Civil War and Reconstruction

Emancipation Proclamation

(AL) , Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free 1863, Lincoln's proclamation made after a crucial victory at Antietam, allowed lincoln to push for something radical; frees all slaves in areas under rebellion; this excludes the border states, keeping them on the side of the union, prevents foreign powers from entering the war for slavery, provides a rationale for the war, and allows blacks to enlist in the army;

Border States- Importance and Role in War

-4 states didn't succeed -military force to keep south influence out -loss of states would have increased the confederate pop by more than 50% and north would've been to week - emancipation proc helped to keep Slaves In these states to please them so they won't leave

13, 14, 15 Amendment

13- Slavery is outlawed in the United States. 14- all people are citizens and no state has the right to deprive any citizen of life, liberty, or property 15- All US born citizen has voting rights. Banned racial restrictions on voting. United States may not prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) (1809-1865) Sixteenth president of the United States, he promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famed Lincoln- Douglas debates. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War, but he was determined to preserve the Union. He was assassinated in 1865.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. (1865-1869) The 13th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1865 and the 14th Amendment is passed by Congress and added to the Constitution in 1868. House of Representatives impeaches the President in 1868 and the Senate acquits the president of the 11 articles of impeachment. In 1868 the President issued a unconditional pardon to those who participated in the southern rebellion. The 15th Amendment is passed in 1869.

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. It passed because New England favored high tariffs.

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans A last-ditch effort to resolve the secession crisis by compromise. It proposed to bar the government from intervening in the states' decision of slavery, to restore the Missouri Compromise, and to guarantee protection of slavery below the line. Lincoln rejected the proposal, causing the gateway to bloodshed to be open.

Military Reconstruction

1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions 1867. Divided 10 southern states into 5 military districts. In order for Southern states to be free of military control, they had to follow the district divisions, along with providing universal male suffrage and follow the 14th amendment

Steven Douglas

A U.S. senator for 14 years and a presidential contender, he was a major figure in pre-Civil War politics. He is best remembered for his debates with Abraham Lincoln on the question of slavery in 1858. Proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and established the Freeport Doctrine, upholding the idea of popular soverignty the senator from Illinois, __ wanted to make Chicago major city by having a transcontinental railroad begin there and eventually tried to be president

United States Union

A general term for the United States during the Civil War which also was used to refer to the Northern army.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.

Charles Summer

A staunch antislavery advocate (though not an abolitionist), he incurred the intense hatred of Southern proslavery activists. One of them, Preston Brooks, beat him with a cane in 1856.

sharecropping/ tenant farming

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. System of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter & pays in crops or $

Redeemer Governments

Conservative white democrats many of them planters or businessmen who reclaimed control of South following the end of reconstruction What was the name for the new Democratically controlled governments that slowly replaced the Carpetbagger Republican governments in southern states during/after Reconstruction?

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." (responsible for the Missouri Compromise). Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. A rule that was written in the Compromise of 1850 that stated: If a slave goes from the South to the North, they are a fugitive slave and can be returned to the South. It also included the deputization of ordinary citizens so that they were unable to refuse to help.

John C Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis. Congressman from South Carolina, becasme vice president, argued in favor of states rights and slavery, opposed the missouri compromise, was seen as a symbol of the south.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves Laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union. Republican - Abraham Lincoln. Democrat - Stephan A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge. Constitutional Union - John Bell. Issues were slavery in the territories (Lincoln opposed adding any new slave states).

Territorial Questions- Missouri Compromise- Compromise of 1850- Kansas Nebraska Act-

Missouri Compromise-"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. Compromise of 1850- (1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas Kansas Nebraska Act- This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

Popular Sovereignty

Notion that the people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state. Doctrine that allowed the residents of U.S. territories - and not Congress - to decide whether or not to accept or reject slavery.

Johnson's Plan

Offered to pardon all former citizens of the confederacy who took the oath of loyalty to the union and to return their property. Did not offer pardon to confederate military leaders and property owners that were worth more than $20,000. Johnson blamed them for the civil war Reconstruction plan nicknamed "Restoration"; didn't punish the South except for the rich and highest ranking Confederate officers; opposed equal rights for African Americans.

Radical Reconstruction Southern States Government

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war 1867, removed governments in states not ratifying 14th Amendment, made 5 military districts, state must write a new constitution, ratify 14th Amendment, and allow African Americans to vote Congress takes charge. period beginning in 1867, when the Republicans who had control in both houses of Congress, took charge of Reconstruction. They favored policy that would give Federal gov authority to limit the political role of ex-conf and provide some protection for black citizienship.It passes a series of act that nullifies the president's initiatives and reorganized the South on a new basis.

States Rights Doctrine

Said states power should be greater than federal power because states had formed the federal government A document that said that the rights of the individual states are protected by the U.S. Constitution from interference by the federal government

Daniel Webster

Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union. supported Clay's proposals and called for an end to the bitter sectionalism that was dividing the nation. Argued for Clays compromise in order to preserve the Union

Dred Scott vs Sanford

Slave that traveled to a free territory saying he was free. Supreme Court decided that he was property. held that free blacks could not be citizens of US. Therefore, known as the "Dred Scott Decision" nullified the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Before the Dred Scott case, slaves were not allowed above the line of 36' 30...hence the reason Dred Scott went to court.

Freedman's Bureau

The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools. established in 1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War

Election of 1877

The election is so close = came down to three states votes. Hayes persuades them because the House of Rep is filled with Democrats. he tells the three states he will end reconstruction = he wins = no more Freedman's Bureau This is the election in which it was between Hayes and Tilden. 20 electoral votes in were dispute because they were from Southern states, so the situation went to Congress. They decided to give all 20 votes to Hayes because he promised he would end reconstruction and take troops out of the South.

Lincoln's 10% Plan

The plan Lincoln made to allow the CSA back. He said that if 10% the people of the south said they want remittance, they got it. states could return to the union after 10% had signed allegiance to the U.S. following the state to select a state government and write a new constitution (must include end to slavery)

End of Reconstruction

This was marked by the passing of the 13, 14, and 15th amendments. The official end was in 1877 when congress said it was over. Election of 1876 brought the Radical Republicans a loss of power and Northerners were tired of Reconstruction and wanted to forget the Civil War. Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) was allowed to take the presidency if all remaining federal troops would be removed from the South, federal government would give funding for internal improvements in the South, Hayes would appoint a Democrat to his cabinet.

Wade Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh. 1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Johnson's Impeachment

congress claimed he has violated the office tenure act: president must secure consent from the senate before the president could remove apointees once they had been approved, wanted to fire edwin m stanton but republicans wnated him to stay bc he was a spy, dismissed stanton, 2/3 agaainst impeachment by 1 vote Johnson was impeached on because he fired the secretary of war stanton which was previously deemed illegal. Violation of Tenure Act.