jews.

US v. Virginia

Outlawed male-only schooling at this military university

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

National Women's Conference (1977)

Held on January 9, 1975 it wasFederally funded conference in Houston to promote gender equality.

States' Rights Party

In 1948, a group of southern Democrats known as the dixiecrats bolted from their party and supported Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as the presidential candidate of the States Rights party.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993)

In 1967, appointed the first Black Supreme Court Justice, he had led that NAACP's legal defense fund and had argued the Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case before the Supreme Court.

Apartheid

In South Africa - A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites.

Bowers v. Hardwick and Lawrence v. Texas

In the 1986 Bowers case, the Supreme Court determined that the 14th Amendment did not protect homosexual sodomy. However, the Court reversed itself in the 2003 Lawrence decision to say that the Due Process Clause does protect a right to have sex between consenting adults.

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Is a section of the a federal civil rights law which reads in part, that no "otherwise qualified handicapped individual" shall be excluded from participation in program or activity receiving federal financial assistance ("college, university or other post-secondary institution, or a public system of higher education") It is much broader in its definition of "handicap" than is the IDEA and it is a much more general law in that it doesn't not provide specific direction on how to address the needs of individuals with disabilities, referring only to the fact that schools must make "reasonable accommodations." Because of its broader definition students who do not qualify for special education services under the IDEA may be considered "handicap" under Section 504.

Bernice Sandler

Known as the "Godmother of Title IX" which barred sex discrimination in educational institutions.

President during the Selma march (Bloody Sunday)

LBJ

Abyssinian Baptist Church

Landmark church in New York City was founded by Thomas Paul former pastor Adam Clayton Powell Jr. won election to the New York City Council in 1941 and later the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat from Harlem.

Feminism: First Wave

Late 19th century/ Early 20th century Chief concern - Reform legal and social inequities for women (including right to vote)

Jim Crow

Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

League of Women Voters

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

Wounded Knee Protest (1973)

Led by the American Indian Movement (AIM), first they took over the Mayflower II and Alcatraz, then they took over the trading post at Wounded Knee and demanded that the government met their demands.

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work

Paul Johnson

Paul Burney Johnson Jr. was an American attorney and Democratic politician from Mississippi, serving as governor from 1964 until January 1968. He was a son of former Mississippi Governor Paul B. Johnson Sr.

civil rights

Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis - from the Oval Office on June 11, 1963 in which he proposed legislation that would later become the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Romer v. Evans

Prevents any state from discriminating against homosexuals.

Fair Housing Act of 1968

Prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race

Title IX of Education Act of 1972

Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs

1964 Civil Rights Act, Title VII

Prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, ethnicity, sex, and national origin Bans discrimination by trade unions, schools, or employers involved in interstate commerce or doing business with the federal government.

24th Amendment (1964)

Prohibits federal and state governments from charging poll tax

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." Advised Teddy Roosevelt in the White House founded the Tuskegee Institute where he served as its first president

Gwendolyn Brooks

Pulitzer Prize winning author and poet. Her honors include Pulitzer Prize for Annie Allen, 1968 poet laureate of Illinois Library of Congress consultant and in 1989 a lifetime achievement award from the National Endowment for the Arts.

de jure segregation

Racial segregation that is required by law

Black Belt of the Deep South

Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. This area emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west

John Birch Society

Right-wing group named for an American missionary to China who had been executed by Communist troops. They opposed the liberal tendencies of the Great Society programs, and attempted to impeach Earl Warren for his liberal, "Communist" actions in the Supreme Court.

Alcatraz Island

Rocky island, formerly a federal prison in San Francisco bay that was occupied in 1969 by 89 Native American activists who demanded that it be made available to them as a cultural center.

Mendez v. Westminster (1947)

Ruling that separate was not equal, Mexican American children could attend public schools.

Student National Coordinating Committee

SNCC, Ella Baker organized club to facilitate student sit ins in her vision of a participatory democracy.

