CJ 301

10. What are some ways that immigrants can resist assimilation, according to the authors? a. May refuse to consume popular culture products (TV, RADIO, MOVIES) b. Fashions of host society

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11. What example do the authors provide of a marginalized group? a. A type of cultural adaptation in which an individual expresses little interest in maintaining cultural ties with either the dominant culture or migrant culture. b. EX: Women form overseas who marry US military men may find themselves living in relatively isolated parts of the country upon their husbands' return to states. (War Brides) becoming marginalized by dominant society.

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13. Economic Assimilation (Via Employment)

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14. Linguistic Integration (Bilingualism)

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15. Social Separation ( marrying someone from the same group and socializing only with members of their own group)

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17. How do Martin and Nakayama (2010) define the term, cultural adaptation? a. A process by which individuals learn the rules and customs of new cultural contexts.

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18. According to Martin and Nakayama (2010,) how does Y.Y. Kim (2001, 2005) define the term, cultural adaptation? a. Is the long-process of adjusting to and finally feeling comfortable in a new environment

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19. Martin and Nakayama (2010) discuss the topic of cultural adaptation through the lens of three communication approaches that vary in the degree to which they emphasize individual or contextual/environmental influences in the adaption process. What are the differences between the three approaches in terms of what is emphasized? a. Social Science-Role of individual migrant characteristics and background; theories of culture shock and reentry shock; outcomes of adaptations b. Interpretative- In-depth analysis of adaptation experience c. Critical- Importance of history, politics, and societal structures in migrant adaptation and identity

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20. Martin and Nakayama (2010) review six Models of Cultural Adaptation and the scholars associated with each. What are those six models of cultural adaptation? e.g., the U-Curve Model a. Anxiety and Uncertainty Management Model- relationships in intercultural adaptation are ambiguity. (WILLIAM GUDYKUNST) b. Transition Model- Culture shock and adaptation are just like other "adult transition." (JANET BENNETT 1998) c. Integrative Model- Adaptation is a process of stress, adjustment, and growth (YOUNG YUN KIM 2001,2005) d. U-curve Model- Migrants go through fairly predictable phases in adapting to a new cultural situation (SVERRE LYSGAARD 1955) e. W-curve Model- the anticipation of returning home, culture shock in finding that it's not exactly as expected, then a gradual adaptation ( GULLAHORN & GULLAHORN) f. Phenomenological Model- how he or she experienced and made sense of the adaption (CHEN 2000)

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9. What is meant by the term, redlining, and what does it function to do? a. Banks refuse loans to members of particular ethnic group. EX: practice perpetuates ethnic segregation.

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According to Martin and Nakayama (2010), how much is known about how to deal effectively with intercultural conflict?

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Martin and Nakayama (2010) suggest that some immigrants and their families often combine the four modes of relating to the host society. How is each of the following type of relating accomplished? a. At times assimilating, other times integrating and still times separating, or marginalizing----forming CULTURAL HYBRIDITY.

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Martin and Nakayama (2010) address the Social Science Approach to conflict; they identify five different types of conflict and some strategies for responding to conflict. What are those five types of conflict? e.g., affective conflict occurs when people become aware that they have incompatible feelings and/or emotions.

1. Affective- Occurs when individuals become aware that their feelings and emotions are incompatible. Example: suppose someone finds that his or her romantic love for a close friend is not reciprocated. 2. Conflict of interest- Describes a situation in which people have incompatible preferences for a course of action or plan to pursue. Example: Example: one student described an ongoing conflict with an ex-girlfriend" "The conflicts always seem to be a jealously issue or a controlling issue, where even though we are not going out anymore, both us us still try to control the other's life to some degree. Example 2: Conflict of interest is when parents disagree on the appropriate curfew time for their children 3. Value Conflict- more serious type, occurs when people differ in ideologies on specific issues. EX Abortion; pro-choice Vs. Anti 4. Cognitive Conflict- two or more people become aware that their thought processes or perceptions are incongruent. Example: Marissa and Derek argue frequently about whether Jamal is paying too much attention to her; Derek suspects that Jamal wants to have sexual encounter with Marissa. Having different suspicion. 5. Goal Conflict- people disagree about a preferred outcome or end state.

