CJ 1000 Final Exam
One of the primary purposes of lynching was to strike fear into the hearts of Blacks in the ______ period as they were attempting to integrate into White society and assert their economic and political independence.
post-Reconstruction
What efforts are generally aimed at reducing risk factors for the entire population and enhancing protective factors that prevent violence from occurring in the first place?
prevention
Even though many sites remain open for anyone to post information or participate in a chat room, many are now requiring a screening and approval process for participants, thereby allowing greater ______ from public scrutiny.
privacy
What type of policing generally focuses law enforcement efforts on proactively solving "problems" related to crime rather than reactively responding to calls for service after a crime has already occurred?
problem-oriented
The only way to be certain that the two groups in an RCT are equivalent is through ______.
random assignment
Beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the ______, an organization founded to fight anti-Semitism and other forms of prejudice, began a successful lobbying campaign to pass hate crime legislations based on a model statute that they developed.
Anti-Defamation League
What type of societies are those in which the state systematically kills members of a defined population for failing to live normally?
genocidal
During the twentieth century, which of the following has killed more people?
genocide
The quality of impersonal victimization is something that hate crimes share with ______.
genocide
An ordinary crime becomes a ______ when an offender selects a victim because of some characteristic, such as his or her race or religion
hate crime
What type of trauma concerns a larger community or group that experiences trauma simply because they are members in the same group/subgroup as the victim(s)?
historical
Mujahideen means ______ who fight a Holy War for the people.
holy warriors
One member of the Lebanon-based Hezbollah asserted that they see themselves as ______.
holy warriors
Boko Haram, is an Islamic terrorist group that is largely based in ______ and has been inspired by ISIS and, in fact, has pledged allegiance to ISIS.
Africa
During the L.A. riots, which of the following businesses were usually spared from arson?
African American owned
In June of 1780, which riots took place in and around London for several days during which mobs burned, pillaged, and looted, leaving around 500 people dead, after which the army was finally called in to quell the disorder?
Anti-Catholic Gordon Riots
A number of scholars suggest that a fundamental preventative measure would involve reducing ______ in the U.S. society to substantially reduce violence
inequality
Many riots throughout history have mostly been responses to ______.
injustice and oppression
What type of trauma refers to families keeping the memory of victimization alive by sharing the stories and perceptions of that experience?
intergenerational
What type of trauma was first recognized in children of Holocaust survivors?
intergenerational
The ______ allows groups the ability to organize and plan activities, such as rallies, concerts, and lectures more effectively than traditional methods of communication.
internet
What efforts are aimed at intervening after something has already occurred or is at high risk of reoccurring?
intervention
Primary homicides involve ______.
intimate friends
In their study, Brookman and colleagues found that when the victim was male, female robbers often used a weapon, which was typically a(n) ______.
knife
Some may be tempted to argue that lynching was simply a form of ______ justice—that lynch mobs were simply making sure that justice was served in cases where a crime had been committed.
popular
The tendency to have contempt for foreigners or other strangers, which is particularly likely in times of economic hardship, when resources are scarce is known as ______.
xenophobia
The word ______ has come down through the ages to refer to anyone who is a fanatic for a particular cause.
zealot
The work of Gustave Le Bon was later expanded by Herbert Blumer, who sketched out the transformation of a crowd into a mob and contended that the first element in the transformation must be a ______.
trigger
What type of events are usually the most visible and inflammatory examples of racism and brutality perceived to be employed by the police in many minority neighborhoods?
triggering
According to the NCVS, about how many robbery victims are engaged in some type of self-protective action?
two in three
Research suggests that over ______ of all school aged children in public housing projects have witnessed a shooting
two-thirds
What can be defined as an organized extralegal movement in which participants take the law into their own hands?
vigilantism
Terrorists engage in extreme acts of ______ because they think it will help them to achieve some goal.
violence
What program views violence from a public health perspective?
Cure Violence
The successful attempt by a dominant group, vested with formal authority and/or with preponderant access to the overall resources of power, to reduce by coercion or lethal violence the number of a minority group whose ultimate extermination is held desirable and useful and whose respective vulnerability is a major factor contributing to the decision of genocide was a definition of genocide presented by ______.
Vahakn Dadrian
In September 1994, Congress passed the ______, which amended the Hate Crime Statistics Act to include both physical and mental disabilities.
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
When breaking down bank robberies by region, which region was found by the FBI to have the most bank robberies?