United v. Windsor

Same sex couple Thea Spyer and Edith Windsor married in Toronto Canada to be recognized in their home state.

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.

Defacto Segregation

Segregation by unwritten customs, traditions or practices

The Longest Walk

Several hundred American Indian activists and supporters march for five months from San Francisco to Washington, D.C., to protest threats to tribal lands and water rights. The Longest Walk is the last major event of the Red Power Movement.

Redeemers

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves Also known as Jim Crow Laws

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race. The wording and passage of this amendment angered women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

American Equal Rights Association (AERA)

Supported suffrage for both white women and blacks; Eventually divided over the 15th amendment, which did not remove voting restrictions based on gender

Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

Supports Civil Rights. On June 29, 1947, as the first president to address the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Harry Truman pledges his support for upholding the civil rights of all Americans. a. Atomic bombs dropped (1945) b. Yalta Conference (1945) c. The beginning of the Baby Boom (1945) d. Truman Doctrine (1947) e. Marshall Plan (1947) f. NATO formed (1949) g. Cold War (1946-1991)

Griggs v. Duke Power Company

Supreme Court case in which the plaintiff argued that his employer's requirement that coal handlers be high school graduates was unfairly discriminatory. In finding for the plaintiff, the Court ruled that discrimination need not be overt to be illegal, that employment practices must be related to job performance, and that the burden of proof is on the employer to show that hiring standards are job related

Briggs v. Elliot

Supreme Court case the highlighted lack of equality in busing systems throughout South Carolina, eventually became part of Brown v. Board of Education

Jones v. Mayer

The 1968 decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1866

Twinkie Defense

The 1978 defense of Dan White against two charges of murder. His defense argued that his mental state was badly impaired by a deep depression exacerbated by his heavy intake of junk food.

Grape Boycott 1965

The Delano grape strike was a labor strike by the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and the United Farm Workers against grape growers in California. The strike began on September 8, 1965, and lasted more than five years; led by Cesar Chavez

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

The National American Woman Suffrage Association was an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women's suffrage in the United States. It was created by the merger of two existing organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.

Niagara Movement (1905)

The Niagara Movement was a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and Niagara Falls, near Fort Erie, Ontario, was where the first meeting took place in July 1905.

The Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR)

The Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) was an American organization established by sociologist Harry Edwards and others, including noted Olympians Tommie Smith and John Carlos, in October 1967. The aim of the organization was to protest against racial segregation in the United States and elsewhere (such as South Africa), and racism in sports in general.

Truman Commission on Civil Rights

The President created a commission to investigate and propose strengthening civil rights for all people in the United States

Bloody Sunday

The Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the 54-mile highway from Selma, Alabama to the state capital of Montgomery. On March 7, 1965, an estimated 525 to 600 civil rights marchers headed southeast out of Selma on U.S. Highway 80. The march was led by John Lewis of SNCC and the Reverend Hosea Williams of SCLC, followed by Bob Mants of SNCC and Albert Turner of SCLC.

UAW v. Johnson Controls

The Supreme Court ruled that a female employee cannot be excluded from jobs that expose her to health risks that might harm a fetus she carries.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

The arm of the Justice Department that investigates violations of federal law, gathers crime statistics, runs a comprehensive crime laboratory, and helps train local law enforcement officers.

J. Edgar Hoover

The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigated and harassed alleged radicals. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began monitoring Martin Luther King, Jr., in December 1955, during his involvement with the Montgomery bus boycott, and engaged in covert operations against him throughout the 1960s. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover was personally hostile toward King, believing that the civil rights leader was influenced by Communists.

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

The section of the act that says an employer cannot discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin with respect to employment.

Project "C"

The system of segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. The "C" in the project stood for confrontation, the strategy of nonviolent direct action designed to confront segregation through peaceful demonstrations, rallies, boycotts, and appeals to justice.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed the last of the 3 Reconstruction ammendments slaves, not women Ratification was required to admission of former Confederate States to rejoin the U.S. as part of reconstruction

Faragher v. City of Boca Raton

U.S. court ruling that distinguished between supervisor harassment that results in tangible employment action and supervisor harassment that does not.

