CJ430_TEST-1

Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo designed a simulated prison to measure: a. the dispositional hypothesis. b. the degree of violence that prison guards innately have. c. the situational hypothesis. d. how violent inmates can be subdued.

c. the situational hypothesis.

An individual who is using "unique, separate, peculiar, or distinct" reasons to explain some outcome is engaging in what kind of causal reasoning? a. Deductive b. Idiographic c. Nomothetic d. Inductive

b. Idiographic

Which type of data is typically represented in numerical form but may not be originally in this format? a. Qualitative b. Objective c. Quantitative d. Subjective

c. Quantitative

Criminal justice researchers have ethical obligations to: a. make shortcomings known to readers. b. report negative findings. c. keep colleagues in the scientific community informed. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above

This is the type of variable we assume depends on or is caused by another variable: a. Attribute b. Predictor variable c. Independent variable d. Dependent variable

d. Dependent variable

Which of the following represents voluntary participation? a. Giving small amounts of money to a subject b. Asking people on the street at the noon hour whether they would like to participate in research c. Using a class of students at the local college d. Full disclosure of research purpose with informed consent

d. Full disclosure of research purpose with informed consent

Which of the following is not a special ethical problem of criminal justice studies? a. Staff misbehavior b. The possible cause of crime c. The withholding of desirable treatments d. The inability to maintain confidentiality

d. The inability to maintain confidentiality

Bloom'sUltimately, social science aims to find patterns of __________ in social life. a. deduction b. discrepancy c. irregularity d. regularity

d. regularity

What type of knowledge exists independent of our own personal experiences? a. Objective b. Subjective c. Deductive d. Grounded

a. Objective

Tradition is an important source of secondhand knowledge that: a. represents the process of developing operational definitions that describe how actual measurements will be made. b. represents the inheritance of culture made up of firmly accepted knowledge about the workings of the world. c. represents the acceptance of new knowledge that depends upon the status of the discoverer. d. represents the process of making fuzzy and imprecise notions more specific and precise.

a. Represents the process of developing operational definitions that describe how actual measurements will be made.

If an individual who is conducting a research study pays more attention to observations that agree with his or her general understanding of some topic of study, what kind of error is this person committing? a. Selective observation b. Illogical reasoning c. Overgeneralization d. Inaccurate observation

a. Selective observation

The Stanford Prison Experiment was conducted in: a. a maximum security prison, b. a laboratory. c. a death row wing of a federal penitentiary. d. a mental hospital.

b. a laboratory

Suppose a phenomenon within the social sciences may not be measured objectively—such as attitudes toward the police—but social scientists still develop some agreed-on means of measuring and accepting these attitudes as objective fact. This process is known as: a. deductive reasoning. b. intersubjective agreement. c. hypothesis testing. d. inductive reasoning.

b. intersubjective agreement

Kuhn refers to the kinds of science that operate within an accepted paradigm as "_________" science. a. deductive b. normal c. inductive d. objective

b. normal

Prediction can be made better by observation and remembering regular: a. assumptions b. patterns c. educated guesses d. pasts

b. patterns

Crime surveys where respondents are asked about their experiences as victims of crime have the potential to cause: a. physical trauma to the researcher. b. psychological harm. c. false data, as participants always fabricate information to avoid revealing embarrassing details. d. crime rates to increase.

b. psychological harm.

Operationalization is best defined as: a. the mental process of making imprecise and fuzzy notions more specific and precise. b. the process of developing operational definitions that describe how actual measures will be made. c. deciding who or what units will be studied. d. the actual collection of empirical data.

b. the process of developing operational definitions that describe how actual measures will be made.

Which of the following is not a purpose of institutional review boards? a. To determine whether adequate safeguards are in place to protect the welfare of human subjects b. To make sure that grant money is spent appropriately c. To provide judgments independent of researchers d. To provide expert advice on the resolution of ethical dilemmas

b. to make sure that grant money is spent appropriately

If a researcher chooses a topic of study that has not been widely researched before, he or she is beginning what kind of research? a. Descriptive b. Explanatory c. Exploratory d. Applied

c. Exploratory

In a Web-based survey, anonymity could be achieved by: a. not requiring participants to provide their name. b. allowing respondents to remain anonymous, c. not requiring participant login information. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Suppose a researcher were interested in studying the Uniform Crime Reports, but particularly the kinds of characteristics of different geographic areas that may help to explain why some crime rates are higher or lower than others. What type of research is he or she conducting? a. Descriptive b. Explanatory c. Exploratory d. Applied

