CJS 201 Midterm

Parent engagement in school is likely to increase unhealthy risk behaviors.

False

Official statistics on crime and delinquency, known as the ______, are published annually.

Uniform Crime Reports

Which of the following strategies relies on the identification of problems by police and members of the area being policed and a shared commitment to address these issues through law enforcement and order maintenance?

community policing

In order to best ensure effectiveness, programs aimed at youth must be ______.

culturally sensitive

At what stage of intervention do a home visit and interviews occur?

investigation

All states now allow juveniles to be ______ under certain circumstances.

tried as adults

Which school is most likely to have security staff or designated police officers on school grounds?

urban high school with student body of 1,500 students

Exposure to family violence includes ______.

witnessing spousal abuse

______ youth experience decreased drug use, increased confidence, and stronger relationships with parents and teachers.

Mentored

______ is the largest predictor of child abuse and neglect.

Poverty

Schools are one of the safest places for youth to be.

True

______ children are at most risk of death from child abuse and neglect.

Younger

Every state has defined compulsory attendance laws that discuss chronic or habitual absences, also known as ______.

truancy

Which of the following is a risk factor to academic failure and has shown a direct link to criminal behaviors?

truancy

______ definitions of delinquency hold that those whose actions violate statutes applicable to them are people who are incarcerated whether or not they are officially labeled.

Behavioral

______ is a form of unwanted aggressive behavior that relies on technological programs such as email, instant messaging, websites, and chats.

Cyberbullying

______ is when an officer uses individual judgement in considering the type of action to take during an encounter with a juvenile.

Discretion

______ is an example of an educational factor related to delinquency.

Dropping out of school

______ are persons between the ages of 18-25 who face difficulties with the transition out of adolescence.

Emerging adults

______ is a type of internet exploitation.

Exchanging child pornography

According to current research, social class is a good predictor of whether a juvenile will commit a delinquent act.

False

According to research, 50% of children experience some form of exposure to violence each year.

False

According to your text, a legal definition provides a more realistic picture of the extent and nature of people who are incarcerated and victims.

False

All states share the same definition of physical abuse of children.

False

Case workers argue for more formal court proceedings.

False

Constant practicing for emergency events improves the mental and emotional well-being of students.

False

Courts have determined that children who have been found delinquent can be dismissed from school without due process.

False

Girls are more frequently the perpetrators of bullying compared to boys.

False

Laws dealing with juveniles are always based on logic and supported by evidence.

False

Legal definitions of delinquency are permanent and not subject to change.

False

Legal proceedings are more formal in the juvenile court.

False

Poor school environments directly cause delinquency.

False

Practicing for emergency events in schools provides comfort and improved mental health for students.

False

Research has shown that school resource officers balance being an authority figures and counselors to school children.

False

Research has suggested that risk factors for delinquency are the same for boys and girls.

False

The original goals of the juvenile court have been replaced by alternate goals today.

False

Typically, if an offense is minor and the victim does not want to press charges, the police will arrest the juvenile in question.

False

The Gault and Kent cases had to do with due process violations as guaranteed by the ______ Amendment of the Constitution.

Fourteenth

Which of the following programs involves police officers teaching children how to prevent youth violence and gang membership?

GREAT

Which of the following programs has shown an improvement in student attitudes toward police officers and a reduction in the participation in antisocial criminal groups?

Gang Resistance Education and Awareness Training

______ is a recommendation from the school to have a student repeat the current class level for another year.

Grade retention

The case that first established due process for juveniles who are incarcerated was ______.

Kent v. United States

Which of the following cases held that due process did not require juveniles to have jury trials?

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

Which of the following cases determined that the ruling that juveniles should not be sentenced to mandatory life sentences without the possibility of parole should be applied retroactively?

Montgomery v. Louisiana

The primary source of information on the number and types of crimes not reported to law enforcement authorities is which of the following?

National Crime Victimization Survey

The first house of refuge for juveniles who are incarcerated was established in 1825 in which state?

New York

______ are responsible for the majority of child deaths.

Parents

______ is sexual attraction toward pre-pubertal children.

Pedophilia

______ are the primary source of referral to juvenile court.

Police

The "keepin' it REAL" program focuses on strategies for resisting drug offers and stands for which of the following?

Refuse, Explain, Avoid, Leave

______ is when political, economic, cultural, and/or historical forces shape patterns of unequal access to resources or rights that result in an overall lower quality of life for the individual.

Social exclusion

Those committing acts that would not be violations if they were committed by adults are known as ______.

Status Offenders

Abusive and neglectful parents are rarely arrested.

True

Adult support has been shown to strengthen school connectedness.

True

Child abuse includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.

True

Historically, one female juvenile arrest has occurred for every three to four male juvenile arrests.

True

Labeling has a positive correlation with juvenile justice involvement.

True

Males experience higher rates of physical assault than females.

True

Official statistics on abused and neglected children are less accurate than other crime statistics because of underreporting.

True

One of the benefits of community service and volunteering is reduced depression.

True

Research has suggested that not having an education leads to unemployment or underemployment in adulthood.

True

Research regarding the use of school resource officers has suggested that SROs have little impact on reducing school-based crime.

True

Roper v. Simmons ruled the death penalty is unconstitutional for crimes committed by juveniles under the age of 18.

True

Studies suggest that teachers exhibit preferences for students who show prosocial skills.