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883) spoke at a women's conference in Akron, Ohio

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913) Her defiance led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Restoration Act 1993

United States federal law that "ensures that interests in religious freedom are protected." The bill was introduced by Congressman Chuck Schumer on March 11, 1993.

Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

Universal Negro Improvement Association Black leader who advocated "black nationalism and financial independence for blacks. He started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations.

Sweatt v. Painter

University of Texas

South Carolina v Katzenbach

Upheld Voting Rights Act of 1965 which required some states with histories of discrimination to get pre-clearance for voting laws for all types of elections

Obergefell v. Hodges

Upholds same sex marriage via 14th amendment equal protection clause

Lyndon B. Johnson

Wanted to honor JFK by passing the civil rights bill after JFK's assassination. When he was the Senate Majority Leader he diluted the 1957 civil rights bill which helped lead to its passage in the Senate by a 60-15 vote.

Robert E. Lee Baker

Washington Post editor was on the staff of The Post from 1954 until 1976 when he retired as deputy managing editor to return to the Free Lance-Star, where he was managing editor until retiring in 1988. Mr. Baker's years as a reporter at The Post coincided with the racial turmoil and civil rights struggles that followed the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision that outlawed racial segregation in the country's public schools. For several years, he specialized in civil rights and racial issues, including the strategy of massive resistance to school desegregation that dominated Virginia politics during the 1950s.

Los Angeles Riots 1992

When a videotape of Los Angeles police officers beating a black bystander, Rodney King, got out, it provoked outrage throughout whites and blacks alike. The officers were acquitted, however. Black residents in South Central Los Angeles erupted in anger and started one of the largest racial disturbances of the twentieth centuries. More than 50 people died.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Black Nationalism

a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community

Brown Barets

a civil rights group from the 1970's that fought discrimination and defended the Mexican America community from police brutality.

accommodation

a convenient arrangement; a settlement or compromise.; adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

hate crime

a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

Ms. Magazine

a feminist magazine started by Gloria Steinem and Dorothy Pitman Hughes

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

a government agency with the power to investigate complaints of employment discrimination and the power to sue firms that practice it

Citizens' Council

a group founded in July 1954 (after Brown. V. Board of Education) by white citizens at Indianola; its purpose was to assist state officials in preventing the implementation of the Brown decision

occupation

a job or profession

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Neo-Nazi

a person who belongs to a political organization whose beliefs are inspired by or reminiscent of Nazism. part of post WW2 social and political movements that practices racism against Jews, gays and minorities

Watts riots, 1965

a race riot that took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 17, 1965. The six-day unrest resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests, and over $40 million in property damage. It was the most severe riot in the city's history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992.

Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

a series of riots in 1943 during World War II that exploded in Los Angeles, California, between white sailors and Marines stationed throughout the city and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored; the effect of the infamous Sleepy Lagoon murder which involved the death of a young Latino man in a barrio near Los Angeles; triggered other similar attacks in other places

"What's Wrong with Equal Rights for Women?"

a speech that addressed "our respect for the family as the basic unit of society, which is ingrained in the laws and customs of our Judeo-Christian civilization, is the singlle greatest achievement in the entire history of women's rights.

New Negro

a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation.

Chicano Civil Rights Movement

also known as El Movimiento, is an extension of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement which began in the 1940s with the stated goal of achieving Mexican American empowerment.