West
What was a legal system developed to keep the races apart and maintain white privilege in a country where white Africans were outnumbered four to one by Black Africans?
apartheid
Terrorism is difficult to define because it ______.
encompasses many different types of behavior
What type of crowd or mob is characterized by panicked behavior, very dangerous, and is the only type of group that can be instantly aroused into mindless violence?
escape mob
Generally, research that evaluates the effectiveness of some program or policy is called ______.
evaluation research
In a randomized control trial (RCT), the group that participates in the program or is treated in a way dictated by a specific policy is called the ______.
experimental group
What type of crowd or mob sees violence as a means to express anger, resentment, and frustration and violence and rioting is seen as legitimate expressions of collective emotions as well as being ways for members to give voice to their sentiments?
expressive mob
We tend to be more ______ of things that aren't likely to happen and surprisingly ______ about dangers that are more likely to affect us.
fearful; unconcerned
The 2015 rioting in Baltimore, Maryland was the result of the death of an African American who died while in ______.
police custody
The civil unrest provoked by the Ferguson shooting forced our nation to confront head on the issue of race and ______.
policing
Which of the following groups is not included in the United Nations definition of genocide?
political
Which of the following is not a type of group that genocide can occur against?
political
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that for every violent death, there are ______ times as many injuries that require medical attention.
10 to 40
The National Gang Center criteria for classifying groups as gangs identifies which general age group for those who are members?
12-24
One analysis of eight U.S. cities estimated the intangible costs of violent offenses arrived at a total of ______ every year for only those locations.
13.9 billion
Between 2015 and 2016, attacks against civilians increased by ______ according to the Global Terrorism Index.
17%
According to the NCVS, those between the ages of ______ have the highest rates of robbery.
18 and 24
The KKK was founded in ______, with its main purpose being to fight Reconstruction efforts.
1866
The problem solving policing model was developed in the ______.
1980s
The first major hate crime legislation passed at the federal level was called the Hate Crime Statistics Act of ______.
1990
Nationally, the percentage of agencies reporting the presence of active gangs in their jurisdictions has been around ______.
30%
In The United States of Jihad, terrorism expert Peter Bergen writes that since 9/11, "______ people in the United States have been charged with some kind of Jihadist terrorist crime ranging in seriousness from murder to sending small sums of money to a terrorist group."
330
The United States has an imprisonment rate of ______ per 100,000 people, which is one of the highest prison rates in the world.
698
Which Greek playwright described his fellow Athenians as reasonable old men at home and as fools in the assemblies?
Aristophanes
Which of the following is a finding of a recent study in Australia by Emmeline Taylor regarding the motivation of interviewed individuals who had been convicted of robbery and were serving a prison sentence for their crimes?
Both all were "innocent" of the crimes for which they were convicted and none of them felt a rush of adrenaline coming from the act.
One of the best-known historical examples of genocide involves the destruction of the ______ of Southern France during the early 13th century.
Cathars
Enacted in 1996, which Act mandated the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program to begin collecting statistics on offenses motivated by bias against physical and mental disabilities in January 1997?
Church Arson Prevention Act
n ______, the Fourth International Russell Tribunal of 1979 found that the government was perpetrating genocide against the indigenous peoples of the Amazon headwaters. The violence included navy riverboats machine-gunning the banks of the rivers and massacres perpetrated by government forces and private citizens alike.
Colombia
In the U.S. society, the ______ Amendment protects citizen' s right to free speech, including hate speech. This is a fundamental right that we believe should never be jeopardized.
First
The 1980 Liberty City riot in ______ was started by the police killing of an unarmed African American who ran a red light.
Florida
Which of the following define genocide as "a form of one-sided killing in which a state or authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator"?
Frank Chalk & Kurt Jonasshon
The first recognized genocide of the 20th century was that of the ______ and Nama in what was then known as German South-West Africa, present-day Namibia.
Hereros
The Nazi attempt to eliminate the Jews is also known as the ______.
Holocaust
ISIS is a terrorist group that emerged out of Al Qaeda in ______ and expanded into Syria in 2011 after the start of the Syrian civil war.
Iraq
Which of the following define genocide as "a structural and systematic destruction of innocent people by a state bureaucratic apparatus"?
Irving Louis Horowitz
According to 2017 FBI data, those perceived to be ______ were the most common victims of religiously based attacks.
Jewish
According to the ______, robbery is defined as follows: "Completed or attempted theft, directly from a person, of property or cash by force or threat of force, with or without a weapon, and with or without injury."
NCVS
The ______ of 1967 began with the arrest of an African American taxicab driver.
Newark Riot
Who were the perpetrators of the Bosnian genocide that lasted from 1992 to 1995?