Explanatory

The two pillars of science implied by the term "logico-empirical" are: a. logic or rationality and observation. b. deductive reasoning and observation. c. inductive reasoning and logic or rationality. d. theory and hypotheses.

a. logic or rationality and observation

The Humphrey's study involved: a. participant observation involving human deviance. b. participant observation in a laboratory setting. c. observation of prison inmates in a maximum security setting. d. participation in parole activities.

a. participant observation involving human deviance.

In which of the following options is the individual in question moving from inductive to deductive reasoning? a. A practitioner who creates a general theory from specific observations and then changes it when new data contradict it b. A researcher who creates a hypothesis from a general theory and then tests it c. A researcher who observes a playground and creates a general principle about childhood aggression d. A practitioner who uses a general principle to guide his or her decisions about who gets certain kinds of treatment

a. A practitioner who creates a general theory from specific obervations and then changes it when new data contradict it

When reading a journal article, students should begin with the following section of the article, which tells you about the research, methods used, and major findings: a. Abstract b. Summary/discussion c. Methods d. Results

a. Abstract

The traditional model of science employs what kind of causal reasoning? a. Deductive b. Inductive c. Idiographic d. Aggregate

a. Deductive

The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) compiled by the FBI is an example of what kind of research? a. Descriptive b. Explanatory c. Exploratory d. Applied

a. Descriptive

This type of research involves simple observation and the description of those observations, and is often used to summarize the scope of a crime problem: a. Descriptive b. Explanatory c. Exploratory d. Applied

a. Descriptive

Which of the following is not a principle mentioned in the Belmont Report? a. Equality b. Respect for persons c. Justice d. Beneficence

a. Equality

This stage of the research process involves the actual collection of empirical data: a. Observations b. Analysis c. Conceptualization d. Operationalization

a. Observations

This type of data is usually obtained from in-depth interviews and is often maintained as large bodies of text. a. Qualitative b. Objective c. Quantitative d. Subjective

a. Qualitative or c. Quantitative

Conceptualization is best defined as: a. the mental process of making imprecise and fuzzy notions more specific and precise. b. the process of developing operational definitions that describe how actual measures will be made. c. deciding who or what units will be studied. d. the actual collection of empirical data.

a. The mental process of making imprecise and fuzzy notions more specific and precise.

An attribute is best defined as: a. a characteristic or quality that describes some object. b. a logical grouping of characteristics or qualities that describe some object. c. a variable assumed to cause or determine another variable. d. a group of individual units observed in a study.

a. a characteristic or wuality that describes some object.

If a researcher employs inductive reasoning, then he or she: a. creates general principles from specific observations. b. creates specific expectations developed from general principles. c. identifies broader patterns in causal explanations for some outcome. d. develops agreement as to whether some phenomenon is objectively true.

a. creates a general principles from specific observations.

If a researcher employs deductive reasoning, then he or she: a. creates general principles from specific observations. b. creates specific expectations developed from general principles. c. identifies broader patterns in causal explanations for some outcome. d. develops agreement as to whether some phenomenon is objectively true.

a. creates general principles from specific observations.

Applied research can take two forms, ____________ and _____________ analysis. a. evaluation, problem b. generalization, crime c. explanatory, problem d. evaluation, descriptive

a. evaluation, problem

Prisoners are considered as a special population because they are: a. readily accessible for experimentation and interviews. b. exposed to risks. c. a true representative population sample. d. segregated from the main population sample.

a. readily accessible for experimentation and interviews.

A research proposal should contain all of the following sections except: a. results from the study. b. literature review. c. research questions. d. data collection methods.

a. results from the study

Ethical issues found in the Stanford Prison Experiment included all of the following except: a. signed consent forms were obtained. b. participants in the role of guards were given minimal instructions. c. subjects were not fully informed of the procedures. d. as the study progressed, guards were permitted to modify or create rules.

a. signed consent forms were obtained.

When a survey is confidential rather than anonymous: a. the researcher must make this fact clear to respondents. b. the researcher must abort the research project. c. the researcher may release information to third parties. d. the researcher is obligated to disclose participant identities.

a. the researcher must make this fact clear to respondents.