Executive order 10730

an executive order issued by President Eisenhower in 1957 forcing the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas

Black Lives Matter Movement

an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence and systemic racism toward black people.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

an interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities

National Urban League

an interracial organization formed in 1910 to help solve social problems facing African Americans who lived in the cities

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

an organization founded in 1920 to defend Americans' rights and freedoms as given in the Constitution; for almost 100 years, the ACLU has worked to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of the United States. Has turned into a very liberal organization that is currently fighting President Trump and his policies.

prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members.Generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

The Black Consciousness Movement

anti-apartheid movement in the 1960s, consisted of jailing and banning of the ANC leaders, represented social movement for political consciousness, rooted in Christianity

Pollie Ann Myers Hudson

applied to the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa as two black women without indicating their race. Once the university found out their race, however, it began to backtrack on the women's acceptance. Three and a half years later, the university followed through, but on one condition: Hudson, who had married the father of her child after becoming pregnant, could not attend. Perhaps administrators had hoped the tactic would prevent the 26-year-old shy Lucy from attending as well. But on Friday, February 3, 1956, Lucy walked onto the University of Alabama campus for her first day of classes. From the outset of the women's fight for their rights to an equal education, Hudson and Lucy had support from individual members of both the black and white press, a rare occasion in the world of news.

Betty Friedman

author of The Feminine Mystique Gave the movement a new direction by encouraging middle class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers rather than confining themselves to the roles of wife, mother and homemaker,

Edmund Pettus Bridge

bridge that led African Americans out of Selma, and Jim Clark's police attacked them

Lunch Counter Sit-Ins (1960)

challenged lunch counters that refused to serve blacks, later spread to any segregated public place at a Woolworth's Department Store Diner in Greensboro, North Carolina

Dan White

charged with voluntary manslaughter of Harvey Milk was former San Francisco city superviser led to the White Night Riots because he was convicted of a lesser charge 1978 -twinkie defense -got diminished capacity abolished in california

Freedom Riders, 1961

civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern U.S. in 1961. They wanted to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation in seating and bus terminals and the non-enforcement of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions, which ruled segregated public buses unconstitutional. The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did not enforce them. Helped push Kennedy towards supporting civil rights.

Dixiecrats

conservative Democrats who abandoned the national Democratic Party in the 1948 presidential election Also called the states' rights Democratic Party Met in Birmingham to nominate strom Thurman for president Objected to the civil rights platform of the democratic

Byron De La Beckwith

convicted in 1994 for the murder of Medgar Evers; tried twice in 1964, but jury was hung both times

James Earl Ray

convicted of killing Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in jail

James Earl Ray

convicted of killing Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in jail -fled to Canada and later arrested at an airport in England -Escaped from prison in Tennessee and remained at large for several days before being recaptures - Later he renounced his guilty plea but was denied a trial when many civil rights leaders including the King family insisted that a trial would open old wounds.

Sweatt v. Painter

court case involving an African-American student entering the University of Texas School of Law, court ruled that he should allowed to attend with white law students.

Proposition 187 in California

cut all education and nonemergency health benefits to illegal immigrants - was ruled unconstitutional "Save Our State"

Proposition 187 (CA)

denied immigrant rights. ts central purpose was to promote Proposition 187 to deny illegal aliens and their children welfare benefits, nonemergency health care, and public education.

Outside Agitator

derogatory term given to someone coming in to participate in peaceful demonstrations

Title IX (9)

equality in education

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

first major court challenge of affirmative action can in the 1970's. The Supreme Court ruled (5-4) that quotas may not be used to reserved places for minority applicants if white applicants are denied a chance to compete for those places.

Soujourner Truth

former slave who became women's rights activist

Olympians Tommie Smith and John Carlos

gave a "Black Power" salute at the Olympic Games in Mexico City.

GLAAD (1985)

is a U.S. non-governmental media monitoring organization founded by LGBT people in the media. Before March 2013, the name "GLAAD" had been an acronym for "Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation", but became the primary name due to its inclusiveness of bisexual and transgender issues.

#Timesup

is a movement against sexual harassment and was founded on January 1, 2018, by Hollywood celebrities in response to the Harvey effect and #MeToo. As of December 2018, it has raised more than $22 million for its legal defense fund, and gathered nearly 800 volunteer lawyers.