According to Martin and Nakayama (2010), which cultures tend to share the viewpoint of conflict as destructive?

1. Asian cultures (influences of Confucianism and Taoism) 2. US (Quakers and Amish)

Northern Ireland has been the scene of conflict for many years between two divided religious groups. What are those groups?

1. Catholic 2. Protestant

What are the two different cultural orientations to conflict, according to Martin and Nakayama (2010)?

1. Conflict as Opportunity 2. Conflict as Destructive

What are the four assumptions underlying the approach of conflict as destructive, as outlined by David Augsburger (1992)?

1. Conflict is a destructive disturbance of the peace 2. Social system should not be adjusted to meet the needs of members; rather, members should adapt to established values 3. Confrontations are destructive and ineffective 4. Disputants should be disciplined.

What are David Augsburger's (1992) four assumptions underlying the approach of conflict as opportunity?

1. Conflict is a normal, useful process 2. All issues are subject to change through negotiation 3. Direct confrontation and conciliation are valued 4. Conflict is necessary renegotiation of an implied contract - a redistribution of opportunity, release of tension, and renewal of relationships.

Martin and Nakayama (2010) review five styles of managing conflicts as discussed by Rahim (1986), Rahim and Magner (1995), and Thomas and Kilmann (1974).What are those five styles? How do they differ?

1. Dominating Style-A conflict management strategy whereby an individual achieves his or her goal at the expense of others' needs. HIGH concern for self and LOW concern for the other person (WIN-LOSE Orientation 2. Integrating Style- A conflict management strategy characterized by the open and direct exchange of information in an attempt to reach a solution acceptable to both parties.HIGH concern for both the self and other person and involves an open. Assumes: collaboration, objectivity, creativity 3. Compromising Style- A conflict management strategy that involves sharing and exchanging information to the extent that both individuals give up something to find a mutually acceptable decision Willing to give up something lower commitment. 4. Obliging Style- A conflict management strategy characterized by playing down differences and incompatibilities while emphasizing commonalities. Improves relations, keep from harm, and not important issue to you. 5. Avoiding Style- A conflict management strategy characterized in U.S. cultural contexts by a low concern for the self and others. In some other cultural contexts however this strategy may be seen as tactical in maintain harmonious relationships LOW concern for bother self and other person; Also be appropriate if issue of trivial if the relationship itself is unimportant to one person or if others can better manage the conflict.

Martin and Nakayama (2010) review five ways in which migrants may relate to their new culture (migrant-host relationships).What are those ways and how do they differ?

1. Economic Reasons- economic mirgrant may be encouraged to move by a host employer recruiter - PULLING him or her to migrate or PUSH FACTOR might be lack of jobs in the home country 2. Nonecomonic reasons- Moving to escape persecution—PUSH FACTOR---FAMILY UNIFICATION 3. Complex push-pull (Dialectical factors).

What do Martin and Nakayama (2010) say is inappropriate (and inaccurate) to assume regarding the relationship between ethnicity, gender, and ways of dealing with conflict?

1. Ethnicity and gender may be related to ways of dealing with conflict it is inappropriate and inaccurate to assume that any one person will behave in a particular way because of his or her ethnicity or gender. 2. African American males and females: offered generally similar descriptions of problem-solving approach (integration style) as appropriate behavior in conlict management. 3. White Males and females generally seemed to focus on the importance of accepting responsibility for their behavior. Males mentioned the importance of direct. 4. Mexican American males and females tended to differ in that males described the importance of talking to reach a mutual understanding

According to Martin and Nakayama (2010), what are some of the primary reasons most immigrants come to the U.S.?