"Experiential Reality" is best defined as: a. the things we know from direct experience. b. the things we know because we have been told they are real. c. the things we know because others agree about it. d. the things we know because it is innate knowledge.

a. the things we know from direct experience.

Which stage of the research process can feed back into a researcher's initial interests, ideas, and theories, which can result in a new round of scientific inquiry? a. Operationalization b. Analysis c. Application d. Conceptualization

b. Analysis

According to federal regulations, which of the following represent special populations for purposes of criminal justice research? a. Police officers b. Juveniles c. Corrections officers d. Parolees

b. Juveniles

Critics of Humphrey's "Tearoom Trade" cited all of the following as potential ethical issues, except: a. The invasion of privacy b. The value of the study c. The fact that he traced the participants to their homes d. The deceit involved

b. The value of the study

When reporting your findings, which of the following is not necessary for you to disclose? a. Any failures of your study b. Who your subjects are c. Any negative finds d. Technical shortcomings

b. Who your subjects are

The fact that social scientists are typically more interested in finding patterns among larger groups than among individuals reflects their general interests in ___________, not individuals. a. variables b. aggregates c. theories d. hypotheses

b. aggregates

Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness, response time, and detective work are examples of: a. known reality b. agreement reality. c. experiential reality d. assumed reality

b. agreement reality

According to the textbook, a major tenet of medical research ethics is that experimental participation must be voluntary; this same norm applies to: a. humanities research. b. criminal justice research. c. clinical setting research. d. ecumenical research.

b. criminal justice research.

A nomothetic method of causal explanation focuses on: a. specific explanations for outcomes. b. general explanations for outcomes. c. explanations for outcomes that are correct in every instance. d. explanations that account for all irregularities.

b. general explanations for outcomes.

Because most topics in the social sciences lack the kinds of objective measurement possible in natural sciences, researchers in the social science field have established a norm of: a. deductive reasoning. b. intersubjective agreement. c. objective agreement. d. empirical agreement.

b. intersubjective agreement

Beginning with a hypothesis, collecting data, and then analyzing this data all are part of what typical practice in social science? a. Inductive reasoning b. Intersubjective agreement c. Hypothesis testing d. Operationalization

c. Hypothesis testing

In response to what were institutional review boards first established? a. Questionnaires administered that asked subjects to report on deviant sexual behaviors b. Research on juveniles that focus upon their treatment as adults by the criminal justice system c. Medical experimentation d. Personal interviews with prisoners asking them to describe crimes that were not known to the police

c. Medical esperimentation

If an individual assigns general meaning to a pattern that is observed among a few similar events, they are committing what type of error? a. Selective observation b. Illogical reasoning c. Overgeneralization d. Inaccurate observation

c. Overgneralization

Which of the following is not essential in maintaining confidentiality in survey interviews? a. Remove names and addresses from data-collection forms. b. Keep a master identification file linking numbers to names so that at a future date data can be corrected where necessary. c. Put the master file on the computer so that you do not leave paper copies of the file lying around. d. Only individuals with a legitimate purpose should have access to the master file.

c. Put the master file on the computer so that you do not leave paper copies of the file lying around.

Park and Burgess first coined the term "transition zones" to describe areas they thought had heightened levels of what? a. Affluence b. Public housing c. Social disorganization d. Strong ties to neighbors

c. Social disorganization

Which of the following is necessary in order to establish informed consent of research subjects? a. Telling subjects the purpose of the research b. Telling subjects about the procedures that will be used during the research c. Telling subjects about the possible risks and side effects of the research d. Telling subjects the results of the research

c. Telling subjects about the possible risks and side effects of the research

Theories form the basis of much of social scientific inquiry, and they are best defined as: a. a norm within social science holding that if there is agreement that something exists, we treat it as if it is objectively true. b. a broad way of viewing things that influences how we approach research questions. c. a systematic explanation for the observed facts and laws that relate to a particular aspect of life. d. a specified expectation about empirical reality.

c. a systematic explanation for the observed facts and laws that relate to a particular aspect of life.

When information is gathered by researchers and there are no identifying characteristics allowing the researchers to match up results to individual subjects, this illustrates: a. confidentiality. b. the absence of deception. c. anonymity. d. assurance of voluntary participation.

c. anonymity.