True

TAL PAL is a program that promotes positive relationships between the police and community juveniles.

True

The Black Lives Matter movement is a national movement focused on eradicating white supremacy and building local power to intervene in violence inflicted on black communities by police and vigilantes.

True

The Miami Dade Schools Police Department program is intended to create partnerships between community agencies and services, train police officer to assess juveniles and reduce arrests, and provide needed services to youth and their families.

True

The PROTECT Our Children Act required the federal government to implement a National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction.

True

The Roman Twelve Tables stated that children were criminally responsible for breaking the law.

True

The Supreme Court decided that hearsay statements were allowed in child sexual abuse cases.

True

The development of the juvenile justice system took place during a period of transition toward humanitarianism.

True

The majority of juveniles encountered by police are not arrested.

True

The three types of neglect are physical, emotional, and educational.

True

Training and educational curricula addressing improved officer-youth interactions have not yet been proven to be effective long term.

True

Using a community policing strategy with juveniles involves collaboration between police officers, schools, civic action groups, and the local neighborhood.

True

Violence increases the likelihood of a student choosing to drop out of school.

True

______ was the first state to raise the age of juveniles in criminal court to over 18, except for those charged with a serious violent felony.

Vermont

Which student is most likely to drop out?

White male student with a history of aggressive behavior

Which of the following is an example of physical neglect?

abandonment

Current perceptions of teachers' roles hold that teachers who teach students ______ will have better learners.

accountability for their behavior

School connectedness can be strengthened by which of the following?

adult support

Which of the following is a physical factor of delinquency?

age

Differences across states in the lower limit for a person to be considered a juvenile—for example, being 10 years old or older—is an example of ______.

age ambiguity

An official action of the police is ______.

arresting the juvenile

Protective factors increase a child's ability to ______.

avoid risks

Police officer use of ______ techniques is essential in safely dealing with aggressive and/or violent youth.

de-escalation

The internet has made child sexual exploitation and victimization easier because it ______.

decreases people who are incarcerateds' risk of identification

Research has suggested that the key to academic success, reducing abuse and neglect, and diverting or preventing youth involvement in delinquency is ______.

early intervention

Traditional responses to chronic truancy have included which of the following?

expulsion

Juveniles who sexually offend are likely to choose their first victim from within their ______.

family

Violence perpetrated by a spouse or parent is known as ______ violence.

family

Which of the following social factors is the first to shape personality characteristics through the socialization process?

family

Which term refers to preventable differences in disease, injury, and violence among youth?

health disparities

What is the purpose of SHOCAP (Serious Habitual Offender Comprehensive Action Program)?

identifying juveniles who commit multiple crimes

Which of the following is defined as the overlapping existence of multiple factors and marginalized identities that a person possesses, at the same time?

intersectionality

Negative descriptors attributed to students are known as ______.

labeling

Which of the following characteristics of a family increases the risk for sibling incest?

mothers who struggle with addiction

Mandated reporting laws have resulted in more ______ when it comes to abuse or neglect cases.

official action

The majority of juvenile arrests are for people who are incarcerated in which age group?

over 15 years old

Which of the following is the most serious consequence of prescription drug misuse?

overdose death

Stop and frisk encounters are often viewed as discriminatory as a result of ______ in racial-ethnic minority neighborhood.

overpolicing

The juvenile court was based on the principle of ______.

parens patriae

Further protections for juveniles that differ from adult proceedings include which of the following?

parental notification

Who can provide the best intervention to curb internet crimes against children?

parents

Which of the following investigative techniques would most likely be used to decrease internet victimization?

police officers posing online as minors

School connectedness, parental engagement, and physical and mental well-being are types of ______ factors to delinquency within the school environment.

protective

The use of ______ sanctions has resulted in the adultification of juveniles.

punitive

An ongoing problem with the juvenile justice system has been ______ of youth processed through the system.

racial disparity in the treatment

The goal of the juvenile court has traditionally been based on ______ principles.

rehabilitative

Antibullying programs have been shown to improve which of the following?

school social climate

Figures in the text show drastically higher rates of murder and robbery committed by African American juveniles than those by Caucasian American youth, likely due to a variety of reasons, including location of residence. These reasons can be summarized as ______.

social-environmental factors

Race, gender, and geographic location are all factors that can define ______.

socially disadvantaged populations

Which of the following, if required, would help juvenile officers improve their ability to deal with juveniles who are incarcerated and victims?

specialized training

The juvenile justice network historically exercised two accountability models—rehabilitation and ______ accountability.

system

The use of cameras, locking down schools, and metal detectors are types of which of the following approaches to school safety?

target hardening

Which of the following factors do police weigh most heavily in decisions about taking official action against a juvenile?

the nature of the offense

Harley is failing multiple classes and has been labeled behaviorally challenged by teachers. Her next minor infraction lands her in the juvenile justice system rather than less formal sanctions, which most students would incur. Harley's example demonstrates ______.

the school-to-prison pipeline

The school practices that criminalize behavioral problems in the school system and rely on the juvenile justice system to control student behavior are known as ______.

the school-to-prison pipeline

In order to ensure juvenile officers understand the requirements of juvenile law, the nature of adolescence, and the related social service agencies, an effective juvenile officer requires ______.

training

Chronic or habitual absenteeism from school is known as ______.

truancy