1. FREEDOM 2. To join other family members 3. Employment 4. To escape: WAR, FAMINE, or POVERTY 5. US issue a special VISA and developing programs during economic prosperity (such as Bracero program 1940s between US and Mexico)

According to Martin and Nakayama (2010), there are many reasons why people tend to prefer a particular style of managing conflict. What primarily influences someone's choice of style according to the authors?

1. Family Background; some families prefer certain conflict style, and children come to accept this style as normal 2. Sometimes people try to reject the conflict styles they saw their parents using. 3. We should not think of preferred styles as static and set in stone; rather they suggest that purely individual styles really do not exist because we are each influenced by others in interaction.

According to Ting-Toomey and Oetzel (2002) and Ting-Toomey, Yee-Jung, Shapiro, Garcia, Wright and Oetzel (2000), in Martin and Nakayama (2010), cultural values may influence communication patterns during conflict management. Explain how a person from an individualistic society may communicate differently during a conflict compared to a person from a collectivistic society.

1. INDIVIDUALISTIC SOCIETY: tend to be more concerned with saving their own face than another person's and so they tend to use more controlling, confrontational, and solution-oriented conflict management styles 2. COLLECTIVISTIC SOCIETY: Tend to be more concerned with preserving group harmony and with saving the other person's face during conflict. May use less direct conversational style; protecting the other person's face and making him or her look good is considered a skillful facework style. Using more avoiding, obliging and integrating conflict styles.

Martin and Nakayama (2010) review three significant approaches to understanding conflict. What are the three approaches? Note: the three approaches emphasize different aspects of the individual-contextual dialectic.

1. Social Approach- focus on how cultural differences cause conflict and influence the management of the conflict on the interpersonal level. 2. Interpretive & Critical- focus more on intergroup relationships and on cultural, historical, and structural elements as the primary courses of conflict.

According to Martin and Nakayama (2010), migration can be long term or short term and voluntary or involuntary. Identify, define and give examples of the two types of voluntary travelers and the two types of involuntary travelers.

1. Sojourners- People who move into new cultural contexts for limited period of time and for a specific purpose such as for study or business EX: International students who go abroad to study, technical assistance workers, corporate personnel, and missionaries who go region to whork for specific period. EX 2 Domestic Sojourners move from one region to another within their own country for a limited time to attend school or work (Native Americans who leave there reservations) 2 Immigrant- people who come to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently.EX: Hmong

What are the three characteristics of the "peacemaking" approach outlined by Martin and Nakayama (2010)?

1. Strongly values other people and encourages their growth 2. Attempts to deescalate conflicts or keep them from escalating once they start 3. Favors creative negotiations to resolve conflicts then they arise

What is the relationship between the two orientations to conflict (conflict as opportunity and conflict as destructive) and cultural values involving identity and face-saving, as illuminated by Ting-Toomey (1997).

1. The concern is how individuals can save their own dignity. 2. Other more communal approaches espoused by both Amish and japs cultures and by other collectivistic groups is more concerned with maintain interpersonal harmony and saving the dignity of others.

According to Canary, Cupach, and Messman (1995), what is the main idea of the "conflict as opportunity" approach?

1. The main idea is that working through conflict constructively results in stronger, healthier, and more satisfying, relationships. 2. Can gain new information about other people or groups, diffuse more serious conflict, and increase cohesiveness.

Describe how the Amish follow one form of separation, that is, to voluntarily retain their original culture and avoid interaction with other groups.

1. They maintain their own way of life and identity and avoid prolonged contact with other groups. Many strict religious groups actively resist the influence of dominant society. 2. Amish don't participate in US Popular culture; don't have televisions or radios, go to the movies, read mainstream newspapers or books. 3. These groups choose separation, and the dominant society respects their choice.

According to Martin and Nakayama (2010), what are some of the major countries that officially welcome international migrants as permanent residents?

1. UNITED STATES 2. CANADA 3. AUSTRALIA 4. ISRAEL 5. NEW ZEALAND

According to Martin and Nakayama (2010), what question related to conflict did anthropologist Marc Howard Ross (1993) spend many years investigating?