If a researcher hypothesizes that features of a neighborhood—poverty, joblessness, and home ownership—all serve to influence the amount of crime in the neighborhood, the dependent variable is: a. poverty. b. joblessness. c. crime. d. home ownership.

c. crime.

The three key aspects of the overall scientific enterprise include all of the following except: a. theory. b. data collection. c. philosophy. d. data analysis.

c. philosophy

The National Crime Victimization Survey prevents researchers of the public from having information on a victim's: a. age. b. relationship to an offender. c. place of residence. d. gender.

c. place of residence.

Authority is an important source of secondhand knowledge that: a. represents the process of developing operational definitions that describe how actual measurements will be made. b. represents the inheritance of culture made up of firmly accepted knowledge about the workings of the world. c. represents the acceptance of new knowledge that depends upon the status of the discoverer. d. represents the process of making fuzzy and imprecise notions more specific and precise.

c. represents the acceptance of new knowledge that depends upon the status of the discoverer.

If a researcher conducts their research in response to the need for specific facts and findings with policy implications, they are conducting what kind of research? a. Descriptive b. Explanatory c. Exploratory d. Applied

d. Applied

Situational crime prevention represents an integration of what natural theory into criminal justice research? a. Social disorganization theory b. Social control theory c. Defensible space theory d. Ecological theory

d. Ecological theory

Which of the following may not contribute to whether a researcher may recognize whether his or her own work adequately addresses ethical issues? a. Ego b. Reluctance to publish negative results c. Reluctance to publish technical shortcomings d. Fear of being legally liable for results

d. Fear of being legally liable for results

The idea of "near repeat victimizations" was based upon the observation that crime tends to cluster in a few places, and certain individuals are prone to being victimized more than once. Developing this concept from these specific observations can be referred to as what type of theory construction? a. Descriptive b. Applied c. Deductive d. Grounded

d. Grounded

This stage of the research process involves using the research that has been conducted, to communicate findings in the form of written or oral reports: a. Observations b. Analysis c. Operationalization d. Methodology

d. Methodology

Designing a research project involves all of the following steps except: a. conceptualization. b. choice of research method. c. operationalization. d. overgeneralization.

d. Overgeneralization

Which of the following are not exempt from IRB review under federal guidelines? a. Research involving the analysis of existing data b. Research involving the use of educational tests that are cognitive in nature c. Research conducted in established educational settings that involve normal education practices d. Research that uses living subjects who have participated in at least one prior research study

d. Research that uses living subjects who have participated in at least one prior research study

This section of a research proposal provides details on the subjects to be used in the study and the sampling methods that will be used to select study participants: a. Problem or objective b. Literature review c. Data collection methods d. Subjects for study

d. Subjects for study

A hypothesis is best defined as: a. a norm within social science that if there is agreement that something exists, we treat it as if it is objectively true. b. a broad way of viewing things that influences how we approach research questions. c. a systematic explanation for the observed facts and laws that relate to a particular aspect of life. d. a specified expectation about empirical reality.

d. a specified expectation about empirical reality.

A researcher is studying police interactions with citizens, and is interested in how individuals rate their experiences with police officers in relation to their perceived "fairness" of the interaction. Before the researcher conducts their study, they first develop a more precise notion of what they mean by "fairness." This process is known as: a. operationalization. b. analysis. c. application. d. conceptualization.

d. conceptualization

In order for there to be no ethical considerations in doing criminal justice research, the researcher must do all of the following except: a. ensure that participation in the study is voluntary. b. make sure that no physical, emotional, or psychological harm comes to the subjects. c. adhere to either confidentiality or anonymity—whichever is promised to the subjects. d. make each subject fully aware of purpose, reasons, and outcomes of the research.

d. make each subject fully aware of purpose, reasons, and outcomes of the research.

General strategies of reviewing literature include all of the following except: a. beginning with one article or book as a "source" document. b. being selective by sticking with journal articles or scholarly books. c. using a librarian to assist with your search for literature. d. replicating an existing study.

d. replicating an existing study

There are two primary sources of secondhand knowledge representing "agreement realities." These sources are: a. observation and overgeneralization. b. tradition and observation. c. authority and methodology. d. tradition and authority.

d. tradition and authority