Cross burnings

is a practice associated with the Ku Klux Klan, although the historical practice long predates the Klan's inception

Paule Marshall

is an American author, best known for her 1959 novel Brown Girl, Brownstones. In 1992, at the age of 63, Marshall was awarded a Macarthur Fellowship Grant - The Author of To Da-duh in Memoriam

Judith Heumann

is an American disability rights activist. An internationally recognized leader in the disability community, Heumann is a lifelong civil rights advocate for people with disabilities

Eyes on the Prize

is an American television series and 14-part documentary about the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. The documentary originally aired on the PBS network and also aired in the United Kingdom on BBC2. Created and executive produced by Henry Hampton at the film production company Blackside and narrated by Julian Bond, the series uses archival footage, stills and interviews of participants and opponents of the movement.

International Women's Day

is celebrated on March 8 every year. It is a focal point in the movement for women's rights. After the Socialist Party of America organised a Women's Day on February 28, 1909 in New York, the 1910 International Socialist Woman's Conference suggested a Women's Day be held annually; This first occurred on March 8, 1917, a march of thousands of women which was supposed to celebrate this event turned into a protest about the food shortage in Petrograd. These women combined with the Putilov workers who were already on strike. They were quickly joined by thousands of other workers, beginning the March revolution.

Justice Department Civil Rights Division

is the institution within the federal government responsible for enforcing federal statutes prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, sex, disability, religion, and national origin.

Lynchings

killings by mobs, usually by hanging, without trial

Nashville Sit-Ins (1960)

lasted from February 13 to May 10, 1960, were part of a nonviolent direct action campaign to end racial segregation at lunch counters in downtown Nashville, Tennessee.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre

Sexual Revolution of the 1960's

marketing of birth control made possible what "free lovers" had long demanded-the separation of sex from procreation; central to the "second wave" of feminism

Civil Rights Restoration Act 1987

or Grove City Bill, was a US legislative act that specified that recipients of federal funds must comply with civil rights laws in all areas, not just in the particular program or activity that received federal funding.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin signed by Lyndon B. Johnson

19th amendment

passed 50 years after the Woman's March for Equality held in New York

Title IX of the Federal Education Act of 1972

protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs or activities that receive Federal financial assistance. Title IX states that: No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

Sit-ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Interposition Doctrine

refers to a doctrine whereby a state in the exercise of its sovereign power may reject an order or authority of the federal government that appears to be unconstitutional or exceeding the powers delegated to the federal government.

Theodore Bilbo

served as lieutenant governor and governor even though he was tried for taking bribes Staunch segregationist. escalated his rhetoric of white supremacy in unrestrained speeches that increasingly dismayed many of his Senate colleagues and brought him to the attention of the national press. This behavior reached a climax in his 1946 reelection campaign. He was also Governor of Mississippi. (Never a US Representative)

Fair Housing Act

signed by LBJ after the assassination of MLK became legislation in part because of the Kerner Commission report and civil unrest.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Civil Rights Act of 1875

sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era in response to civil rights violations to African Americans, "to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights", giving them equal treatment; A law that required "full and equal" access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of race.

Dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Fannie Lou Hamer

spokesperson for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at the 1964 Democratic Convention

Lawrence v. Texas

state law may not ban sexual relations between same-sex partners

In Lawrence v. Texas, the Supreme Court ruled that

state sodomy laws were a violation of the right to privacy Justice Anthony Kennedy gave the majority opinion in a 6-3 ruling. It overruled Bowers v. Hardwick.

Dolores Huerta

taught farmworkers how to become citizens and how to vote; earned more money to buy food and clothing for them; worked with Cesar Chavez to form the National Farm Workers Association

Integration

the act of uniting or bringing together, especially people of different races

white supremacy

the belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races

Feminism

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men

separate but equal doctrine

the doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities

oppression

the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner.