1. Why are some cultures more prone to conflicts where as other have a low incidence of conflict? Studying the views and norms regarding conflicts in small preindustrial cultures and in modern industrialized nations. 2. Ross says conflicts tends to be minimized and dealt with constructively in other cultures and conflict abound

According to Mather (2007) in Martin and Nakayama (2010), "In 2006, the foreign-born population in the U.S. reached an all-time high of _______________

37 million

What is the meaning of the term, facework, according to Martin and Nakayama (2010)?

Communication strategies used to save our own or someone else's face or public image

According to Martin and Nakayama (2010), how much is known about how to deal effectively with intercultural conflict?

Conflict between two or more cultural groups.

How do Cupach and Canary (1997) and Wilmot and Hocker (2001) define the term, conflict, in Martin and Nakayama's (2010) discussion of conflict as opportunity?

Conflict is defining as involving a perceived or real incompatibility of goals, values, expectations, processes, or outcomes between two or more interdependent individuals or groups.

Martin and Nakayama (2010) indicate that understanding intercultural conflict is especially important because of the relationship between culture and conflict. The authors cite Ross (1993), who claims that Culture- shapes what people consider valuable and worth fighting over; it influences official positions taken and interpretations of other's actions.

Cultural difference can cause conflict, and once conflict occurs, cultural backgrounds and experiences influence how individuals deal with it.

MARTIN AND NAKAYAMA (2010): CHAPTER 11

Culture, Communication, and Conflict (pages 425-443)

According to Martin and Nakayama (2010) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, there were 9.9 million refugees in 2006. The highest numbers of refugees during 2006 came from Afghanistan and _________

IRAQ

How do Martin and Nakayama (2010) define the term, intermediary?

In a formal setting, a professional third party, such as a lawyer, real estate agent, or counselor, who intervenes when two parties are in conflict. Informal intermediary may be friends or colleagues.

How do Martin and Nakayama (2010) define the term, migrant?

Is an individual who leaves the primary cultural contexts in which he or she was raised and moves to a new cultural contexts for an extended period.

How do Martin and Nakayama (2010) describe the "conflict as destructive" approach to viewing conflict, and from what area is this perspective thought to be rooted?

Many cultural groups view conflict as ultimately unproductive for relationships, a perspective that may be rooted in spirituals or cultural values

According to Martin and Nakayama (2010), the ways in which people respond to conflict may be influenced by their cultural backgrounds. How do most people know or learn how to deal with conflict?

Most people deal with conflict the way they learned to while growing up and watching those around them deal with contentious situations.

According to Martin and Nakayama (2010), Norwegians are socialized to avoid conflict. They learn early in life that overt aggression or even indirect confrontation of others is unacceptable. The authors say, "There are few aggressive models in the popular culture." Provide some examples of what the authors mean by "few aggressive models in the popular culture."

Newspapers do not sensationalize crime, television features little violence and no boxing and films are controlled. EX E.T. was considered too violent for children under the age 12.

How do Martin and Nakayama (2010) define the term, pacifism?

Opposition to the use of force under any circumstances

According to the Martin and Nakayama (2010), one of the more difficult aspects of adaptation involves _______

RELIGION

Martin and Nakayama (2010) provide some examples of the Amish practice of avoiding legal and personal confrontation. What examples do they provide?

To a refusal to participate in military activities. (WWII federal government granted alternatives to military services for young Amish men.

MARTIN AND NAKAYAMA (2010): CHAPTER EIGHT

Understanding Intercultural Transitions

According to Martin and Nakayama (2010), do Western or Non-Western cultures tend to view conflict as an opportunity?

Western-based approach to conflict suggests a neutral-to-positive orientation, but it is not shared by all cultural groups.

Among the Amish community, what does the term, Gelassenheit, mean?

Yieldedness, forbids the use of force in human relations.