None of these
What is defined as a trauma and stressor-related disorder and refers to mental health difficulties that some people develop after having gone through or having witnessed a life-threatening event
PTSD
Which President said that the war against terrorism "is a different war from any our nation has ever faced, a war on many fronts, against terrorists who operate in more than 60 different countries. And this is a war that must be fought not only overseas but also here at home."
President Bush
The most recent law enacted at the federal level against hate crimes is called the Matthew Shepard & James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act that was signed into law by ______.
President Obama in 2010
What type of genocides are perpetrated by one group against another in a struggle for political and social power?
Retributive
On April 9, 1865, General ______ surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox courthouse and ended the American Civil War
Robert E. Lee
Typically, problem-oriented policing involves four components represented by the acronym ______.
SARA
In 2003, several federal agencies provided grants to states to develop or enhance programs to facilitate the reentry of adult and juvenile offenders to communities from prisons or juvenile detention facilities and this program was the ______.
Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative
The ______ has published methods that have been successfully used by communities to combat hate groups.
The Southern Poverty Law Center
What type of crowd or mob is characterized is motivated by greed and desire to acquire goods and looters use the anarchy of a riot to plunder and steal and is more easily controlled by authorities?
acquisitive mob
Sex offender registries, which are available in ______ states in some form, make convicted sex offenders particularly easy targets for individuals bent on delivering their own brand of justice.
all 50
Which of the following is not one of the acts considered to be genocide by the U.N.?
all are considered to be genocide according to the U.N.
What type of costs of violent crime do communities bear?
all of the above
Robbery is ______.
all of these
Which definition is the correct definition of terrorism?
all of these
Which of the following are similar ideas across various definitions that can be used to construct a working understanding of terrorism and a mental image of the essential qualities of terrorism?
all of these
Which of the following is a common reason given by gang members for joining a gang?
all of these
Which component of the problem-oriented policing model involves police analyzing the problem to determine appropriate responses?
analysis
A hate crime, also known as a ______ crime, is a criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender' s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin.
bias
Which motivation for participation in genocide involves perpetrators who have prejudices against the populations being targeted for destruction?
bigoted.
A ______, in which an offender(s) breaks into a residence and steals a homeowner's belongings, is a property crime because there is no force or threat of force to a person.
burglary
Which motivation for participation in genocide involves perpetrators who become perpetrators because they can advance their careers and get promotions and choice assignments through participation?
careerist
Research has shown that people who experience traumatic events lose their ______ that the world is predictable and safe, which further increases the likelihood of depression and anxiety.
cognitive bias
What type of crowd or mob is characterized as gathering for a common purpose, rarely engaging in violence, and while members still define themselves as individuals, more of a collective spirit prevails?
cohesive crowd
Hidden sanction that make it extremely difficult for those released from prison with a criminal record to find suitable housing and a job that pays a living wage are referred to as ______
collateral consequences
Roger Matthews found that robbers who primarily targeted ______ perceived themselves as more elite than the typical street mugger.
commercial establishments
Mob violence has been a relatively ______ occurrence within most societies throughout history.
common
It is a mistake to see lynching as a spontaneous eruption of ______, although it was often portrayed as such—especially by many Southern newspapers.
communal violence
Which of the five strategies of the OJJDP's Comprehensive Gang Model focuses on involvement of local citizens, former gang-involved youth, local agencies, and community groups?
community mobilization
What was developed by the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to reduce gang crime in targeted neighborhoods using interventions that had been shown to work in addressing individual, family, and community factors that contributed to juvenile delinquency and gang activity?
comprehensive gang model
Which of Sid Heal's psychological factors that serve to lower or remove our prohibitions against violent behavior and thus facilitate individual participation in mob violence argues that not only do individuals have a tendency to conform to the demands of a group, rioting mobs also have a tendency to attack and victimize those who resist or do not conform?
conformity
According to Gustave Le Bon, crowd behavior is essentially ______, so if one person gets excited, angry, or violent, others will quickly pick up on these emotions and actions.
contagious
What is nothing more than a collection of individuals who may or may not share a common purpose?
crowd
What program seeks to reduce homicides by identifying youth who are at most risk of being shot or shooting someone else?
cure violence
Which of Sid Heal's psychological factors that serve to lower or remove our prohibitions against violent behavior and thus facilitate individual participation in mob violence argues that when participants have feelings of anonymity, they may feel released from normal constraints on their behavior?
deindividuation
Which is not a precursor to genocide?
democracy
For an atrocity to qualify as genocide, the ______ acts must have been specifically meant to wipe out a group.
destructive
Replication experiments of the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment seemed to suggest that arrest ______.
deterred only certain people from engaging in future violence
What type of genocides are those in which the targeted groups are seen as an impediment to the colonization and/or exploitation of a given geographic area?
developmental
What is a conventional type of explosive, but one that is laced with radioactive elements that would be dispersed by the blast?
dirty bomb
Sometimes referred to as " ______", what new model of terrorism is largely based on informal networks of friends who are inspired to commit acts of terrorism in support of a larger cause or organization to which they have no real connection or ties, except that they share a religious and/or political worldview?
leaderless Jihad
The term guerrilla literally means ______ and originated in the Napoleonic wars after the French army invaded Spain as part of Napoleon' s attempt to conquer Europe.
little war
What can roughly be defined as an extralegal execution by a mob?
lynching
The word mob comes from which Latin term?
mobile vulgus
What refers to the practice of protecting the interests and prerogatives of native citizens over immigrants?
nativism
What kind of impact do times of depression in the United States have on stereotypes of and crimes against immigrant populations?
negative
At its core, terrorism is about ______.
none of these
Congress attempted to hamper "Black Codes" by passing the Civil Rights Act of ______ that gave Blacks citizenship and full rights, even overcoming a presidential veto to do so.
none of these
During the Armenian genocide, the first victims were:
none of these
Guerrilla warfare is also known as ______.
none of these
R. J. Rummel calculated that during the Holocaust, the Nazis killed approximately ______ million people through genocide, killing hostages, reprisals, forced labor, starvation, exposure, experiments, and various other means in the concentration death camps
none of these
The policy of taking children away from their families and educating them to be "good citizens," thereby stripping them of their native culture is referred to as ______.
none of these
The term genocide was first coined in 1944 by ______.
none of these
Which of the following is a reason why genocide is hard to define?
none of these
Which of Sid Heal's psychological factors that serve to lower or remove our prohibitions against violent behavior and thus facilitate individual participation in mob violence argues that some people may come to participate in riots and other group behavior simply because they are bored and riots provide a break from the routine?
novelty
A program called ______ was designed to reduce gang violence, illegal gun possession, and gun violence in communities and was based on deterrence theory, which contends that crimes can be prevented when would-be offenders perceive the costs of crime to be greater than the benefits
operation ceasefire
Which of the five strategies of the OJJDP's Comprehensive Gang Model focuses on a variety of educational, training, and employment programs targeting gang-involved youth?
opportunities provision
Which of the five strategies of the OJJDP's Comprehensive Gang Model focuses on the development of policies and procedures that result in the most effective use of available resources across agencies to address the gang problem?
organizational change
It is important to note that the majority of gang violence is directed at ______.
other gang members
Ted Kaczynski is an example of a(n) ______.
pathological terrorist
The KKK is an example of a(n) ______.
right-wing terrorist group
What theory contends that there are three elements that are generally necessary for the commission of a crime to occur: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and lack of capable guardianship?
routine activities
What can used by political, social, and religious leaders in order to capitalize on old prejudices and further their own goals, whatever those might be?
scapegoating
What type of prevention focuses on intervention strategies for those who are at an elevated risk of engaging in violence?
secondary
In a lone wolf terrorist attack, the perpetrator is a ______ who is acting on his or her own.
single individual
What seeks to understand technical and structural solutions to crime and in response design environments or products in ways that minimize the risk of victimization?
situational crime prevention
During slavery, lynching was not used against the slaves because ______.
slavery was legal and had the protection of the law
Far more common terrorist targets are civilian and noncombatant targets who are placed in the crosshairs precisely because they are civilians and are therefore vulnerable and are termed ______.
soft targets
Secondary homicides involve ______.
strangers
In a recent study interviewing 104 people who had "experience committing robberies" in Amsterdam, Netherlands, results indicated that robbing a(n) " ______" victim was more predictive of physical violence being used at the onset of a robbery.
street credible
What type of terrorism is the designation used to indicate terrorism perpetuated by nongovernmental groups?
sub-state
Which of Sid Heal's psychological factors that serve to lower or remove our prohibitions against violent behavior and thus facilitate individual participation in mob violence argues that many individuals in a mob may not be fully aware of what is going on or why and so may be open to the answers provided by others who appear to better know or understand the situation?
suggestibility
The word ______ is inherently a negative term with tremendous power to remove whatever legitimacy or moral authority an organization or movement may aspire to possess.
terrorists
In her study of 14 interviews with female robbers, Jody Miller found that the most common form of female robbery was ______.
to rob other females in a physically confrontational manner
The political scientist R. J. Rummel has suggested that genocide and similar types of mass violence are crimes perpetrated almost exclusively by ______ states.
totalitarian
According to Herbert Blumer, which element of the transformation of a crowd into a mob occurs when something happens that is exciting or interesting and able to draw people together?
trigger