Yick Wo v. Hopkins

the first case where the United States Supreme Court ruled that a law that is race-neutral on its face, but is administered in a prejudicial manner, is an infringement of the Equal Protection Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

the first large scale bus boycott of a southern segregation bus system took place in 1953 in this city

desegretation

the removal of laws and policies requiring the separation of different racial or ethnic groups; to put back what was separated

Women's Liberation Movement

the renewed feminist movement of the late 1960s, which demanded political and economic equality with men

states' rights

the right of states to limit the power of the federal government

Religious freedom

the right to choose and practice a religion (or no religion) without interference by the government

Suffrage

the right to vote

segration

the sepreation of people pased on differint races

nonviolence

the use of peaceful means, not force, to bring about political or social change.

Ralph Abernathy

trusted assistant to Dr. King; tried to keep MLK's plans going after his death with his ambitious "Poor People's Campaign" but it didn't achieve any of the goals they had hoped it would

Race Baiting

trying to get a rise out of someone using race

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South ended de jure segregation

Jones v. Mayer Co.

under the 13th amendment had the power to "eliminate badges of slavery" and to prohibit some private race-based discrimination relating to the sale of housing.

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

harassment

unwanted remarks or actions that cause a person emotional or physical harm

Albany, GA Campaign

was a desegregation campaign formed on November 17, 1961, in Albany, Georgia. ... Sherrod and Reagon organized workshops around nonviolent tactics for Albany's African American residents in anticipation of a showdown with the local police.

504 Sit-in

was a disability rights protest that began on April 5, 1977. People with disabilities and the disability community occupied federal buildings in the United States in order to push the issuance of long-delayed regulations regarding Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.

Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties

was a political group dedicated to strict segregation in Virginia schools. In June 1955 it published its Plan for Virginia. The words of Richard Crawford, president of the Defenders, are recognizable today as dog-whistle politics.

James Forman/SNCC/Freedom Rides/Sit-Ins

was a prominent African-American leader in the civil rights movement. He was active in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Black Panther Party, and the League of Revolutionary Black Workers.

Masssive Resistance

was a strategy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. of Virginia along with his brother-in-law as the leader in the Virginia General Assembly, Democrat Delegate James M. Thomson of Alexandria,[1] to unite white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation, particularly after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954.

Women's Strike for Equality (1970)

was a strike which took place in the United States on August 26, 1970. It celebrated the 50th anniversary of the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment, which effectively gave American women the right to vote. The rally was sponsored by the National Organization for Women.

Gwendolyn Brooks

was an American poet, author, and teacher. Her work often dealt with the personal celebrations and struggles of ordinary people in her community. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry on May 1, 1950, for Annie Allen, making her the first African American to receive the Pulitzer.

Theophilus "Bull" Connor

was an American politician who served as an elected Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, for more than two decades. He strongly opposed activities of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. He tried to control the black population of Birmingham by spraying firehoses and releasing dogs.

Bernice "Bunny" Sandler

was an American women's rights activist born in New York. Sandler is best known for being instrumental in the creation of Title IX, a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972, in conjunction with Representatives Edith Green and Patsy Mink and Senator Birch Bayh in the 1970s

Bernard Lee

was an activist and member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the Civil Rights Movement. He was key associate of Martin Luther King Jr.

Senaca Falls Convention (1848)

was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19-20, 1848 began the movement that led to the passage of the 19th amendment

Don't Ask Don't Tell

was the official United States policy on military service by gays, bisexuals, and lesbians, instituted by the Clinton Administration on February 28, 1994, when Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 issued on December 21, 1993, took effect, lasting until September 20, 2011.

Truman Committee

went after military scandals and ended up saving 50 million in tax payer money-the buck stops here

New York City Riots (1964)

were the first in a series of devastating race-related riots that ripped through American cities between 1964 and 1965. The riots began in Harlem, New York following the shooting of fifteen year-old James Powell by a white off-duty police officer on July 18, 1964.

James Reeb

white minister killed after Selma March

Betty Shabazz

wife of Malcolm X

Coretta Scott King

wife of Martin Luther King Jr.; active in the women's movement; worked to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Feminine Mystique

written in 1963 by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities